Table of Contents

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekuvikeleni kwendawo ezungezile, ezinkonzweni zezokunakekela impilo kuya ezisekelweni zezezokuthutha. Ukuqonda uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho olulawula lezinhlelo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini, kubaphathi bezimiso, nakubaphathi bomphakathi ngokufanayo. Imithetho elawula izinhlelo zikahulumeni ayimisi injongo yazo kuphela kodwa futhi nezinqubo okumelwe zilandele, inqubo yokulandisa okumelwe ziyibone, kanye namalungelo okumelwe ziwavikele.

Le siqondiso esibanzi sihlola izakhiwo zezwe ezihlukene ezingokomthetho ezilawula izinhlelo zikahulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga − i-federal, isifundazwe, nezindawo zendawo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esikhathazekile esifuna ukuqonda indlela izinkonzo zomphakathi ezisebenza ngayo, umfundi wezezempango zomphakathi, noma osebenza ngokuqeqeshiwe ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, lokhu kuhlola kuzokusiza ukuba usebenzise ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimiso, imithetho, nezimiso zomthetho ezilawula indlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo e-United States.

Isisekelo: Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo Lezinhlelo Zikahulumeni

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene emithethweni eqondile, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi zonke izinhlelo zikahulumeni zithola igunya kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iMikhandlu ehlukene ebalayo esebenza njengesisekelo sezinhlelo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali yenhlalakahle ejwayelekile, ukulawula intengo yezohwebo yezwe, ukulungiselela isivikelo sesizwe, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo. Lemiyalo sisekelo yakha itshe eliyikhonkolo okwakhelwe kulo wonke umthetho nezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Imibuso yeSichibiyelo seshumi ayiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni, idala isimiso sokubusa esimbaxambili.

UMthetho Wesimiso Sokuphatha: I - Cornerstone of Federal Agency Operations

I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ibusa inqubo izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezimisa ngayo futhi zikhiphe imithetho. Yasungulwa ngo- 1946, i-APA imelela omunye wemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ethinta indlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo. Ngaphambi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act (APA), yayingekho imithetho kahulumeni elawula ukuziphatha okuvamile kwezinhlangano zokuqondisa, kuhlanganise nezinqubo nokwenziwa kwesinqumo.

Lokho I - APA Ekwemboza

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zalesisenzo ziveza indlela izinhlangano eziqondisayo zikahulumeni ezenza ngayo imithetho nendlela ezifushanisa ngayo ukuqondisa. iAPA yakha uhlelo olubanzi oluhlanganisa izakhi eziningana eziyinhloko:

Ukuthatha izinqubo zokubusa: kuyinqubo "esheshayo yokuhlela, ukuguqula, noma ukubuyisela umthetho," futhi ukufushanisa kuyisimo sokugcina senhlangano ngaphandle kokushaya umthetho. I-APA imisa kokubili izinqubo zomthetho nezethukela, kanye nezinhlangano eziningi ezisebenzisa ukuhlelwa ngokwethukela okudinga ukuqashelwa umphakathi nethuba lokuphawula umphakathi.

[ Izindinganiso zokwehlukanisa:[ Lapho amanxusa enza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo omuntu ngamunye noma izibopho, kumelwe alandele izinqubo zokufushanisa ezivame ukufana nezindaba zenkantolo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi ne-apine-appine yofakazi ezimweni ezithile.

Jodicial Review: INkantolo ePhakeme iye yaqaphela "umbono oqinile wokuthi i-Congress ihlela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela isenzo se-sethi"; lokhu kusikisela kuhlanganisiwe kumthetho we-Administrative Proceduture Act (APA). Izezenzo zezinhlangano ezingalawulwa ngenye imithetho, i-APA ichaza izinga lenkantolo yombuso lokubukeza inqubo ye-'inqumo'izenzo ze-'inqumo'inqumo', kuhlanganise nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa ekubukezeni lezo zenzo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Izibuko

Enye yeminikelo ye-APA ebaluleke kakhulu idinga izinhlangano ukuba zigcine umphakathi unolwazi futhi zinikeze amathuba okuhlanganyela komphakathi enqubweni yokushaya umthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni azisebenzi ngasese futhi ezithinta amaqembu ziyakwazi ukuveza indlela izimiso ezisungulwa ngayo.

I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ilawula izinqubo zangaphakathi zezinhlangano eziphethe, kuhlanganise nendlela ezisebenzelana ngayo nomphakathi. Lokhu kusebenzelana kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulandisa kwentando yeningi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zibonisa imibono ehlukahlukene kanye nemiphumela yangempela yezwe.

Izenzakalo Zamuva EMthethweni Oqondisayo

Kuchungechunge lwezinqumo ezingokomlando ezingu-2024, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yalungisa futhi isimo sokuqondisa nokuphoqelela, yamemezela inkathi entsha emthethweni wezobuphathi ngokususa isilinganiso samandla phakathi kwabalawuli nabalawuli. Lezinguquko zamuva zinemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuthi izinkantolo zihlola kanjani izenzo zezinhlangano nokuchaza imithetho yezinhlangano, okungathinta ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba.

Imithetho Yokuphathwa Kwemali Neyokuphatha Imali

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni azinakusebenza ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali, futhi imithetho eminingi ilawula indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphatha ngayo imali yazo.

Isinyathelo Sokusetshenziswa Komali Nokulandisa

I-Bactal and Accounting Act ka-1921 yamisa uhlelo lokulungiselela nokuzithoba kwe-guvernet kazwelonke. Lomthetho wasungula i-Bureau of the Bactal (manje i-Office of Management and Baccoute) futhi wamisa izinqubo ezimisiwe zokuba uMongameli anikeze i-mali kahulumeni ehlangene eSivumelwaneni unyaka ngamunye. I-Act ngokuyisisekelo yashintsha indlela uhulumeni ohlela ngayo futhi uphatha ngayo izimali zakhe.

Umthetho Wokusikisela

Izinhlangano ezizimele zingasebenzisa imali kuphela elungiselelwe izinjongo ezithile. Inqubo yokunikeza iziphakamiso ilawulwa izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho ehlangene eqinisekisa ukuba izinhlangano zisebenzise ama - dollar okukhokha intela kuphela ngezinjongo ezigunyaziwe. Lesi simiso sokuziphendulela ngezimali sibalulekile esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika.

Umthetho Wokulwa Nokuphazamiseka Kwezimo

I-Anti - Decipency Act inqabela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zingasebenzisi imali eningi noma zifake izimali ezishibhile kunendlela evunyelwe ngayo iSishaya-mthetho. Lomthetho uvimbela izinhlangano ukuba zimise izibopho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali kuhlala phakathi kwemingcele evunyelwe ngokuvumelana. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela emiphumeleni engathi sína ezikhulwini zezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nezijeziso zobugebengu.

Uhlelo-Imithetho Elawulayo

Nakuba imithetho yokuphatha evamile njenge-APA isebenza kabanzi kuwo wonke uhulumeni, uhlelo ngalunye lukahulumeni oluyinhloko lumiswa ngokwesiko ngomthetho walo oqondile. Lezimiso ezenza isimiso sichaze injongo, izinga, izimfuneko eziqinile, nezilinganiso ezisebenzayo.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuphepha Komphakathi

I-Social Security Act ka-1935 yakha enye yezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseMelika, inikeza izigidi zabantu abathatha umhlalaphansi, ukukhubazeka, kanye nabasindayo izinzuzo. Lo Mthetho uye walungiswa kaningi phakathi namashumi eminyaka ukuze unwebe, ulungise amazinga azuzisayo, futhi ulungise izimo zenani labantu nezomnotho ezishintshayo. Isebenza njengesibonelo sendlela umthetho wezenhlalakahle obanzi ongamisa ngayo izinhlelo ezithatha isikhathi eside nezimfuneko ezisebenza ngokuningi.

AmaMedicare namaMedicaid

Izinqumo ze-Social Security Act ngo - 1965 zadala iMidiyare neMedicaid, izinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu zokunakekela impilo manje ezikhonza amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu.Lezinhlelo zilawulwa izinhlelo ezingokomthetho ezibanzi futhi zisebenzisa imithetho esingatha zonke izimfanelo zemali ukuze kuqondwe izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

Izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile zibuswa yizimiso ezinjenge-Cealy Air Act, Clean Water Act, ne- Comprehensive Environment, Compensation, ne-Liaty Act (CERCLA noma i-Superfect). Lemithetho imisa izinhlelo zokuqondisa ezilawulwa yi-Evironmental Protect nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, zimisa izindinganiso zokulawula ukungcola nendawo ezungezile nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nezimiso Zikahulumeni Wasendaweni

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo baqondisa izinkulungwane zezinhlelo eziqondisa imfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, ezokuthutha, izinkonzo zempilo, nezinye izindawo eziningi.

Izenzo Zokuqondisa KoMbuso

Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa izinqubo zayo siqu zenqubo yokuqondisa, ezilandelwa i-APA kahulumeni kodwa ezivumelanisa nezakhiwo zikahulumeni nezidingo zayo. Le mibuso i-APA ibusa indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphatha ngayo ukubusa, ukuphatha izindlebe, nokwenza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo nezibopho zezakhamuzi.

Ubuhlobo Obuhlangene Behulumeni

Izinhlelo eziningi zikahulumeni zihilela ukubambisana phakathi kukahulumeni, uhulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo ze-Federal zinikeza imibuso yohulumeni nezohulumeni bendawo imali yokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, ezokuthutha, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo. Le zinhlelo zohulumeni eziphakathi zibuswa ngezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezichaza imithwalo yemfanelo yesigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni futhi zimisa izinqubo zokulandisa.

Ukubusa Kwasekhaya Negunya Lendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bathola igunya labo kumthetho-mthetho kahulumeni nezimiso. Ezinye imibuso inikeza amadolobha nezindawo ukubusa kwezindawo ezibanzi, ivumela ukuba zimise imithetho futhi zimise uhlelo kunoma isiphi isici esinqatshelwe umthetho kahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe zilandela "Umthetho ka-Dillon," olinganisela ohulumeni bendawo kuleyomibuso enikezwa ngokusemthethweni kuphela yisishaya-mthetho.

Imithetho Yokubonana Neyomphakathi

Ukubusa kwentando yeningi kudinga ukuba izakhamuzi zithole ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Imithetho eminingana ebalulekile iqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi uyakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa nokwaziswa kukahulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Ithatha Isinyathelo (FOIA)

I-APA iqiniswa ngo-5.C. ngo-5 76 551-559, futhi ihlanganisa i-Free of Information Act (FOIA) (5 U.S.C. ▫ 552) kanye noMthetho we-Ascryct (5 U.S.C. . .652). I-FOIA inikeza umphakathi ilungelo lokucela ukufinyelela imibhalo evela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, ikhuthaza ukuvela nokulandisa nokulandisa emikhankasweni kahulumeni.

I-FOIA ifuna ukuba izinhlangano ziphendule izicelo ezicaciwe zezikhathi futhi zivumele izinhlangano ukuba zigodle ukwaziswa kuphela ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile, njengokuvikela izwe, ukuvikela umuntu siqu, noma ukugcinwa komthetho. Lo mthetho uye wasiza ekunikezeni izintatheli, abacwaningi, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zithole ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Uhulumeni Uthatha Isinyathelo SaseSunshi

I-Government in the Sunshine Act ifuna ukuba imihlangano yezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziholwa izindikimba ezihlangene ivulekelwe umphakathi. Lomthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile zenziwa phambi komphakathi, hhayi ngemva kweminyango evaliweyo. Lo Mthetho usebenza ezibhodini eziningi nasemakhompeni anezikhompo, ufuna ukuba zinikeze isaziso sangaphambili semihlangano futhi zivumele ukuba khona obala ngaphandle kwalapho kuxoxwa izindaba ezicatshangelwe abantu abakhululekile.

Isifundazwe Sivula Izirekhodi Nemithetho Yemihlangano

Yonke imibuso engamashumi amahlanu iye yamisa imithetho yayo evulekile (efana ne-FOIA) futhi yavula imithetho yemihlangano (efana noMthetho we-Sunshine). Nakuba lemithetho ihlukahluka kumalungiselelo ayo akhethekile, ihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo wokuqinisekisa ukuba sobala kukahulumeni nokutholakala komphakathi ekutholeni ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni wendawo.

Imithetho Yokuvikela Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nezokwaziswa

Njengoba izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziqoqa futhi zilondoloza ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu ngezakhamuzi, imithetho evikela izindaba zomuntu siqu nokulondeka kokwaziswa iye yaba ebaluleke ngokwengeziwe.

Umthetho Ka - 1974 Owethula

I-Ascry Act ilawula indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqoqa ngayo, zigcine ngayo, zisebenzise futhi zisakaze ngayo ukwaziswa komuntu siqu. I-Act inikeza abantu ilungelo lokuthola amarekhodi aphathelene nabo, icela ukulungiswa kokwaziswa okunganembile, futhi ilinganisela ikhono lezinhlangano lokwambula ukwaziswa komuntu siqu ngaphandle kwemvume. Idinga futhi izinhlangano ukuba zigcine izimiso zemibhalo ngezindlela ezivikela imfihlo yomuntu ngamunye.

UMthetho Wezokuphathwa Kwezigwegwe Zezempilo Nokulandisa (HIPAA)

IHIPAA imisa izindinganiso zesizwe zokuvikela imfihlo nokulondeka kokwaziswa okungokwempilo.

Imithetho Yezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Amazwe aye amisa imithetho yawo siqu eyimfihlo ngokwandayo, njengoba ezinye izifundazwe njengeCalifornia zithatha umthetho wezomuntu siqu obanzi othinta indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisingatha ngayo ukwaziswa kwazo siqu.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nemithetho Emelene Nezingxabano

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenze ngokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo nomthetho ovimbela ubandlululo.

Isihloko VI Somthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Isihloko VI senqabela ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sohlanga, umbala, noma umsuka wezwe ezimisweni nasemisebenzini uthola usizo lwezimali. Lomthetho usebenza kabanzi, uthinta yonke into kusukela ezikoleni kuya ezibhedlela kuya ezimisweni zokuhamba ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Izimo zomkhandlu kumele ziqinisekise izinhlelo zabo ukuthi azikhethi futhi kumelwe zithathe izinyathelo zokunikeza ukufinyelela okunenjongo kubantu abanobuhlakani obulinganiselwe bamaNgilandi.

Abantu BaseMelika Abakhubazekile (ADA)

I-ADA yenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zikahulumeni nezinkonzo. Isihloko II se-ADA sisebenza ngokuqondile kuhulumeni nasemihlelweni kahulumeni wendawo, ifuna ukuba bangene kubantu abakhubazekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukutholakala kwezakhiwo, ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo, kanye nokulungisa uhlelo uma kudingeka ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sobandlululo Lobudala

IAge Discrimination Act ka-1975 inqabela ubandlululo ngesisekelo seminyaka yezinhlelo nangemisebenzi ethola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni.

Ingxenye 504 Yomthetho Wokulungisa Isimo

Ingxenye engu - 504 inqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ekukhubazekeni kunoma iluphi uhlelo noma umsebenzi othola usizo lwezimali kuhulumeni.

Ukuqondisa Nokulandisa Kwenhlangano

UKhongolose unendima ebalulekile ekwengameleni izinhlelo zikahulumeni ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi asebenza ngokuphumelelayo, ngokunempumelelo, nangokuvumelana nomthetho.

Igunya Lobubusi Eliyinhlangano

Ukwengamela kwe-Congressqualial kuhlanganisa ukubukeza, ukuqondisa, nokuqondisa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlelo, imisebenzi, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Umthetho usebenzisa leli gunya ngokuyinhloko ngesimiso sawo sobungane. Ukuqondisa kwenzeka futhi nasemisebenzini eminingi yenhlangano nasemongweni.

Igunya lobubonisi lombuso lisuka emagunyeni ayo "asetshenziswa" kuMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho yomphakathi, nemithetho yendlu neSigele. Liyingxenye yesimiso saseMelika sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Le nkonzo yokwengamela iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe amagatsha zisebenzisa imithetho ehlosiwe futhi zisebenzisa izimali ezifanele.

Izenzo Zokuhlelwa Komthetho

I-Legislative Reorgantation Act ka- 1946 (P. 79-601), ngokokuqala ngqá, yabiza ngokucacile "ukwengamela kwe-legis" emthethweni womphakathi. Yaqondisa amakomiti amile eNdlu neSigeqe "ukuqhubeka eqapha" phezu kwezinhlelo namaqembu angaphansi kwegunya lawo; yagunyaza izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe; futhi yathuthukisa amandla e- Comptroller General, inhloko ye-Congress Congregation's Accurtront nengalo, iHofisi ye-Authority (GAO) kaHulumeni (RGO).

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Kukahulumeni

IGAO isebenza njengengalo yophenya yeSishaya-mthetho, ukuhlola nokuhlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni nemisebenzi. Imibiko yeGAO inikeza iSishaya-mthetho ukwaziswa okuzimele, okunenjongo mayelana nendlela uhlelo lwezinhlelo olusebenza ngayo, indlela yokuphatha imali, nokuvumelana nemithetho nezimiso. Lemibiko ivame ukuholela ezinguqulweni zomthetho nasekuthuthukiseni uhlelo.

Ukuzwa Nokuhlola Kwama - congress

Amakomiti e-Congressional avame ukuqunga izinhlu ukuze ahlole izinhlelo zikahulumeni, izikhulu zezinhlangano ezibuzayo, futhi aqoqe ukwaziswa ngezinhlelo. La makhambi afeza izinjongo eziningi: azisa iSishaya-mthetho ngokufezwa kwezinhlelo, anikeza i-commental ukuze umphakathi ungenele, agcina izinhlangano zinecala futhi zingaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho.

Isimiso Esivamile Sokuhlola

I-Inspector General Act ka-1978 yamisa amahhovisi azimele abahloli jikelele (i-IG) phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze aqhube ukuphenywa nokuphenywa kokuhlola ukuze kuqashelwe futhi kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa, ukungcola, nokuxhaphaza. Ama-IG anikeza ukuqondisa okuzimele phakathi kwezinhlangano, abika kokubili ezikhulwini zezinhlangano nasemaBhunga.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ye - IG

Abahloli bezifundo jikelele zokuhlola imisebenzi yezinhlelo, bahlola izinsolo zobubi, babukeze umthetho ohlongozwayo nezimiso, futhi batusa intuthuko ekuhlelekeni kwezinhlelo nokuphumelela. Banegunya elikhulu lokuthola amarekhodi ezinhlangano nokwaziswa, futhi abanakususwa esikhundleni ngaphandle koMongameli omemezela izizathu zokususwa kwemithetho.

Ukubika Izimfuneko

Lemibiko inikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngezinkinga zesimiso futhi isiza uMkhandlu ukuba uphawule izindawo ezidinga ukunakekelwa kwemithetho noma ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe.

Ukulandisa Nokubona Ngokufanele Uhulumeni

Imithetho edinga ukuba imali esetshenziswayo ibonakale isebenza ngokuqiniseka ukuthi iyakulandisa futhi yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthola ukuthi amaRandi azo asetshenziswa kanjani.

Ukulandisa Ngezimali Kwama - Federal Nomthetho Wokubonisana

Lo Mthetho udinga uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba ugcine i-data etholakalayo obala yemali kahulumeni, izivumelwano, imali ebolekiwe, kanye nolunye usizo lwezimali. Iwebhusayithi eyenzekayo, i-USASpending.gov, ivumela noma ubani ukuba afune ukwaziswa mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, akhuthaze ukuba sobala nokulandisa.

Ukuzilanda Kwamanani Nomthetho Wokubonisana (DATA Act)

I-DATA Act yandisa izimfuneko zokubona ngale ngokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwendinganiso yokwaziswa okusetshenziswayo kukahulumeni. Lomthetho uhlose ukwenza kube lula ukulandelela imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okungokwezimali phakathi kwezinhlelo, futhi wenze kuhlolwe kangcono indlela izimali zikahulumeni ezisetshenziswa ngayo.

Ukulungisa Nemithetho Evumelana Nezimo

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni eziningi zithembele ezivumelwaneni ezizokwenziwa izinkampani ezizimele ukuze zinikeze izinkonzo noma izinto.

Ukulandelana (FAR)

IFAR iyi-projekthi eyinhloko elawula ukuthengwa kukahulumeni. Imisa izimiso ezifanayo nezinqubo zokuzuza izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ihlanganisa konke kusukela ezidingweni zokuncintisana kuya ezindinganisweni zemisebenzi yokwakha. IFAR ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuncintisana okulungile nokuvulekile, ukuthola izimpahla nezinkonzo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ivikele izithakazelo zikahulumeni.

Ukuncintisana Eqenjini Elikhuthazayo

Lo Mthetho udinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zithole ukuncintisana okugcwele nokuvulekile emisebenzini yazo yokuthola imali, ngaphandle kokulinganisela.

Ibhizinisi Elincane Lihleliwe

Imithetho ehlukahlukene idinga noma ikhuthaza izinhlangano ukuba zinikeze isilinganiso esithile sezivumelwano zamabhizinisi amancane, kuhlanganise nalezo zabesifazane, amadlanzana, abangomakad ’ ebona, namabhizinisi asezindaweni ezimpofu ngokwezomnotho.

Imithetho Yokuphatha Okunganqamuki

Izinhlelo ezinikeza intela zihambisa izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke ukuze kunikezwe umbuso nohulumeni bendawo, amayunivesithi, nezinye izinhlangano.

IZINCWADI ZENDLELE

IHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali Nezimiso Liye lamisa izimfuneko ezifanayo zokuphatha zezintela zikahulumeni, ezihlanganiswe kuSihlokwana 2 seKhodi yeMiyalo kaFederal. Lezi zimfuneko zenza kube nezindinganiso zokunikeza ukuphatha ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, zihlanganisa izindawo ezinjengokuphathwa kwezimali, ukuphatha impahla, ukuthengwa, nokubika.

Isinyathelo Sokuphishekelwa Kwencwadi Yomuntu Oyedwa

I-Osbet Accomplificial Act idinga izifundazwe, ohulumeni bendawo, nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi ezisebenzisa amafadi kahulumeni amaRandi angu - 180 000 noma ngaphezulu ngonyaka ukuze zikhokhelwe ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke. Lamanani ahlola kokubili izitatimende zemali nokuvumelana nezimfuneko zemali kahulumeni, isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abamukelayo basebenzisa imali kahulumeni ngokufanelekile.

Ukubukezwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nokulondolozwa Kwayo Ngokomlando

Izinhlelo nemisebenzi yesifunda kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho evikela imvelo nemithombo engokomlando.

Isinqumo Sezwe Sokuvikelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile (NEPA)

I-NEPA idinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zihlole ithonya lezenzo ezihlongozwayo zendawo ezungezile ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo. Ukuze kuthathwe izenzo ezinkulu zikahulumeni ezithinta indawo ezungezile, izinhlangano kumelwe zilungiselele izinkulumo eziningiliziwe ezihlola imiphumela engenzeka kanye nezinye izindlela. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kwendawo ezungezile kuhlanganiswa ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni.

Isinyathelo Sokulondolozwa Kwesizwe Esiyingqopha - mlando

Lo Mthetho udinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zicabangele imiphumela yemisebenzi yazo ezimpahleni ezingokomlando futhi zinikeze i-Advisory Council on Loverity ithuba lokuphendula. Umthetho usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imisebenzi exhaswe uhulumeni noma evunyelweyo ayilimazi ngokungadingekile imithombo engokomlando.

Imithetho Yokuvikela Izintuthwane

Imithetho evikela abashaya ikhwelo ikhuthaza izisebenzi zikahulumeni nezisebenzi zokwakha ukuba zibike ukulahlwa kwemali, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhashazwa, nokwephulwa komthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezicubu Zomoya

IWhistlepunder Protection Act ivikela izisebenzi zikahulumeni eziveza ukwaziswa ezikukholelwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi kufakazela ukwephulwa komthetho, ukungaphathwa kahle kwemali, ukuchithwa kwemali okungathi sína, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, noma ingozi enkulu nekhethekile empilweni yomphakathi noma ekulondekeni. Umthetho uyakwenqabela ukuziphindiselela kwabafutha ngempepho futhi unikeza amakhambi kulabo ababhekene nokuphindisela.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Samanga

I-Act yamanga ivumela abantu ukuba bafake iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho kuhulumeni ngokumelene nalabo abaphamba izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Abacuphi abaphumelelayo bangathola ingxenye yemali etholakale, benze isisusa sezimali sokubika ukukhwabanisa. Lomthetho uye wasiza ekutholeni izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi ekumangaleleni izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Izimiso Nemithetho Yezithakazelo

Izisebenzi zikahulumeni nezikhulu kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha ehloselwe ukuvimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho emikhankasweni kahulumeni.

Izimiso Zokuziphatha Endleleni Kahulumeni

Lo Mthetho udinga izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu ukuze zibhale imibiko yomphakathi yezezimali, zisiza ekutholeni izingxabano ezingase zibe isithakazelo. Umthetho wamisa iHhovisi leMithetho kaHulumeni ukuze linikeze ukuhola nokwengamela uhlelo lwezimiso eziphethe amagatsha.

Ukungqubuzana Kwemithetho Yezinzuzo

Imithetho elawula ubugebengu inqabela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ukuba zihlanganyele ezindabeni ezinezinzuzo ezingokwezimali, ezimelela amaqembu azimele phambi kukahulumeni, futhi ezivuma ukukhokhelwa ngomsebenzi kahulumeni ohlobene nemithombo engekho kuhulumeni. Lemithetho isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni zenziwa ngokwenzuzo yomphakathi, hhayi ngokwenzuzo yomuntu siqu.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nokusabela Kwenhlekelele

Izinqubo ezikhethekile ezingokomthetho ziqondisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni phakathi nezinhlekelele eziphuthumayo.

URobert T. Stafford Impumuzo Yenhlekelele Nomthetho Wokusiza Ngenhlekelele

ISivumelwano seStafford sigunyaza uMongameli ukuba akhiphe izimemezelo zenhlekelele futhi sinikeze uhlelo olungokomthetho losizo lwenhlekelele kuhulumeni nezindawo kanye nabantu ngabanye. UMthetho umisa izinhlelo zokusabela okuphuthumayo, ukususwa kwemfucumfucu, izinyathelo zokuzivikela eziphuthumayo, nosizo kubantu ngabanye nasemakhaya athinteke ngezinhlekelele.

Isinyathelo Sesimo Sezwe

LoMthetho ulawula indlela uMongameli angamemezela ngayo izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe nokuthi yimaphi amandla aba khona phakathi nalezo zimo eziphuthumayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Bokwaziswa Nemithetho Eqinile

Njengoba izinhlelo zikahulumeni zincika kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa, imithetho elawula ukulawulwa kwe - ID nokungalondeki kwe - Internet iye yaba ngebucayi.

UMthetho Wezokuvikela Ulwazi We-Federal (FASMU)

I-FISMU idinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zithuthukise, zibhale, futhi zisebenzise izinhlelo zokuvikela ukwaziswa kwazo nezimiso zokwaziswa. Umthetho umisa uhlelo lokuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwezimiso zokwaziswa zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuhlola izingozi, ukuqondisa ukuvikela, nokuhlola okuqhubekayo.

Isenzo sombuso

I-E-Governament Act ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinkonzo zikahulumeni futhi kwandiswe ukutholakala kwezakhamuzi ngokwaziswa kukahulumeni. I-Act idinga ukuba izinhlangano ziqondise izinqumo zezimiso ezinokwaziswa okuziqaphelele futhi zimise iHhovisi likaHulumeni we-Electronic phakathi kwe-OMB.

Ukubukeza Ukuqondisa Nokuhlaziya Izindleko Zokulungisa Izindleko

Iziqondiso nezimiso eziqondisayo zidinga ukuba izinhlangano zihlaziye izindleko nezinzuzo zemithetho ephawulekayo ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimiso

LoMthetho udinga izinhlangano ukuba zihlaziye ithonya lemithetho ehlongozwayo emabhizinisini amancane, emagunyeni amancane kahulumeni, nasezinhlanganweni ezincane ezingazuzisi. Izimo zenkonzo kumelwe zicabangele ezinye izindlela ezinciphisa imithwalo enzima entweni ezincane kuyilapho zifinyelela izinjongo zokuzihlela.

UMthetho Wokuhlenga Iphepha

Iphephaod Reduction Act ihlose ukunciphisa umthwalo wamaphepha omphakathi obangelwa ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kukahulumeni. UMthetho udinga izinhlangano ukuba zithole imvume ye-OMB ngaphambi kokuqoqa ukwaziswa emphakathini futhi zithethelele isidingo sokuqoqa okunjalo.

Ukuqeda Umthetho Wenguquko Ongakhanyisiwe

LoMthetho udinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zihlole imiphumela yezenzo zokuqondisa embusweni, ezindaweni nasengxenyeni ezimele. Ngaphambi kokuba zigunyaze ukuba lezi zinhlangano zikhokhe izindleko ezingaphezu komnyango oqondile, izinhlangano kumelwe zilungiselele izitatimende ezibhaliwe zihlaziya izindleko nezinzuzo kanye nokucabangela ezinye izindlela.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Eziqondisa Izinhlelo Zikahulumeni

Ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqondile, izimiso zomthetho eziningana eziyisisekelo ziqondisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Inhlanganiso

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane kuMthetho-sisekelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke unciphe abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesi simiso sidinga ukuba izinhlelo zikahulumeni zinikeze izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba zithathe izenzo ezithinta amalungelo noma izithakazelo zabantu. Izimfuneko zenqubo ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi isithakazelo esikhona siyini nasengozini yokuncishwa okungafanelekile.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo

I-Umeal Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo se 14th ifuna ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo ngokufanayo. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni azinakubandlulula ngokungenangqondo, futhi izinhlelo ezisekelwe ezigabani ezisolekayo ezinjengohlanga zidinga ukulunga okunamandla. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zisebenza kahle futhi aziphathi ukuthakazelelwa ngokungafanele noma amaqembu athile angathandeki.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukanisa kwemithetho-mthetho phakathi kweminyango yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyahlulelo kuthinta indlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo. UKhongolo lwenza imithetho yokumisa izinhlelo, igatsha eliphethe liyisebenzise, futhi izinkantolo zibukeze izenzo zezinhlangano zokuvumelana nomthetho. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lingasebenzisi amandla angavinjelwa.

Ubumbano

Isimiso sikahulumeni sihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe. Lengxenye ithinta izinga likahulumeni elingamisa izinhlelo ezithile nendlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni nombuso ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda uhulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni uhlelo lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho igunya likahulumeni nombuso likhona.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwemishini

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana nemithetho esebenzayo nokuthi kuxoxwa ngokuphula imithetho.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamandla Okuqondisa

Imishini inezimiso zangaphakathi zokuvumelana, kuhlanganise nokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuhlola. Imithetho ye-OPM ihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zezisebenzi ezizimele zokuqondisa, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yezimiso ezifanele, nokusekela imithetho, imithetho, iziqondiso, i-OPM, iMiyalo elawulayo, nezindinganiso ze-OPM, kanye nokusebenza kwezimiso zezisebenzi, izinhlelo, nemisebenzi. Uma ukuphambanisa kutholakanywa, izinhlangano zingathatha isinyathelo sokulungisa, ukubeka izijeziso, noma zikhombe izindaba zokuqhubeka nokuhlola.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zinikeza inqubo ebalulekile yokuhlola izinhlangano, abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezilinyazwe izinqumo zezinhlangano zingafuna ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, zicele izinkantolo ukuba zinqume ukuthi izinhlangano zenza ngokusemthethweni yini. Izinkantolo zingabekela eceleni izenzo zezinhlangano eziwumthetho eziwubuwula nezingasekelwe, ngokuphambene nomthetho, noma ngokusekelwe ubufakazi obuqinile.

Ukumangalela Kwesigebengu

Ukukhwabaniswa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni, ukwebiwa kwempahla kahulumeni, ukufumbathisa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nezinye izenzo zobugebengu kungaholela ekukhokhelweni nasekuboshweni.

Izindaba Ezivusayo Nentuthuko Yesikhathi Esizayo

Izimiso zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ezibusayo ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yezinselele ezintsha nezimo ezishintshayo.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nokuzisebenzela

Njengoba izinhlangano zisebenzisa kakhulu ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nezimiso zokwenza izinqumo, kuphakama imibuzo emisha engokomthetho mayelana nokubonana, ukulandisa, ubandlululo, nenqubo efanele. Abenzi bemithetho bacabangela indlela imithetho ekhona esebenza ngayo ezimisweni ze-Al nokuthi ikhona yini imithetho edingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezikhethekile ezibangelwa yile mishini yobuchwepheshe.

Ukuba Wedwa Kwemininingwane Yezokwelapha Nokulondeka

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumelane namathemba athé xaxa okuvikela ukwaziswa komuntu siqu nezimiso ezivimbela ukuhlaselwa nge - Internet.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, kusukela ekusabeleni kwenhlekelele kuya ekuhleleni izakhiwo zezezolimo. Izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zihlela ukuxazulula izingozi zesimo sezulu futhi zihlanganisa ukucatshangelwa kwesimo sezulu ekuklanyweni kwezinhlelo nasekukhiqizweni kwazo.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni

Izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zidinga ukubambisana kakhulu phakathi kohulumeni bezwe, bezwe, bezwe, nesizwe.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Imithetho Yesimiso Sikahulumeni

Ukuqonda imithetho ebusa izinhlelo zikahulumeni kudinga ukuqaphela amaphuzu amaningana ayinhloko:

Imithombo engokomthetho:[ Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zibuswa umthetho-sisekelo, izimiso, imithetho, iziyalezo eziphethe, nezinqumo zokwahlulela. Ukuqonda noma isiphi isimiso esithile kudinga ukuhlola yonke lemithombo yomthetho.

[[[QULT:0] Ishoshoshowe nengasese izimfuneko: Imithetho imisa kokubili lokho izinhlelo okumelwe zikwenze (izimfuneko ezingaphansi) nendlela okumelwe zikwenze ngayo (izimfuneko ezingokomthetho). Zombili lezi zimfuneko zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kohlelo ngokomthetho.

Ukwaziswa okungakhokhwa:[ izindikimba eziningi zongamele] hlanganise iziKhomishane, abahloli, iHhovisi leMasheya likaHulumeni, kanye nezinkantolo, nohlelo lokuvumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho futhi lugcina izinhlangano zinecala ngokuphula.

Ukuthatha Ingxenye:[ Imithetho eminingi idinga noma ikhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi ekuthuthukiseni nasekufezeni uhlelo, kubonisa inzuzo yentando yeningi nokuthuthukisa umklamo wohlelo ngokufaka okuhlukene.

Ukuthatha ukuphuma kwe Evolution:[ Izinhlelo zomthetho ezibusa uhulumeni azikho lapho zikhona. Imithetho ishintsha ngomthetho omusha, imithetho iyavuselelwa, nezinqumo zenkantolo zichaza izimfuneko ezikhona ngezindlela ezintsha.

Imithombo Yokwaziswa Okwengeziwe

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngemithetho ebusa izinhlelo zikahulumeni zingathola imithombo eminingi:

I-Website zomthetho: Izinhlangano zomphakathi zilondoloza amawebhusayithi anokwaziswa ngezinhlelo, iziqondiso, neziphathimandla ezingokomthetho. I-Federal Register ikhipha iziqondiso ezihlongozwayo nezingokokugcina, uma izishayamthetho. zenza ama-gov[ anikeza ukungenela amabhukwana alawulayo futhi ivumela ukuphendula obala ngemithetho ehlongozwayo.

Imithombo ye-corenational Resources: I-Muzi - zincwadi Womkhandlu uyaqhubeka ukhona .Gov, enikeza ukufinyelela umthetho, imibiko yekomiti, imibiko ye-commentationational Research Service iveza imibiko ngezindaba zenqubo nangezihloko zomthetho, eziningi zazo ezitholakala obala.

I-Discomerial: Imithetho ye-U.S. iqukethe imithetho kahulumeni, kanti i-Code code of Federal Revolution iqukethe imithetho yezenkonzo. Zombili zitholakala ngewebhusayithi zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni nangemitapo yezentengiselwano yezomthetho.

Imibiko yokudlulisa: IHhovisi le-Akhawuntial Accounting likhipha imibiko ezimisweni zikahulumeni nasemisebenzini e GAO.gov[. Abahloli bama-Arhenkene banyathelisa futhi imibiko kumawebhusayithi abo.

Academic ne Nenzuzo: Izinga elingekho, amathangi, nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi ziveza ukucwaninga nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni nemithetho ezizibusayo, zinikeza umongo nemibono ewusizo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zomthetho ezibusa izinhlelo zikahulumeni zibanzi futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi, zibonisa ubukhulu nokubaluleka kwemisebenzi kahulumeni emphakathini wanamuhla. Kusukela kumthetho wesisekelo we-Administrative Procediture kuya kwizimiso ezicacile zesimiso, kusukela kwimithetho yokuvezana kuya ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi, kusukela ekuqondiseni kwenhlangano kuya ekuhloleni kokwahlulela, izinqubo eziningi ezingokomthetho zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokomthetho, ngokuphumelelayo, futhi zilandisa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuqonda lemithetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, kusiza izisebenzi zomphakathi ukuba zifeze imithwalo yazo yemfanelo, futhi kusiza bonke ababoshelwe ukuba baphendule uhulumeni. Nakuba ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwaloluhlelo olungokomthetho kungabonakala kuyinto enzima, izimiso eziyisisekelo (hhayingspers, ukulandisa, ukungalingani, nenhlonipho ngamalungelo abantu ngabanye) kucacile futhi kubalulekile kuhulumeni wentando yeningi.

Njengoba izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziqhubeka ziguquka zisabela ezinkingeni nasemathubeni amasha, izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezizibusayo nazo ziyozivumelanisa nezimo. Ukuhlala wazi ngalezi zenzakalo nokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho ezisebenzayo kusebalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni akhonza ngayo umphakathi nokuthi izakhamuzi zingaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi wenza kanjalo ngokuphumelelayo nangokulunga.