Ukuswelakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile kuye kwaba enye yezinselele eziphuthuma kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kulelikhulu lama-21. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwanda kwabantu, kanye nesidingo sezezimboni kubangela ukuncishiswa kwemithombo yamanzi evamile enjengemifula, amachibi, kanye nama-aquifer. Ukuncibilika kwenqubo yokususa usawoti onciphileyo namaminerali asolwandle noma amanzi ancibilikayo asemazweni asemhlabeni wonke. Ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukukhuphuka kwamanzi angenamkhawulo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, ukuncipha kwemisebe ekhona, kuye kwanweba ngokushesha, ngezitshalo ezingaphezu kwezingu - 20 000 ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke, kuveza amamitha angaphezulu ka-100 emitha amanzi ngama-bithitele ngosuku. Kodwa ezobuchwepheshe zihlala zikhipha amandla abizayo, abizayo, futhi ezindaweni ezihlala indawo ezungezile lapho kuvela la magebende ezingeni ezinkomele ezinkomeleni, zikwazi ukuphatha amanzi emhlabeni wonke.

Amathuba Ezobuchwepheshe Bokudiliva

Ushintsho lobuchwepheshe lususa inqubo yokulungisa inqubo yesombululo yokugcina ethatha i-opera engcono kakhulu, ehlanzekile, futhi esetshenziswa ngemisebenzi eminingi. Intuthuko kwezesayensi yolwelwesi, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla, kanye nokuklanywa kwenqubo kunciphisa izindleko futhi kunciphe imingcele yendawo ezungezile, ivulela umnyango wokutholwa kakhulu ezindaweni ngaphambili ezazingenakukwazi ukuthenga noma ukusekela ukuncitshiswa.

Intuthuko Ezobuchwepheshe Obunemisebe Ehlukahlukene

Ukubuyisela i-osmosis (RO) kuseyi-technoloji elawula ukunqanda ukuncipha kogesi, kodwa imfuno yamandla incipha ngenxa yolwelwelwesi oluhlangeneyo olunezitho ezithuthukisiweyo nezingalawulekiyo eziye zaveliswa, futhi abacwaningi manje basungula ulwelwelwesi olune-graphene-oseluqinile olungahlunga usawoti ngesilinganiso esiphakeme kuyilapho ludinga ukucindezela okuncane. Ngo-2023, ososayensi bakhona e- [Massachusetts Institute of Technology babonisa ulwesi olunombala lwegrafu olunombala olungacishe luphelele olungahluzelwe ngokulahlwa kwamanzi izikhathi eziningana kakhulu kunamanzi. Lokhu kuthembisa ukusika amandla ngobubanzi obuvamile kusuka ku-30%.

Imuva i-osmosis (FO) inye indlela evelayo esebenzisa ikhambi lokudonsa ukuze ukhiphe amanzi olwelwesini olungafinyeleki kalula, oludinga umfutho onciphile kakhulu kunaleyo ye-RO. Nakuba i-FO ilinganiselwe ngokomlando ngesidingo sokuvuselela ikhambi, izimiso ze-FO-RO ezixubile zamuva zibonisa isithembiso sezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano enjengendlela yokusebenza eqinile eqinile kanye nemfucucweni. I-Membrane isusa, esebenzisa ukuphakama kokushisa kunomfutho wobushushu kunomfutho, futhi ihlolwa ngenxa yesilinganiso esincane, amandla elanga awe ezindaweni ezikude.

Ukushintsha Kwamandla Okungaphinde Kusetshenziswe

Isidingo esikhulu samandla okususa izakhi zofuzo siye sayihlanganisa nemithombo yamandla emvelo, izibalo zamandla embulunga yonke asetshenziswa ekulapheni amanzi. Ukuvuselelwa kwamandla kunganqanda ukuhlangana. Ukusetshenziswa kwelanga (PV) namandla omoya manje kuhlanganiswa nezitshalo ze-RO, ikakhulukazi eMpuma Ephakathi nase-Nyakatho Afrika, lapho ilanga lihamba khona ngokuswela kwamanzi. ESaudi Arabia, [FL:0] Amandla e-ACWA [ Amandla e-alphia awenziwe nge-af therworth witive der asebenzisa amandla avuse ukuveza ama-litiki angu-60 ngosuku. Ngokufanayo, amaza namandla avithi avithwayo ezitshalo ezisebeni, ukukhiqiniswa kwemithombo eqhubekayo.

Izimiso ze-hybrid ezihlanganisa i-solar thermal nolwelwesi olukhuculula noma umoya ne-RO ziya ngokuya zivame kakhulu. Lokhu kulinganisela kunciphisa ukuncika kugesi owenziwe nge-grid nokunciphisa igesi ekhipha igesi ekhipha igesi eshisayo. Uma izindleko zokugcina ibhetri zehla, kuyenzeka ukuba kusetshenziswe izitshalo ezikhipha amandla okubuyisela ulwembu ngenkathi yokubuya kolwelwesi oluvuselelekile ngokugcina amandla amandla enkathini yasebusuku noma empuma. Umphumela uwukutholakala kwamanzi kokubili i-carbon-neutiral futhi avike enhlahleni yenani lamafutha ewufuku.[5]

Ukululama Kwamandla Nokuphumelela

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezitshalweni zeRO kakade sekunciphe ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-75 kusukela ngawo 1970, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yamandla okubuyisela. Izishintsha-shicilele, njengalezo ezasungulwa [u- Energy Recovery Inc., kuthatha ukucindezela okuvela kumfula wesimumumumumumu bese ukudlulisela emanzini angenayo, kunciphisa amandla asetshenziswayo angaphansi kwama-3 kWh ngemitha ye-cubic yezitshalo zanamuhla ze-RO. Intuthuko eqhubekayo ekwakheni komklamo we-olwembu, nokwehlisa amandla ewancibilikayo ewandisa unyawo oluzayo.

Izinqubo ezinciphileyo ezihlanganisa ulwelwesi oluphansi, njengokuhlinzwa kwe-capaciotive kanye nokwe-electrodialysis, zihlelwa ngokufaneleka ngamanzi anciphileyo, lapho usawoti uphansi kunamanzi olwandle. Lezi zinqubo zobuchwepheshe zingasebenza ngamazinga aphansi kakhulu (njengoba kungu 0.5 kh/m3) futhi zifanelekela i-acrackish aquifer. Ngokufana nenqubo yokususa usawoti emanzini asemazingeni angaphezulu, abasebenzisi bangandisa izinga eliphansi kakhulu lokusebenza futhi banciphise izindleko.

Isilinganiso Esincane Nezixazululo Ezingahanjiswa

I-decentralized desaline ivula ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile ezindaweni ezikude nasenhlekeleleni. Amaqembu ahambayo asebenzisa amandla elanga noma amaphampu asebenza ngesandla manje akhona ezinhlanganoni ezinjenge nikezela amandla[, asebenzisa izintambo ezifakwa emkhathini ezisetshenziswa ilanga emapulazini asemaphandleni e-Afrika nase-Asia. La mishini ingaveza ama-litha angu-75 000 ngosuku, okwanele ukunikeza idolobhana elincane. Okwamanje, ukucwaninga ngebhethrithi-drive, ulwembu olusekelwe kwitshana yetshati ingaphansi kwezindawo eziningi zamayunivesithi. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zingaguqula ukusabela okuphuthuma nokuvikelwa komphakathi.

Uketshezi Lwe - brine Utiltion Noketshezi Lwe - zero

Elinye lamathuba athembisa kakhulu lisekwelapheni imbewu yokukhipha imbewu ye-infaliation/brine/njengomthonga we-magnesium, i-potassium, i-lithium, nezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Amakhampani aqala izinqubo zokukhipha la maminerali, ukuguqula ukulahlwa komfula wemali engenisa imali. Ukukhishwa koketshezi lwezinyo (LD) okuthola amanzi nezinsimbi eziphuma emithanjeni kuyasiza ekuthengiseleni izitshalo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi uma zihlangene namandla avuselelwe. [[FLT:] IBHANGE] i-World iqokomele ukumbiwa kweminyuko njengendlela yokunciphisa inzuzo yezezomnotho. Uma le mishini evuthiwe idla i-deinvolution, ingayijika ibe yinqubo ebomvaka kakhulu.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nokulahlekelwa

Naphezu kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukukhishwa kwemishini kusabhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo embulungeni yonke.

Ithonya Lendawo Ezungezile

Inselele ebaluleke kakhulu yendawo ezungezile ukulahlwa kwamanzi anosawoti. Kuwo wonke amacubic mimeter amanzi acyubic akhiqizwayo, ama-cubic meter acrine abuyiselwa olwandle. Lo mthi ugcwele usawoti ngokuphindwe kabili kunosawoti wamanzi olwandle futhi ungaqukethe amakhemikhali aphumayo asuka ekuhlanzweni futhi ahlanzwe. Ama-dinemune angahlala e-aseafloor. Ama-bine embulunga yonke angahlala enhlabathini, ukunciphisa izakhi ezimileni ezigobile ezithiwe kanye nokushintsha ukuphakama kosawoti okusendaweni yendawo. I-201919 kumagazini i- [FLT] ithonya kakhulu i-Equalth Envity[FLD:1] [FLT] [ict1]] kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukukhiqini kwe-50%, ukukhuhla okukhiqika kwama-cyubidi okukhile okukhiye.

Izindawo ezivulekile ezidla ulwandle zinganciphisa imfucumfucu kodwa zithembele ezindaweni ezizimele. Izitshalo ezidayisayo kumelwe zifake ezimisweni eziphambili zokukhipha i-inyosi, kanye nezingalo eziqinile ezisemkhathini kodwa azikuqedi ukudambisa ukuncishiswa kwezindawo. Imishini yokubulala izitshalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, imishini yokukhipha i-inyosi, kanye nokuhlola indawo ezungezile ukuze ihambisane nokuhlola ukukhula kokulawula. Imboni isabela ngobuchwepheshe obufana nokumpompa okuguquguqukayo kanye nokususa imishini encibilikayo okungantengi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Aphakeme Ne - carbon Paftprint

Ngisho noma ibuya ngamandla, amanzi olwandle iRO adinga i-COWh eyi-3-5 kcubic miter, okwenza kube indlela yokusebenzisa amanzi anamandla kakhulu. Uma isetshenziswa ugesi owenziwe ngemivubukulo, izitshalo ezikhipha ugesi okhipha amandla anamandla okukhipha i-CO2. Isitshalo esikhulu esikhiqiza i-500 000 m3/usuku singakhipha amathani ayizigidi ezingu-2 e-CO2 ngonyaka. Nakuba ukuxuba okuvuselelwa okungancishiswa kunganciphisa le gesi, izitshalo eziningi ezikhona zihlala zixhume igesi yemvelo noma ilahle. I-carbon print ye-ravin print ye-meter ye-otal kufuneka incikelwe ukuze ilungelene ngemigomo yezulu. Lokhu akudingi nje kuphela amandla avuselelwayo kodwa futhi nokutshala i-carbonbon nezindlela eziphansi.

Izithiyo Zezomnotho

Amanzi akhishwe amanzi ahlala ebiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemithombo evamile yamanzi ahlanzekile. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, izindleko zemboni enkulu yamanzi olwandle isuka kuR5,5 kuya ku-R1,5 000 nge-1,5 ngosuku lwe-intshi, kanye nezindleko ezisebenzayo (kuhlanganise amandla, amakhemikhali, ukusebenza, nokubuyisela ulwelwesi) zenezela u-R2,0 kuya ku-R2,00 ku-10 ku-libb mitha. Kumazwe amaningi asathuthuka, lezindleko zivimbela ukukhokhwanywa. Imisebenzi yokuda imfucure ivame ukudinga izimali zikahulumeni, ukuthengwa, ukuthengwa, noma ukuthengwa komphakathi. Inani le-Exchange, ukuntenga yezombangazwe, ukuntenga ye-R4, nokungalawuleki kwezobuchwepheshe, nokungatholi buchwepheshe kungavimbela ukutholwa.

Nokho, izindleko bezilokhu zehla: International Desaliation Association (IDA)[FLT :1] ibika ukuthi isilinganiso sezindleko zamanzi olwandle iRO siye sehla ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-60 kusukela ngo 2000, kuya ku-R2,50/0,0/m3 ezitshalweni ezinkulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto, imishini, kanye namandla kuyokwehlisa izindleko, kodwa ukukhucutha igebe lokukhokha ezindaweni ezimpofu kuhlale kuyinselele.

Izinkinga Zokuqondisa Nomphakathi

Izindawo zokuvala imvume zingathatha iminyaka, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuhlola imiphumela yendawo ezungezile, ukuzwa izindlebe zomphakathi, nokuhlala kwengxabano. Ukuphikisa komphakathi ngokuvamile kugxile ekwesabeni umonakalo wemikhumbi, umsindo, nokubona. ECalifornia, izitshalo eziningi ezihlongozwayo ziye zabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho futhi zahlehliswa noma zasuswa. Ukuxhumana okucacile, izicwangciso eziqinile zendawo ezungezile, kanye nokubopha imvume yokuthola i-sosha. Ukuhlukanisa izinto ezidinga ukulingana kwamanzi nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile kudinga ukuvunyelwa lapho kuqinisekisa ukulandisa.

Izakhiwo Nokukhula

Izindawo zokukhipha amanzi zidinga izakhiwo ezibalulekile: ukufakwa nokukhishwa kwamapayipi, ukumpompa iziteshi, amathangi okugcina amanzi, nokuxhumana nezimiso zokuthutha amanzi. Ezifundeni eziningi ezinamanzi asindayo, i-grid ekhona idala noma incishisiwe, idinga ukukhucululwa okubizayo. Ukukhucululwa kwemisebe nokuncishiswa kwemisebe kudinga ukuhlelwa nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo. Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kokucophelela kwezimiso zokuthutha. Ukuncishiswa kwemisebe, kungaxazulula inkinga eyodwa kuphela ekwakheni abanye, njengokukhuliswa kwezindleko zokukhuphulwa noma ukuncishiswa kwamanzi ngenxa yokuxuba.

Indlela Engaphambili: Izimo Nesimiso

Ukuqaphela ikusasa lokukhishwa kwemithi kuxhomeke enhlanganiseleni yokucwaninga okuqhubekayo, isimiso esihlakaniphile, kanye namasu okuphatha amanzi ahlangene. Ishumi leminyaka elizayo cishe liyothola intuthuko esingatha izinselele ezinkulu lapho lihlela imikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Iziyalezo Zokucwaninga

Nanotechnology ne-biomimetics ziphambili ekucwaningeni ngolwelwesi. I-Aquaporin-meters jromes ezisekelwe emvelweni yamanzi, ezifuywe amaprotheni angokwemvelo,-afferobles akhethekile okukhethayo nokungaguquguquki. I-prototypes iye yabonisa amazinga okulahla usawoti angaphezulu kuka-99.5% anamandla angaphansi kuka-2 kWh/m3. Okwamanje, abacwaningi e- I-Nature [ umagazini ubike ngezindebe zolwesi ezisebenzisa ukushisa usawoti okuvela ezimbonini ezisebenza kakhulu. Lemiklamo esetshenziswa ekusebenziseni ukungcola okuvela ezimbonini.

Enye indawo ethembisayo i-electrochemical desalination, esebenzisa ugesi ukususa i-athonsion ngaphandle kokucindezela okukhulu. Ukususa i-CDI kanye nescreen-beth condification kusungulwa ukuze kufakwe amanzi acwebile futhi ekugcineni kungalingana namanzi olwandle. Lezi zimiso zisebenza ngomfutho onamandla, zinciphise ubunkimbinkimbini bemishini, imishini ehlanganisayo. Uma amandla ephumelelayo eyaqhubeka ethuthuka, izindlela zokusebenzisa igesi zingahlanganisa noma zithathe indawo ye-RO ngemishini ethile.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokutshala Imali

Ohulumeni bangasheshisa ukususwa kwenqubo ngezimiso ezihloselwe. Imisebenzi yokulungisa imfucumfucu encishisiwe ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwamandla avuselelwe, ukukhokhwa kwentela ngenxa yokululama kwamandla, futhi imvume yokuvumela izitshalo ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungcono kakhulu konke kungamathuluzi asebenzayo. I-World Bank nezindawo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko yezifunda ziye zaxhasa izivumelwano ngezimali eMpuma Ephakathi, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-Asia, ngokuvamile zibopha izimali ezikweletwayo ezindisweni zokusebenza kwendawo ezungezile. Izivumelwano zomphakathi zomphakathi ezingahlanganyela izingozi futhi zilethe intuthuko yangasese ezimisweni zamanzi. Ukubeka izinga elicacile lamanzi nezindawo zokukhulula izakhi zemvelo kukhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwezindawo lapho kuvikelwa izinhlangano.

Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Angenawo Umthamo

Ukukhishwa kwamanzi akufanele kubhekwe njengokuhlukaniswa. Amadolobha amaningi avikela amanzi athatha ukuncitshiswa njengengxenye eyodwa yezindawo ezihlukene ezihlanganisa ukulondoloza amanzi, ukuvuza, ukuvuleka kwamanzi, ukuwasebenzisa futhi. Uhlelo lwe-Newpater lwaseSingapore olunezinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisa amanzi angcolile kanye nokuncishiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala emanzini. Ukuhlelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinamatheko okuxubile kuvumela izakhi ezithi azisebenzise (umz., ukucwenga amanzi ancishisiwe amanzi okungaphuzwayo, ukunandisa amanzi emotweni) nokunciphisa izindleko ezigcwele zonke. Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isimo sokushintsha isimo sokusebenza okunjalo kuyoqinisa ukuhlobana nokuhlanganisa.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlwanyela Amanzi Esikhathi Esizayo

Ukususwa kwemisebe ye-octal kuye kwasuka kubuchwepheshe be-othod kuye kwaba yindawo eyinhloko yokuthola amanzi ezigidi zabantu. Amathuba angaphambili mayelana nolwelwesi oluphambili, amandla avuselelwe, nokulawula umchamo wesiyingi (inani elikhulu). Kodwa izinselele zokuthinteka kwendawo ezungezile, izindleko eziphakeme, kanye nezithiyo zokuzilawula zingokoqobo ngokufanayo. Ukuwanqoba kuyodinga ukuthengwa okuqhubekayo kokucwaninga, izinqumo zezimiso zesibindi, kanye nokuzimisela ukuhlanganisa inqubo yamanzi.

Ikusasa lokukhishwa kwezitshalo alikona nje ukwakha izitshalo ezengeziwe; liphathelene nokwakha izimiso zamanzi ezihlakaniphile, ezihlanzekile, nezingalingani.