Ukuqonda Imishini Eqondiswa Umphakathi

Izinqubo zokuqondisa ezisebuthweni lomphakathi yizikhungo zokwakha nezokuvikela eziqinisekisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenze ngokulandisa, ukubonakala, nobuqotho. Le misebenzi yakha umgogodla wokubusa kwentando yeningi ngokunikeza izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwegunya lomphakathi. Azizona nje izinqubo zobucukubhelu kodwa amathuluzi abalulekile avikela izithakazelo zezakhamuzi, avimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, futhi akhuthaza ukuthenjwa komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.

Ekujuleni kwazo, izimiso zobubonisi zidala isimiso sokuhlola nokuhlola okuqhubekayo okuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi yokuqondisa komphakathi i-̬ kusukela ekuhleleni nasekusebenziseni uhlelo lwenqubo ukuze kusetshenziswe futhi kuthunyelwe inkonzo. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile, izinhlangano zomphakathi zisengozini yokuphelelwa amandla, ukungasebenzi, noma ukonakala, zibhidlize izisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zindlela kuhlanganisa ngokuqondile nezinkonzo zomphakathi kanye nempilo yezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Izinselele zomphakathi zanamuhla zibhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokushintsha ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukunqanda imingcele, kanye nokuhlela amathemba ezakhamuzi. Lezi zingcindezi zenza ukuba izimiso zokwengamela eziqinile zibe bucayi kunanini ngaphambili. Njengoba ohulumeni bethatha ubuchwepheshe obusha nokudlulisa inkonzo, izimiso zokwengamela kumelwe zivumelane nokusebenza kwazo lapho zilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulandisa nokubona.

Isisekelo Sokwengamela Kwamahlelo Omphakathi

Umqondo wobubonisi embusweni womphakathi ususelwa emasikweni amaningana acatshangelwayo, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwenkolelo-lwazi yemibuso, inkolelo-mbono eyinhloko ye-actistic, nenkolelo-mbono yomphakathi. Lezizici zichaza ukuthi kungani ukuqondisa kudingekile: izikhulu zomphakathi, njengawo wonke amanxusa, zingaba nezisusa ezisuka ezithakazelweni zothisha-nhloko (inani elingaphezulu), futhi kudingeka izihlolo zokuhlela ukuhlanganisa lezizithakazelo.

Izimiso zokulawula zisebenza emazingeni amaningi, kusukela ekulawuleni ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano ngazinye kuya ekuhlolweni okungaphandle kwemizimba ezimele nomphakathi. Lendlela ebekelwe indawo ehlukahlukene idala ukuqina okuqinisa isimiso sonke. Uma inqubo eyodwa ihluleka, eminye ingabuyisela, inikeze ukuqina kokungaqondisi. Amandla esimiso sobubonisi awakho kunoma isiphi inqubo eyodwa kodwa akhona ekuxhumaneni nokuphelelisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zengameli ezihlukahlukene.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjenge ECD ziye zasungula izimiso nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokwethembeka komphakathi nokwengamela, zinikeza isiqondiso esiye sathathwa amazwe emhlabeni wonke. IBhange lezwe [ ngokufanayo] ligcizelela ukubaluleka kobuphathi ezinhlelweni zalo zokubusa nezokulwa kwezenkohlakalo, liqaphela ukuthi ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kuyimfuneko yokuthuthukisa nokwehlisa ubumpofu.

Ubuciko Bokusebenzisa Imishini Ngokweqile

Ukuqonda lokhu kuklama kusiza abacwaningi ukuba baklame izimiso ezibanzi zokwengamela, ngayinye enezici ezihlukile, amandla nokulinganiselwa.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa

Iziqondiso zangaphakathi zihlanganisa izinqubo ezisemihlanganweni yomphakathi ngokwayo. Lezi zihlanganisa amayunithi okuhlola angaphakathi, amahhovisi avamile, iminyango yokulalela, nezikhulu zezimiso. Izinzuzo zobuqondisi bangaphakathi zibangelwa ukuhlolwa kwangempela ngesikhathi kanye nesenzo sokulungisa ngokushesha.

Izisebenzi eziningi ziye zamisa imisebenzi yokuhlola yangaphakathi elandela izindinganiso zezwe njengalezo ezikhishwe yi-International Applications. Lamaqembu ahamba njalo ngokuhlola izimali, ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zohlelo, nokusebenza kwezinhlelo, nokulandela imithetho nezimiso.

Izimiso zokulinganisela ukusebenza zimelela olunye uhlobo lobungameli bangaphakathi. Ngokumisa izimpawu ezicacile zomsebenzi nokulinganisa imiphumela njalo, izinhlangano zingabona izinkinga futhi zenze intuthuko ngaphandle kokungenela kwangaphandle. Izimiso ezinjenge-Government Acception and Vers Act e-United States noma izisekelo ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe zibonisa indlela ukuqondisa okungathuthukisa ngayo ngokuqhubekayo ezinkonzweni zomphakathi.

Izinkampani Zangaphandle Zokuqondisa

Ibunganyeli bangaphandle buhlanganisa izindikimba ezizimele eziqondisa ukuphatha komphakathi ezinhlanganweni ezingaphandle. Izinhlangano zokuhlola ukugcinwa kwamanani angaphandle, njenge-Ofisi yokuqulwa kwe-Authority kahulumeni wase-U.S. noma i-Ofesi ye-U.U.S. ye-National Application, iqhuba izibalo ezizimele nokuphenya kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Lezi zinhlangano zifaka umbiko ezindlini zezishayamthetho esikhundleni seziphathi-baphathi, zilondoloza ukuzimela kuyilapho zinikeza izinqumo eziqotho zokusebenza kukahulumeni.

Izikhungo ze-ombudsman zimelela olunye uhlobo lobubonisi bangaphandle, ukwamukela nokuhlola izikhalo zezakhamuzi ngezenzo zokuphatha. Isibonelo se-ombudsman, esaqala eSweden futhi esiye sasakazeka embulungeni yonke, sinikeza indlela efinyelelekayo yokufuna izivuselelo ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekufuneni izikhangiso ezibizayo. Amahhovisi e-Ombudsman anamandla ngokuvamile okuhlola, ukwenza ukutusa, nokusakaza okuthola, nakuba engavamile ukuba abe negunya lokuphoqelela ukugcinwa.

Izinhlangano ezilwa nokonakala zakha uhlobo olukhethekile lobucuphi bangaphandle olugxile ekuvimbeleni nasekunqandeni ukonakala embusweni womphakathi. Amazwe anjengeHong Kong, iSingapore, neBotswana aye asungula izinhlangano ezimelene nokunganyaniseki eziphumelela kakhulu ezihlanganisa uphenyo, ukuvimbela, nemisebenzi yemfundo yomphakathi. Impumelelo yalezi zinkampani ibonisa ukubaluleka kokuzibusa, imithombo eyanele, nezombangazwe ekwenzeni ukuqondisa kwangaphandle kube okuphumelelayo.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

Ukwengamela umthetho kumelela indima engokomthetho yamaphalamende nezishaya - mthetho ekuqondiseni imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kuqondisa kuthatha izindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti, izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwasebekhulile, ukugunyazwa kohlelo, nokuhlolwa kwezimiso. Amakomiti asemthethweni angabiza izikhulu, izicelo zezincwadi, nokubuza obala ngezenzo zikahulumeni, ukwenza ukuba kube nokubonana nokulandisa.

Ukuphumelela kobungameli bemithetho kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana, kuhlanganise namandla ekomiti, ukutholakala kwezisebenzi zobuchwepheshe, nokuzimisela kwababeshaya umthetho ukusebenzisa amandla abo okwengamela. Ezimisweni zephalamende, lapho umphathi ephuma khona esimisweni somthetho, ukuqondisa kungabhekana nezinselele ezengeziwe ngenxa yokuyala kweqembu nokuhlangana kwamandla aphethe nezimiso. Izimiso zobumongameli, ngokuhlukanisa kwabo ngokucace kakhulu amandla, zinganikeza izisekelo eziqinile zokwakhela imibuso, nakuba izici zezombangazwe zingasenakulinganisela ukuphumelela kwayo.

Ukuphathwa kwendlela yokuhlela kuphakathi kwamathuluzi okuphathwa kwemithetho anamandla kakhulu. Ngokulawula ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, izishaya-mthetho zingathonya izinto eziza kuqala futhi zibeke izinhlangano ezizosebenzisa izimali zomphakathi. Amakomiti ama-akhawunti omphakathi, ahlola lokho okutholiwe kanye nezikhulu ezibuzayo ngokuphathwa kwezimali, aye aphumelela kakhulu emazweni amaningi avamile.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela

Icala lokwahlulela linikeza isixwayiso esigxekayo ngesenzo sokuphatha ngegunya lezinkantolo ukuze kubukezwe ubukho becala lezinqumo zikahulumeni. Izisekelo zomthetho ophethe zimisa izisekelo lapho izinkantolo zingagumbuqela noma zilungise khona izenzo zokuphatha, kuhlanganise namaphutha angaphakathi, iziphambeko ezithathelwana ngokweqile, izinqumo ezingenangqondo, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo.

Isilinganiso sobuphathi bokwahlulela siyahlukahluka kakhulu emasikweni nasemazweni. Amanye amazwe avumela ukubukezwa komthetho kabanzi kwezenzo zokuphatha, kuyilapho amanye elinganisela ukubukezwa kwemibuzo yomthetho kunokuba ifanele. Ukusungulwa kwezinkantolo ezikhethekile zokuqondisa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu kuye kwadala izindikimba ezingochwepheshe ezikwazi ukusingatha amacala okuphatha ayinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinkantolo zifeza nendima yokwengamela ngegunya lazo lokuphoqelela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokumelene nesenzo sikahulumeni. Uma izakhamuzi zibekela imithetho noma izinqubo eziphula amalungelo azo, izinkantolo zisebenza njengenhlolo - mlando yokugcina embusweni kahulumeni. Amacala abonisa ukuthi umhlaba wonke ukhona emhlabeni aye amisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene nokuba sobala, inqubo efanele, kanye nempatho efanayo ekuqondiseni komphakathi.

Umphakathi Womphakathi Nowasemphakathini Uyagada

Izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima eziqondile ekwameleni ukuqondisa umphakathi. Inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa inika izakhamuzi amandla okucela izincwadi nokwaziswa kukahulumeni, ukwenza ukuba kube lula ukuqondisa okungakaqondisi okungakaqondisi. Amazwe amaningi aye amisa umthetho ogunyaza ukuthunyelelwa kwemvume nemingcele ehlukile ezigabani ezilinganiselwe, ezicaciswe ngokucacile.

Izindlela zokubusa ezithatha igalelo zinikeza amathuba okwengamela isakhamuzi. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, eyasungulwa ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, futhi iye yasakazekela emakhulwini omasipala emhlabeni wonke, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zengamele ngokuqondile futhi zithonye izinqumo zokusetshenziswa komphakathi. Izakhamuzi zinikeza izibhodi zokuqondisa, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlola umphakathi ngokufanayo zikha iziteshi zokuqondisa umphakathi.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi, kuhlanganise neziqu zomphakathi ezicabangelayo, amaqembu okuphatha, nezinhlangano ezigadayo, ziziphatha ngokwazo ngokuhlola, ngokuqapha, nangokuhlola. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Transparency International ziveza imibono yokonakala kwembulunga yonke futhi zisekele izinyathelo eziqinile zokulwa nokonakala. Izinhlangano ze-Media, ikakhulukazi amaphephandaba ahlolayo, zifeza indima ehlanganisayo ngokudalula ukuziphatha okubi nokubeka izikhulu icala ngokubika komphakathi.

Ukuguqula Imishini Nokuqondisa Izikhali

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula izinqubo zokwengamela ngezindlela ezijulile. Amathuluzi emishini enza ukuba kuhlolwe imisebenzi kahulumeni, kuhlolwe imishini ezenzekelayo, futhi kukhuliswe ukutholakala kokwaziswa komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo zokwelapha zezokuveza izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni utholana ezingangagadwa yizindikimba nomphakathi ngokufanayo.

Imininingwane enikeza amakhono amasha okuhlukanisa amaqhinga, udoti, nokusetshenziswa kabi. Izinhlangano eziphezulu zokuhlola izimali zisebenzisa kakhulu izimayini zemininingwane nomshini wokuhlola izikhombo ezinkulu zemali engafanelekile noma izinto ezingekho kahle. Lamathuluzi angahlela imininingwane eminingi kakhulu kunemishini yokuhlola abantu, ahlukanise izingozi ezingase zihlale zifihliwe.

Nokho, amathuluzi okuqondisa amanani aphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka mayelana nokungaqashelwa, inqubo efanele, kanye nokwenzeka kokungaqondi ngokwako ukuba kube okungalawuleki noma okucindezelayo. Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obungenza ukuqashwa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni bungasetshenziswa ekuhlaseleni izakhamuzi uma zingacindezelwa ngokufanelekile. Ukulinganisela izinzuzo zobuqondisi bemishini kanye nokuvikela amalungelo ngamanye kudinga izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezicophelelayo nenkulumo yomphakathi eqhubekayo.

Izinselele Ekwakheni Ububonisi Obuphumelelayo

Naphezu kokuqaphela ukubaluleka kwazo, ukwakha nokugcina izimiso eziphumelelayo zokwengamela kubhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Ukuvinjelwa kwemithombo yengcebo ngokuvamile kulinganisela isikhundla sobubonisi, njengoba izindikimba eziqondisayo zincintisana nezinhlangano ezisebenzayo ngemali elinganiselwe. Ukungenela kwezombangazwe kungaphazamisa ukubusa kwenkululeko, ikakhulukazi emongweni lapho labo abengamele imithombo nokumiswa kwezindikimba.

Izinqubo zomthetho nezeziqu zobubonisi zingase zinganele noma ziklanywe kabi. Amagebe egunya elingokomthetho, izinqubo eziqinile zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla, nezijeziso ezinganele zokungahambisani nemithetho zingabangela ukwengamela okungaphumeleli ngisho nalapho kusephepheni. Amazwe ashintshayo esuka ekubuseni kwempoqo aye ekubuseni kwentando yeningi ngokuvamile abhekana nezinselele ezithile ekumiseni izinhlangano ezizimele neziphumelelayo.

Izici zempucuko nokuziphatha nakho kuthinta ukuphumelela kokwengamela. Lapho kunenkinga yokubonakala phakathi kwesimiso, izimiso zokwengamela zingabhekana nesithiyo esingasebenzi noma ukuphambuka okuqhubekayo. Ukwakha impucuko yenhlangano ebheka ukulandisa nokuhlola okudinga ukuhola okuqhubekayo futhi ngokuvamile ushintsho lwezizukulwane.

Ukuhlola Izifo Eziqhathaniswayo Ekubuseni

Izifanekiso zokubona ngale zobuNordic

Amazwe ase-Nordic, ikakhulukazi eSweden nase Finland, sekuyisikhathi eside eqashelwa ngokubusa kwawo okusobala nokunesibopho sokulandisa. Isimiso seSweden sokuthola izincwadi zomphakathi ezingokomthetho, esimiswe eMthethweni wePress ka-17666, simisa indinganiso yokuqala ukuze ubone. Lelisiko liqiniswa yinhlangano eqinile ye-ombustsman, i-judicary, kanye nomphakathi womphakathi okhuthele.

I-Nordic ibonisa ukuthi izici zamasiko zihambisana nezindlela zokwengamela ezingokomthetho. Izinga eliphakeme lokwethenjwa kwezenhlalo, ibanga eliphansi lokulawula, nezimiso eziqinile zobuqotho bomphakathi zakha indawo lapho izimiso zobubonisi ezihleliwe zingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukusungula ububonisi obuphumelelayo akudingi ukuklanywa kwezimiso kuphela kodwa futhi nokunakwa kwezici ezibanzi zempucuko nezenhlalo.

Izinguquko zomphakathi waseNew Zealand

Izinguquko zomphakathi waseNew Zealand zonyaka ka-1980 nawo 1990 zakha isibonelo sokulandisa esiye sathonya izinguquko ezilawulayo emhlabeni wonke. Umthetho weSizwe ka-Cuator 1988 nomthetho we-Public Financial Act wasungula amathemba acacile, ukuhlelwa kwemali okusekelwe ekukhishweni kwemiphumela, futhi kwathuthukisa ukunikezwa kwezimfuneko. Lezi zinguquko zaqinisa ukuqondisa kwemithetho ngekomiti ekhethiwe nangeHhovisi loMphini wezincwadi Jikelele.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-New Zealand kubonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa izimiso zobungameli nezinguquko ezinkulu ezisemkhakheni womphakathi. Uma ukuqondisa kuklanywe njengengxenye yesimiso esivumelanayo kunokuba kube njengendlela yokucabanga ngemva, kungaqinisa kunokuba kuvimbele ukuqondisa komphakathi okuphumelelayo. Isimo esibanzi sezinguquko zaseNew Zealand, ezazithinta izakhiwo, ukuphatha ngokwezimali, nokulandisa ngesikhathi esisodwa, saba nengxenye ekuphumeleleni kwazo.

Umvikeli womphakathi we-Ningizimu Afrika

I-Premily yaseNingizimu Afrika yamisa umthetho-sisekelo wangemva kwe-apartheid njengenhlangano ezimele yoMvikeli womphakathi yokuhlola nokulungisa ukuziphatha okungafanele embusweni womphakathi. UMvikeli womphakathi uye wavela njengenhlangano enamandla ephethe enegunya lokuphenya, ukubika, nokutusa isenzo sokulungisa. Uphenyo oluphezulu lwe-profile luye lwadingida izimpikiswano ezisukela ekusebenziseni kabi kukahulumeni ekusebenziseni igunya ngemposiso izikhulu ezikhulu.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseNingizimu Afrika kubonisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwezinhlangano eziqinile zobubonisi. UMvikeli womphakathi uye wabonisa amandla okuhlola ngesibindi nekhambi eliphumelelayo. Nokho, izinselele zezombangazwe, ukuvinjelwa kwempahla, kanye nokuzimela ngezinye izikhathi kulinganiselwe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuzimela kwenhlangano kukodwa akwanele; ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe kanye nemithombo eyanele nakho kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele.

Ukuqinisa Izimiso Zokuqondisa

Izimiso eziningana ziqondisa ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo. Okokuqala, izinhlangano zobubonisi zidinga ukuzimela kwangempela, kuhlanganise nokuxhasa okulondekile, izinqubo zokuzimisa, nokuvikela ekuziphindiseleleni. Okwesibili, amacebo okwengamela kufanele ahloselwe ngokugcwele kodwa aqede zonke izenzakalo zikahulumeni kuyilapho kubekwa izindawo ezisengozini enkulu.

Okwesithathu, izinhlangano zobubonisi zidinga amandla anele okuhlola, ukufinyelela ulwazi, nokutusa amakhambi. Okwesine, ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga imithombo efanelekile, kuhlanganise izisebenzi ezinekhono, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali. Okwesihlanu, ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zobubonisi kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kuyilapho kugwenywa ukuhlanganisana kanye nokuhlukanisa. Amazwe amaningi aye asungula izindlela zokubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zawo ezihlukene zobuphathi.

Okokugcina, izimiso zobubonisi kumelwe zilinganisele ukulandisa ngempumelelo. Ukuqondisa okunzima noma okungaklanyelwe kahle kungadala imithwalo evimbela ukuphatha umphakathi okuphumelelayo. Ukuqondisa kokuhlakanipha kugxila ezingozini ezinkulu, kusebenzise izindlela ezisekelwe ekwabiweni kwempahla, futhi kufune ukwenezela inani kunokuba kubeke izindleko. Umgomo awukho ukuqondisa ngenxa yawo kodwa ukuqondisa okunengxenye ekulawuleni okungcono.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokuqondisa ziyingxenye ebalulekile yezembuyiselo zomphakathi zanamuhla, ukunikeza izinhlolo nezilinganiso ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu alandise, abonakale, futhi alawule ngendlela ephumelelayo. Njengoba lokhu kuhlola kuye kwabonisa, ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga indlela esheshayo ehlanganisa ukulawula kwangaphakathi, izinhlangano zangaphandle, ukucusumbula kwemithetho, ukuhlola kokwahlulela, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Inqubo ngayinye inamandla ahlukene nokulinganiselwa, futhi isesilinganisweni esiqinile ixhomeke ekuxhumaneni kwayo okuphelelisanayo.

Izinselele ezibhekene nezindlela zobubonisi zinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kwemithombo yemali, ukungenela kwezombangazwe, igebe elingokomthetho, nokumelana kwempucuko. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwamazwe aye asungula izimiso zobubonisi eziphumelelayo kunikeza izifundo eziwusizo kubashisekeli benguquko emhlabeni wonke. Impumelelo idinga ukubopheka okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, ukuhlelwa kokuhlela ngokunakekela, imithombo eyanele, nokunaka emongweni wesiko nezenhlalo.

Njengoba ohulumeni beqhubeka beguqula futhi bethatha ubuchwepheshe obusha, izimiso zokwengamela kumelwe zivumelane ngokufanayo kuyilapho zilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulandisa nokubona. Ikusasa lokubusa kwentando yeningi lixhomeke ekhonweni lethu lokulondoloza izimiso zobubonisi ezinamandla ngokwanele ukuba zihlole amandla, zivumelane ngokwanele ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo, futhi zifaneleke ngokwanele ukuba zigunyaze ukuthenjwa umphakathi. Enkathini yobunkimbinkimbi obukhulayo noshintsho olusheshayo, ukubaluleka kwezindlela zobuqondisi eziphumelelayo akukaze kube ngaphezulu.