Ukuqonda Iqembu Lemithetho Ephambili Ekubuseni Kwanamuhla

I-grative gradification lock — ukuhluleka kwendlu yomthetho ukumisa imithetho ngenxa yokuvimbela kwezeqhinga, izingxabano ezihlukanisayo, noma ukuklama kwenhlangano — iye yaba isici esichazayo sezimiso eziningi zedemokrasi. Kusukela nje kusidina esinemizwa engokwentando yeningi, i-grackbock ngokuyisisekelo ihlela isimiso se- yasobala, isenzo esivame ukushiswa yizingeni elibandayo ezinkingeni eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwezimbangela, imiphumela, kanye namakhambiza okungenzeka kokuhlelwa kwe-progread rock, ukudweba ezibonelweni zangempela zezwe kanye nokuhlazingisiswa kwezazi.

Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Zokuqina Kwemithetho

I - dricklock ayiveli emthonjeni owodwa; iwumkhiqizo wemithetho yezinhlangano, amasiko ezombangazwe, nezisusa zokuziphatha. Ukuqonda lezi zimpande kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi isimiso sithinta kanjani imiphumela.

Ukuklanywa Kwezinhlangano Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudala amaphuzu amaningi. Imithetho-sisekelo kumelwe idlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo kuzo zombili izikhompathimende futhi ithole isignesha kamongameli — noma ithathe i-veto nge tritutatus ephezulu kakhulu. Le sakhiwo saklanyelwe ukuthatha umthetho owehlisa ijubane, kodwa singakhubaza uma ukulawula kwesigaba esisodwa esilawulwa yi-palamente kuhlukaniswa. Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende lapho umphathi eyala khona i-omkhankampane yemithetho, uhulumeni ohlukene njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kuka-192 no-201, uhulumeni ohlangene wazenzeka cishe amaphesenti angu-40 kuphela esikhathi; igumbi elisele libekwe kancane eqedweni elilodwa elilawulwa yiqembu elihlukene lomongameli.

Ukuvula Ilanga Nokusebenzisa Isayensi Yemvelo

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa adlule, amaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe aseMelika aye aba namasuntswana afanayo nangaphakathi. Izilinganiso ziye zanyamalala kakhulu eSikhungweni, zinciphisa isisekelo esivamile esidingekayo sokuyekethisa. Lokhu kunyuselwa [ kusho ukuthi ngisho nalapho iqembu lilawula womabili amagumbi, amaqembu angaphakathi — njenge House Free Caucus noma i-Caucus eqhubekayo — kungavimbela ukuhola okuphambili. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Relivénster eSihlahleni, okudinga amavoti angu-60 okuqeda impikiswano emthetho omningi, okuqhubekayo kuveza amandla esigaba esizimisele. Njengoba uThoma noNorman Ornstein bephikisana encwadini yabo [FF:] [Foct:] Imbala i-Foctive [3] Ifuna ukusetshenziswa kwe-Riphabliki ye-Riphabliki yanamuhla, i-Riphabliki ibuye iguqulelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokulandela udweshoshosho olumisiwe.

Imijikelezo Yokukhetha Nezinhlayiya Ezimfushane

Abenzi bomthetho babhekana nokucindezela okuqhubekayo kokwenza irekhodi lokuphumelela kwemithetho ngesikhathi esisodwa bezihlukanisa nabaphikisi. Endaweni egcwele i-pletisan, ukuvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo komunye kungaba icebo eliphumelela kakhulu kunokudlulisa izindleko ze-bipartisan. Lokhu kunamandla ikakhulukazi phakathi neminyaka yokhetho, uma ngisho nomthetho ongekho ngqa phambili ungasetshenziswa. Umphumela uwumjikelezo wokuzimela: i-rackrow inciphisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi, okwenza ukuba abenzi bomthetho bafune ukuvimbela okwengeziwe kwemithetho efuna ukuzibonakalisa ukuthi “i-Shyton.”

Ukuvela Kwesimiso Sokufundisa

Amaqhinga anjenge-filbuster, abambelele ekuthatheni i-offaigne, futhi athatha isikhathi seseyinqubo eyandayo. I-Filibuster, eyake yagcinwa ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu zesizwe, manje isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela cishe wonke umthetho obalulekile ngaphandle kokuba ihehehe unyuko olukhulu. Lokhu kuvuselele ngokuphumelelayo umnyango wokuqasha abantu abavamile ukuba babe abaningi abafanelekayo, okwenza kube nzima ngisho nezinguquko ezilinganiselwe. Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Congregationism ibika ukuthi inani lemisebenzi yokusebenza eGawula elibekwe eNdlungwini liye lakhuphuka kakhulu kusukela kuma-20 ngonyaka ka-1970 kuya kumakhulu amabili eminyaka emi-200 kuleyo e-1970.

Imiphumela Yesimiso Somphakathi

Ukuhluleka ukumisa umthetho kunemiphumela emikhulu nengalinganiyo ezindaweni ezihlukene. Ezinye izindawo, njengokunikezwa imvume yokusebenzisa imali nokuzivikela, zivikelekile uma kuqhathaniswa ngoba izimali zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngokomthetho wezokusetshenziswa kwemali. Kodwa izinhlelo ezihlakaniphile — kuhlanganise nemfundo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, izakhiwo, namanetha okuphepha ezenhlalo — zihlupheka ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Izinguquko Eziqinile Ekunakekeleni Impilo

Ukunakekela impilo kuyinto ehlala njalo elwiwa nge-grid lock. I-Affordcable Care Act (ACA) yadlula ngo-2010 ngaphandle kwevoti eyodwa yaseRepublica, futhi imizamo elandelayo yokuyilungisa noma ukuyinweba iye yafakwa. Amabhuloho e-Gridlock aye athatha izilinganiso ezinjengokuvala igebe lente leMidicaid ezindaweni ezingahlukani, ukubuyisela amanani agunyaziwe emisha yezidakamizwa, nokusingatha ukumangala kwezokwelapha. Umphumela uyisimiso esiqinile lapho izikhala ziqhubeka khona futhi izindleko ziqhubeka zinyuka khona. Ngokwendlela ye- Kainer Family Family Foundation Foundation [, izinga elingalindelekile liye lahlala linenkani ezindaweni ezingu-8,9 eminyakeni eminingi edlule naphezu kokusekela komphakathi.

Izimiso Nezinhlangano Zezomnotho

Isimiso sokuhlela i-Fracrasy sisengozini enkulu yokuvuleka ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi emikhulu idinga i-octralence eqinile, imvume yaminyaka eminingi kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-approfration. I-American Society of Civil Enginegers iye yanikeza izakhiwo ze-U.S. isilinganiso se-Cîgea noma D+, iqokomisa imigwaqo eshaywe dengwayo, amabhuloho, izintambo zamanzi, kanye nemidwebo kagesi. I-2021 ye-Birtisan Infraclactivesrupture yayiseka kakhulu — umkhiqizo we-Platemplated nenqaba kakhulu. Kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukunyuka kwemali kunciphe kakhulu kweze i-GP.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nesimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukuphuthuma, ukumiswa kwemithetho eqhubekayo, kodwa i-gridlock iye yashiya i-United States ingenamthetho kahulumeni wesimo sezulu obanzi amashumi amaningi eminyaka. UMthetho we-Inflatedition Reduction ka-2022 wahlanganisa amalungiselelo abalulekile esimo sezulu kodwa wadluliswa ngenqubo yokubuyisana kwezimiso zemali enqanda kakhulu. Okwamanje, izenzo zokulawula zibangelwa yi-Evironment Protocolment Agement zisengozini yokubhekana nezinselele zezentengiselwano zesikhathi esizayo. I-Gricklock ibambezela ukumiswa kwezivumelwano zezemvelo zomhlaba wonke, njenge-Kyotobotition ne-Paris — okuthiy Kroto Provition eyangena kuyo yabuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye inqande ngaphansi kwe-injini yezokuvikela nokuncibilika kwezwe lomhlaba.

Imfundo Nentuthuko Esebenzayo

I-Gridlock enkambisweni yemfundo iholela ekuxhaseni imali engafani ezikoleni zeK2912, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni eziphansi ezikhokhiwe yizikhokhelo ezixhomeke kuSihloko Isemkhankasweni. Imizamo yokuphinde imise iSikhathi semfundo neseSine semfundo ka-Earth Act kaningi iye yaphela, ishiya u-2015 Wonke umFundi Wempumelelo yemfundo njengokwehlisa isimilo esilula. Ngokufanayo, izicelo zokwenza ukuba umphakathi ukhululeke, wandise amaPellans, noma izimiso zokuboleka imali ezibolekwayo zabafundi zife ngokuphindaphindiwe eKholijini. Umphumela uwukuhlelwa kwesimiso lapho kunciphiswe ukuchuma kwemfundo [[FLT:] [FLT] kulokhu kunciphe kakhulu kusukela ngo-GLTP1], futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza zihluleka ukuguqula inqubo yomsebenzi zishintshe iprojective. [FFFodmistring]

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nomthetho Wezenhlalo

I-Gridlock ivimbela futhi ukukhushulwa kwemithetho kanye nokunwetshwa kwenetha lokuphepha emphakathini. Izinhlelo zokwandisa iholo eliphansi, ukunwetshwa kwe-Child Tax Creaty Crell, noma ukumiswa kwekhefu lomkhaya elikhokhelwayo ziye zavalwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukwanda kwesikhashana kwe-Child Tax Creasure ngo-2021 — okunciphisa ubumpofu bezingane cishe ngesigamu sonyaka — kwavunyelwa ukuba kuphele ngoba uMkhandlu weSishaya-mthetho awuvumelani ngokunweba. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi i-grockckckckyy iqonding, imiphumela engathi iyayidlula kumphakathi osengozini. Njengoba isazi sezentengiselwano uGabriel Zucman, intela nesimiso sokuthutha intela se-U.S.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nemibono Eqhathaniswa

I - driplock ayiyona kuphela e - United States, kodwa imiphumela yayo ikhulu kakhulu ezimisweni zomongameli ezine - bamerarist enamandla.

IU.S. Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Kusukela ekucindezelekeni kwezikweletu zophahla ngo-202020 kuya ku-2018-2019 ka-19 uhulumeni ovaliwe, i-gridlock iye yaletha uhulumeni kaningi ophethe engcupheni yokungagqibeki noma yokuvalwa. Ukuvalwa kuka-2013 kwakuwukwengamela ngokwezimali i-ACA; u-2018-2018-2019 ukuvalwa okusekelwe ekuxhaseni kodonga lomngcele. Isehlakalo ngasinye sakhubaze ukuthemba umphakathi futhi sahlehlisa izinkonzo ezibalulekile. Ihhovisi lika-Governtament Accounting [ lilinganisela ukuthi ukuvingcelwa kuka-2013] kubiza izimali eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20. Lezi zinhlekelele akuzona izindleko ezibalwayo zokwengangongo-mali ezingo-alomeya.

Icala Eliqhathaniswayo: Izimiso ZePhalamende

Amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, iJalimane, neCanada avame ukubhekana nokwehluleka ngenxa yokuthi umphathi uthathwe engxenyeni enkulu yemithetho. Nokho, ohulumeni abahlangene bangaveza indlela yabo yokulawula lapho amaqembu engavumelani ngezinqubo ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i- “Bundestag” yaseJalimane iye yabona ukubambezeleka okukhulu kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yokulwa. Noma kunjalo, izimiso zephalamende zingadlula izimali nomthetho omkhulu owenziwe ngokulinganayo kune-U.S. Isishayamthetho sephalamende saseSweden, lapho ohulumeni abambalwa kumelwe baxhumane namaqembu amaningi, kubonisa ukuthi i-gxabhato enciniswe ngezinqumo ze-mfa ye-mfantuntu evumelanayo evumelanayo evumelanayo. — lapho iziteshinazo ezithiyo ezithiwe zingemthetho ezivamile.

Ubudlelwane Nokuthuthwa Kweziqu

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-U.S. ne-Canada, i-gray ephezulu eqophelweni lesizwe ingaphoqelela ukusungulwa kwenqubo ekwenziwe kuhulumeni wezwe nakohulumeni besifundazwe. Lokhu kungaveza ukuhlola (ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zezwe zesimo sezulu esiphezulu eCalifornia) kodwa futhi kubangele ukuhlukana nokungalingani. Phakathi nezikhathi ze-roupy kahulumeni, amazwe aba yizikhungo zokuhlola idemokhrasi — kodwa kuphela uma enemithombo yezentengiselwano nezombangazwe ezizothatha isinyathelo. Amazwe ampofu ngokuvamile awakwazi ukugcwalisa imfucucucu, kuholele ekuhlukani kwezekelweni kwempilo yomphakathi, imfundo, nezakhiwo zezindawo.

Amasu Okuhamba E - griad Yohlobo Olune - Mititeate

Nakuba kungekho nguquko engaqeda i-gridlock, izihlongozo eziningana ziye zathuthukiswa ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphindeka kwayo futhi kuthonywe imiphumela yayo.

Izinguquko Zezici Ezingokweziqu

  • ukuguqula noma ukulungisa i-palbuster: ukususa imfuneko yama-60 16vote yomthetho omningi kungavumela iSigele ukuba sidlulise izikwele neningi elilula. Nokho, lokhu kunganciphisa ikhono leqembu elincane lokuvimbela izinyathelo ezizeqile. Indawo ephakathi kungaba “i-i-genering buster” edinga izingwele ukuvala isakhiwo njalo, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambi kuka-1975.
  • Ukuhlela inqubo yokubuyisana kohlelo lokuhlela imali: okwamanje] kulinganiselwe ezindinganisweni zokusebenzisa nokuthola inzuzo, ukubuyisana kunganwetshwa kuhlanganise izinguquko ezithile zenkambiso, ukunciphisa inani lezindaba ezidinga i-filbusterpream enqanda kakhulu.
  • Isenzo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha imithetho: Abameli bangasebenzisa iziyalo eziphetheyo, i-actranda, kanye nokumiswa kwenhlangano ukuze kufinyelelwe izinhloso zenqubo ngaphandle komkhandlu — kodwa lezi zinyathelo azilula futhi zingaphansi kwezinselele zasenkantolo. Indlela ehleleke kakhulu ingaba ukufuna iSishaya-Mnyango ukuvumela imithetho emikhulu, njengangaphansi kwe-Congregational Review Act, kodwa ngenkathi eqinile yokuthatha isinyathelo.

U - Electoral Neqembu Lokushintsha

  • Ukuvota nokuvula izigebengu: Lezinguquko zinganciphisa ithonya lemibono eyeqisayo futhi zikhuthaze abazofuna ukuvota kakhulu. Ezizweni ezinjengeMaine ne Alaska, ukuvota okubekwe isigaba esiphezulu kuye kwaveza abawini abaningi be-centristut.
  • Isiphambano esiphambanayo: Amaqembu amadlambi njenge problem Supersons Caucus e House ekhuthaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwephasishi futhi angasebenza njengethonya lokuhlehla.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Imibala Egqamile

Umphakathi uqaphela izindleko ze-gridlock kakhulu ungabangela ukucindezela kwabakhi bomthetho ukuba benze. Izinhlangano ezingavumelani nomthetho njenge- No noNobels [ zisebenza ukusekela abafuna ukufika nezindlela zokulungisa i-bipartisan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza izinqubo zemithetho zibe sobala ngokwengeziwe — ngokwesibonelo, ngokufuna ukuba wonke umbhalo wemithetho wenziwe obala amahora angu-7 ngaphambi kokuvota — kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela nokuziphendulela ngempoqo.

Isiphetho

I-grative gradislock ayilona nje uphawu lokungavumelani kwezombangazwe; kuyisimo sokwakha esisonta ngokulandelana kwenqubo yomphakathi. Uma imishini kahulumeni ithatha, ithatha izinkinga eziphuthumayo — kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekungalinganini kwezezomnotho kuya ekuncipheni kwezenhlalakahle — ithatha indawo, inciphe, ishiye ukwethenjwa umphakathi futhi ikhungathekiswe izakhamuzi. Izindleko zithwalwa ngokungenakulinganiswa yizimo ezilula kakhulu, ezincike ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni sezempilo, imfundo, nokusekela kwezenhlalo.

Ukunqanda umjikelezo we-gridlock kudinga okungaphezu komusa we-bipartisn; kudinga izinguquko zezinhlangano ezihlanganisa izisusa nezinkinga, izinguquko ezingokwemvelo ezinciphisa izithiyo zokudlula, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe ebuyisela imingcele ngokuyekethisa. Nakuba kungekho nguquko eyikhambi, inhlanganisela yenguquko ye-probiblicbuster, inguquko engokwezimo ezifihlwayo, futhi isenzo esiqinile singabuyisela amandla ohulumeni bentando yeningi ukuze balawule ngokuphumelelayo. Njengoba izakhamuzi, ziqonda izimpande nemiphumela ye-gropt iyisinyathelo lokuqala ekufuneni isimiso sezombangazwe esisebenzayo nesamukelayo.