I-United States Census encitshiswe ngokudlulele ayiyona nje inselele elula. Inqaba yomthetho-sisekelo lapho isizwe sabela khona amandla ezombangazwe, sabela khona izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ekusekeleni uhulumeni, futhi sihlela izinqumo zezimiso eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Kodwa ukufinyelela isilinganiso esiphelele nesinembile kuyinselele enkulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abaye babekwa imingcele ephansi ngokwesiko, abangaphansi kwe-ase , futhi bagcinwa khona. Uma le miphakathi incintinganiswa, imiphumela enqamule zonke izici zokuphila kwezezezezezenhlalakahle, kusukela ekumeleni kwezempilweni yezempilo, imfundo, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda izinga, izimbangela, nemiphumela yokubala ngokwenani eliphansi, kudingekile ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezikhona futhi zihlanganiswe.

Ukuqonda Ukubalwa Kwamanani

Ukubala inani lenani kwenzeka lapho ingxenye enkulu yeqembu elithile labantu iphuthelwa noma ingabalelwa ngokugcwele ekubaleni kokugcina. Lokhu akukona nje ukuphazamisa kwezibalo; kuwukwehluleka okuhlelekile okuthinta labo ababhekene nemingcele kakade ukuba babe yi-. I-Census Bureaual ichaza ukuthi “inethi elingaphansi kwenani” liwumehluko phakathi kwenani labantu beqiniso elilinganiselwayo kanye nenani labantu. Kumaqembu amaningi angaphansi kwemingcele, leligebe lingabalwa kakhulu.

Ngokomlando, ukubala inani labo kuye kwaba yinkinga engapheli. Ngokwesibonelo, u-2020 Census, waba nenani eliphansi labantu baseMelika abaNsundu noma abaNsundu cishe abangamaphesenti angu-3, inani labantu base-Hispanic noma eLatino abacishe babe ngu-5,0%, kanye nabantu base-Melika noma ama-Alaska abahlala ezinqibeni eziseduze nezingu-5.6% — konke okungaphezulu kakhulu kunenani labamhlophe abangalinganiyo. Izizathu zalokhu kuhlukana kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuhlangene, zisuka enkabeni yokungathembani yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, imingcele yolimi, ukuntengantenga kwezindlu, izindawo ezikude, nokwesaba ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo zokufuduka. I-CHOVAD-19 yaziphikisa lemizamo, ukuphazamisa imizamo nokuhlanganisa izinhlangano kakhulu ukuze ifinyelele ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi.

I-Census Bureau ichaza izindawo ezithile nabantu ngokuthi “i-HTC-ase-ase-jong "ayikho". Lezi zihlanganisa izindawo ezinezinga lobumpofu eliphezulu, ukutholakala okuphansi kwe-inthanethi, ukuqashwa okukhulu, nezinombolo ezinkulu zabafuduki noma izikhulumi zesiNgisi. Ukuqonda izici ezicacile eziholela ekubaleni izibalo kuyasiza ekuklameni amasu aphumelelayo.

Abantu Abanemingcele Eqondile Bayathinteka

Ubuncane Bezinhlanga Nezinhlanga

Izinhlanga nezinhlanga ezimbalwa ziye zaba phakathi kwamaqembu abala kakhulu ekubaleni. Emashumini eminyaka, ukungalingani kwezimiso — kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwendawo, ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho, nokungathembani kweqoqo lemininingwane kahulumeni — kuye kwanezela ekutholweni kwenani eliphansi. I-202020 Creations yabala inani eliphansi kakhulu lemiphakathi yabaNsundu nababhishobhi, naphezu kwemizamo engakaze ibonwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Censureaunication’s Post-Enurement ilinganisela ukuthi i-Cunications Post-Enureaders i-Ex ngo-2020 yayiphakeme kunangonyaka ka-2020, ukukhubazeka kwentuthuko. Lokhu kunikezwa ngokushaqisa kakhulu ukuthi lemiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwenani elikhula ngokushesha kakhulu ezweni futhi ithembele kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezixhaswa yizinhlelo zokubala ezisekelwe ekuhleleni abantu.

Abafuduki Nabakhuluma Ngezilimi

Izifiki ezingabhalwanga ukuthi zikhona, kanye nezingavunyelwe ukubalwa kwabantu abahlala khona kanye nabantu abangekho, ngokuvamile bagwema ukubalwa ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi ukwaziswa kwabo kungasetshenziselwa ukugcinwa kwezokufuduka. Ngisho noma i-Census Bureaual inqatshelwe ngokomthetho ukusabelana nabantu ngabanye, kuhlanganise ne-ICE, ukudukiswa nokungathembi. Imingcele yolimi iyaqhubeka futhi ifeza indima enkulu: imikhaya lapho kungekho muntu okhuluma isiNgisi ngolwazi oluphansi kakhulu ukuba athathe izinga lokubala, ikakhulukazi uma izinto zingatholakali ngolimi lwayo. Ngo-202020, i-Cencasuebureaunica yanikeza usizo lwezilimi olungu 13 nocingo, kodwa amaqembu amancane olimi ashiywe ngaphandle kokusekela isisekelo esiqinile. Umphumela umphumela ungabalwa kakhulu abantu abavela emiphakathini, uholele ekuncipheni kwezombangazwe nakwe ngokwezinkonzo zezezezezombangazwe njengesesiNgisi, ukunakekelwa kwezemfundo, isikole sezemfundo.

Abantu Abangenamakhaya

Abantu abangenamakhaya badume kakhulu ukubala abantu. Ngokuvamile abanalo ikheli elimisiwe, kungenzeka bahlala ezikhungweni, emakamu, noma ezindaweni zokuhlala ezishintshiwe, futhi lemizamo ayivamile ukuba ikwazi ukungena kuyi-Internet noma ucingo. I-Census Bureaudioreaution isebenzisa imisebenzi ekhethekile enjenge- “Service Extumed" (SBE) ukubala abantu abahlala ezindlini, emakhishinini esu, ezindaweni zokulala, nasezindaweni zokuthutha izimpahla, kodwa le mizamo ayikaze ilahlekelwe kakhulu. I-202020Censubes ibhekenezinselele ezengeziwe zeCHOVAD, njengoba izindawo eziningi zenkonzo zingenamandla anele noma zivaliwe. Ngaphansi kokubala abantu abangena indawo yokuhlala baholinye izinhlelo zokusiza abantu, izinkonzo zengqondo, nezinye izimiso zempilo.

Abantu Abakhubazekile

Abantu abakhubazekile — kungaba ngokomzimba, ingqondo, noma izinzwa — babhekana nemingcele ephawulekayo yokuthola indawo lapho bezama ukusabela ekubaleni abantu. Izimo ze-inthanethi zingase zingavumelani ngokugcwele nabafundi be-screen; izinhlelo zamaphepha zingaba nzima ukuzifundela labo abangaboni kahle; futhi abantu abakhubazekile bangase bangabi khona ngamafomethi afinyelelekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abakhubazekile ngokuvamile bahlala emakhaya amaqembu, izindawo zokunakekela, noma ezinye izikhungo lapho izinhlelo zokubala inani labantu ngabanye zingaguquguquka. AmaMelika anezinkinga zokukhubazeka kudinga ukuba i-Creaunicase Act (AA) i-ACrease Act, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo akulingani. Ukubalanisa kwale ndawo kuholela ekutholeni imali engafanele ngemisebenzi yokukhubazeka, iminyango, ama-Medidive, ama-raveter, nokuhamba.

Amadolobha Nasemaphandleni Akude

Izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni nasezindaweni ezikude azilinganiswa kahle. Zibhekene nezinselele ezinjengokungena nge-internet okungathembeki, ukuntuleka kwamakheli okuthumela angokwesiko (umz. P.O.bhokisi), futhi ezilinganiselwe ekuthatheni inani labantu abathatha izifunda. Imiphakathi eminingi yasemaphandleni — ikakhulukazi leyo esezweni — ineziphendu eziphansi ngokwezezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020, inani eliningana e-Alaska kanye naseNingizimuntshona yabona amazinga okuzibamba ngokwayo ngaphansi kwe-20%. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela engathi sína yezibhedlela zasemaphandleni, ukwanda kwezindawo ezibandayo, nezinhlelo zokulima ezithembele ekutholeni ukwaziswa ukuze izimali.

Imiphumela Yokubala Amanani

Ukuncishiswa Kwemidwebo Yezombangazwe

Umphumela oshesha kakhulu wokubala inani labantu abancishisiwe uncishisiwe kwezombangazwe. Ukwaziswa kokubala inani labantu kunquma ngokuqondile ukuthi zingaki izihlalo ezithathwa isifundazwe ngasinye eMfuleni wabameleli ngenqubo yokwabelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezifundazwe, ukuvuleka kokuncishiswa kwemithetho kuxhomeke ekubaleni okuqondile okungamele ukubala abantu abakhethiwe. Uma imiphakathi incishisiwe, ilahlekelwa izimpawu — kokubili amazinga ezwe nakahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimiso ezithinta izindlu, umsebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo zilolongwa yizikhulu ezingameleli ngokugcwele leyo miphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma idolobha libalwa ngo-5%, ukuthi idolobha lingalahlekelwa yisihlalo sokuvota noma ukudonswa kwesifunda lapho amandla okuvota kwalo ehla.

Ukuthutha Ngezimali Eziphansi

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kuka-350 zisebenzisa ukwaziswa kokubala abantu ukuze zisakaze amazwe nezindawo ezingaphezu kuka-R2,50 ezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka. Lemali isekela iMedicaid, i-Chine’s Health Inshuwarence Program (CHIP), i-SNAP (izitembu zokudla), izinhlelo zesikole zasemini, iHead Star, iziteshi zezindlu, iSiqeshana seMigwaqwe, iSiqe, intuthuko yasemaphandle, nezinye eziningi. Imali edalwayo iguqulela ngokuqondile imali yayo kanye imiphakathi edinga lezinkonzo kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, inombolo engu-1% yenani elingaphansi kwenani labantu bamazwe angenayo inombolo yezigidi zezigidi zemali ezilahlekile.

Imininingwane Enembile Yokuhlelwa Kwesimiso

Ngaphandle kokumelelwa nokuxhaswa ngemali, ukwaziswa kokubalwa kwabantu kuyisisekelo sokuhlela izimiso kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Abahleli bamadolobha basebenzisa lokhu ukunquma ukuthi zingabalwa kuphi izikole ezintsha, izibhedlela, izikhungo zomlilo, nezindawo zokuthutha umphakathi. Izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zithembele kuzo ukunikezela izimali zokuvimbela izifo, impilo yomama, kanye nezindawo zezempilo zomphakathi. Izinhlangano zokuqondisa izingozi zezehlakalo zisebenzisa ukwaziswa okuhlela izinhlekelele zemvelo nezibhadane. Uma abantu abaphansi bebalwa, lezi zisekelwe ezimisweni eziyiphutha, kuholela ekubekeleni izimali ezingekho mthethweni eziqondiswe phambili ezidayisa abantu abadinga kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umphakathi onenani eliphakeme labafuduki abangangeni abavelangadingi izibalo, umphumela wemishuwa wemishuwa kamasipala, omphumela wemishuwamusemasikili nemisebenzi yeze.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Abuthakathaka

Ukwaziswa kokubala kubuye kube yithuluzi elibucayi lokumisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Kusetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ukuvumelana noMthetho we-Voting Rights (Ukuhlelwa kwe-2 kanye ne-Roaders 203), uMthetho we-Fair Howard, ne-Umthetho we-Excalime Educational Marble Act. Ukubala ukuncitshiswa kobufakazi bokuthi abameleli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa ukuveza ukucwaswa nokufunwa kwemithi. Uma izinga langempela lezakhamuzi ezimbalwa lifihlwa ngamabala angaphansi, izinselele zokukhokha izifunda ezikhokhiswayo noma imikhosi yokukhokha izimali ekhokha intela intela intela i - disclerder iba nzima ukubukisa. Lokhu kululaza amashumi eminyaka entuthuko emayelana nobulungisa bezinhlanga nezomnotho.

Umlando Nenani Labangu - 2020

Ixhala lokubala inani labambalwa alilona elisha. I-1990 Census yabona inani labamnyama eliphansi elilinganiselwa ku-4,6%, okwaholela ekumangalweni futhi kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni ukunemba. I-Censuess ye- 2000 no-2020 yenza impumelelo enkulu, ngenxa yokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela, izinhlelo zobungani, kanye nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe. Nokho, i-202020 CVCreations yabhekana nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe, kuhlanganise nomzamo we-Trump wokwenezela umbuzo wesizwe, umqedazwe we-COVIID-19, nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe okwanciphisa isikhathi seqoqo lemininingwane yemininingwane. Umphumela waba umphumela oxubile: nakuba ukunemba okuphelele kwakuphakathi kwemithetho yomlando, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezibalo zezinhlanga ezithile nezinhlanga zezinhlanga eziphakathi kwezinhlanga ezithile.

Umbiko weUrban Institute waqokomisa ukuthi inani labalinganiselwa ku-2020 labalelwa eSpanishi abangaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili uma kuqhathaniswa no-2010, futhi inani eliphansi labantu abaNsundu novolo lwaseMelika nalo landa. Lokhu kubuya kwamuva kugcizelela ukuchayeka kwenqubo yokubalwa kwabantu ezingxabanweni zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo. Izifundo ezisukela ku-202020 zicacile: ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqinile nezimali ezinikezelwe ukunqanda ukudlula, inani lazo liyoqhubeka futhi liyoba libi nakakhulu.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa Ukunemba Kokubala

Ukungenela Nokwakha Ukwethembana Komphakathi

Ukwakha ukuthembana nemiphakathi encishisiwe kuyisu elibaluleke kakhulu lokunciphisa ukulinganiselwa. I-Census Bureau kumele ihambisane nezinhlangano zendawo ezithenjwayo, izikhungo ezisekelwe ekukholweni, izikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi, nezikole. Lezi zikhungo zotshani zinganikeza imiyalezo esemthethweni ekhuluma ngokwesaba okuthile — njengokuthi izinto eziyimfihlo — futhi inikeze ukwaziswa okuqondile ngezilimi eziningi. I-202020 Censureasus’s “Counity Comment Commons”, lapho abaholi bexhumanisa khona imizamo, babonisa isithembiso. Kulokhu kubalwa kwabantu, ukugcinwa kwemali egciniwe kulokhu kunakho ngisho naseminyakeni engekhona.

Ukukwazi Ukukhuluma Ulimi Nokusekela Ngezilimi Eziningi

Ukuze ibale izikhulumi ezingezona isiNgisi ngokuphumelelayo, i-Census Bureau kumelwe yandise usizo lolimi olungaphezu kwezilimi ezingu-13 zamanje. Ukunikela izinto kanye nokusekela kocingo okungenani ngezilimi eziyi 20 kuya kwezingu-30 — okuhlanganisa izilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu e-United States — kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusabela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bureau kufanele ihlanganyele nabahumushi bomphakathi nezinkonzo zokuhumusha ukuze ikwazi ukuhlukanisa amasiko. Emikhankasweni yokukhangisa emsakazweni, kuthelevishini, nasemphakathini wezokuxhumana nakho kubalulekile. Phakathi nonyaka ka-202020 Censues, amanye amaqembu akhangisa izikhangiso ngeSpanishi, isiKorea, isiTagalog, nesi-Arabhu, nempumelelo engcono.

Ukutholakala Okuthuthukisiwe Kwabantu Abakhubazekile

I-Census Bureau kumele ibeke phambili umklamo womhlaba wonke kuzo zonke izinkonzo zokubala abantu, kuhlanganise ne-inthanethi yemibuzo, amafomu ephepha, kanye nezingcingo. Lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amapulatifomu emishini avumelana ngokugcwele nobuchwepheshe obusizayo obufana nobufunda i-screen kunye nokulawula izwi. Kusho futhi ukunikeza incazelo yolimi lwezandla lwe-American Sign Sign (ASL) ukuze kusizwe amavidiyo nokunyatheliswa kwezindlela ezinkulu zezinto. Izisebenzi zokuqeqesha izinga lokuxhumana nabantu ngokunempumelelo ngokukhubazeka kolwazi nokukhubazeka komzimba zibaluleke ngokufanayo. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kolwazi olunikezwa ngezimiso zenkululeko emisha emisha kuveza amagebhulo.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuthuthukisiwe Kwemibhalo Egciniwe Esetshenziswayo

Ukuze ikwazi ukubona ukuthi i-Census Bureau isebenzisa amarekhodi okuqondisa — njengokwaziswa okuvela e-IRS, eSocial Security Administration, ezinhlangano zezempilo zikahulumeni, nase-Postal Service — ukuze ibone amakhaya okungenzeka aphuthelwe. Phakathi ne-2020 Censures, i-bureau isebenzisa imininingwane yokuqondisa ukuze igcwalise ukusabela okulahlekile kwezinye izindlu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kungathuthukisa ukunemba kwemiphakathi enzima ukuya emananini. Nokho, isivikelo semfihlo kumelwe siqine ukuze silondoloze ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Igunya le-Cennicas Bureaunicaunity licacisa igunya lokufinyelela imibhalo ethile kuyilapho ukuvikela imfihlo lingasekela lo mzamo.

Ukushintsha Kwemithetho Nenqubo

ISishaya-mthetho singafeza indima eyinhloko ngokunikeza izimali eziqinile nezinele zokuhlela ukubalwa kwabantu. Unyaka ka-2020 wafakwa enkathini yokuqala, okwaphoqelela i-bhureau ukuba isule ukuhlola kwezwe futhi ilinganisele emuva. Abenzi bomthetho kufanele bagunyaze umjikelezo wezimali othatha iminyaka eyishumi oqala ngokushesha ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngakunye, uvumele ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo nokuhlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho owenqabela ngokuqondile ukufakwa kombuzo wesizwe (ungahlolwanga) futhi uqinise isivikelo semfihlo unciphise ukwesaba emiphakathini yabafuduki. Imibuso kufanele futhi idlulise imithetho esekela imizamo ephelele yokubalwa kwabantu basejele futhi iqikelele emakhelini abo, hhayi ezikhungweni zokulungisa inguquko ezoveza ukufaneleka kwemiphakathi yemibala.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Umphumela Wokubala IPuerto Rico

IPuerto Rico inikeza isibonelo esinamandla sokubala inani labantu abambalwa. Ngemva kweSiphepho uMaria ngo-2017, inani labantu kulesi siqhingi lehla kakhulu ngenxa yokufuduka kwezwekazi. I-2020 Censues yabonisa inani labantu abayizigidi ezingu-3,28%, ukuncipha kwenani lemali ekhona kusukela ngo-2010. Nokho, abanye abahlali bakholelwa ukuthi inani labantu langempela lingase libe phansi, kuyilapho abanye bephikisana ukuthi inani lilahlekelwe inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi — ikakhulukazi labo abafudukiswe yisiphepho futhi abahlala ezindlini zesikhashana. Lokhu kuphawula ukuthi ingxenye engaphansi kwenani elikhethekile yemali enikezwayo yezinhlelo ze-Puerto Rico enjenge-Medicaid, ukusekela ukudla, nezindawo zokuvota. Ngenxa yokuthi iPuerto Rico ayimele ukuvota i-Congress, isengozini enkulu kakhulu uma ihlala intethelekile.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Nokuguqulwa Kwendlela

Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza ekunciphiseni ukulinganiselwa uma bubekwe ngokucabangela. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Census Bureau ye-Internet yo-2020 kwakuyishintsa elikhulu, futhi nakuba kwathuthukisa umehluko wabaningi, kwabangela futhi ukuhlukana kwezimiso. Izindlu ezingenakho ubuchwepheshe bokungena nge-intanethi kungena ngokusemthethweni. Ukubalwa kwabantu esikhathini esizayo kufanele kuhlanganise ama-nethiweki aqinile amathuluzi e-createllaor corator comorter, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwe-alytics ukuze kubekwe phambili ngokunzima ukuya ezindaweni ezibalwayo, kanye ne-meopareal sharial e-metacial ukuze kubonwe ushintsho ezindlini. Imishini yezobuchwepheshe ekwazi ukwandisa ukuxhumana ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-aserd ingasiza. Nokho, i-bauauau kumele iqaphele ukuba inganciki ezindaweni ezingoko ezingoko ezingoko ezingoko abantu.

Isiphetho

Ukungalingani okungalingani kwenani labantu abakwekwekwenye indawo kulokhu kubalwa akuyona nje inkinga yobuchwepheshe; kuyinkinga yomphakathi eqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani kwenani futhi ilulaza izinhlangano zomphakathi. Uma abantu bengabalwa, banikezwa izibonakaliso — bekhutshulwa amandla ezombangazwe, benqatshelwa imithombo yezimali, futhi bekhishwa emninizweni elilawula izinto eziza kuqala. Ukusingatha lendaba kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo esisuka eMbusweni we-Cennia, eMbusweni we-Congress, eMbusweni wezwe, ewuhulumeni nasemiphakathini. Uma abantu bengaqiniseki, kudingeka ukuba basekele, ukufinyelela, ukufinyelela kolimi, nokusebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha kwezobuchwepheshe. I-2030 ingaphansi kweminyaka eyisikhombisa kude. Umsebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isho ukuthi wonke umuntu — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbango, ukuthutha, ukukhubazeka, ukukhubazeka, ukukhubazeka, noma isimo sendlu — manje.