Isingeniso

Ukumisa isifunda sombuso kungaphezu kakhulu komsebenzi wokulawula we-Electoral; kuyindlela eyisisekelo enquma indlela intando yabantu ehunyushelwa ngayo emandleni omthetho. Imigqa edwetshwe ebalazweni inganquma ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu ezombangazwe aphethe iningi, imiphakathi ezizwa ikhuliswa noma ithuntubeziwe, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetho luncintisana noma lunqunywe kusengaphambili. Ngakho ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokukhetha kubalulekile kudingekile kunoma ubani okhathalela impilo yedemokrati yentando yeningi. Lesihloko sihlola imithetho, izindlela, nezimpikiswano ezizungeze ukudweba kwemidwebo yezindawo ezingcwele, kuveza ukubukeka kwalenqubo ehlelayo noma ukumiswa kwezombangazwe kanye nezinguquko eziphindwayo ukuze kuqinise ukulandisa kombuso wentando yentando yeningi.

Yini Indawo Ekhethekile?

Ukwethaba kwe-Electoral. (ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi i-rediformationation uma i-line iphinde idonsean) kuwumkhuba wokwahlukanisa indawo yendawo njengokungathi isifundazwe, isifundazwe, noma idolobha-izifunda ezihlukene, ngasinye esikhetha abameleli ababodwa noma abengeziwe. Isigaba esivame kakhulu yisiqendu esisodwa, lapho isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ummeleli oyedwa, njengoba kunjalo nge U.S. House of Messars nezikhulu eziningi zikahulumeni. Isimiso sesisekelo sokukhetha isifunda singu “umuntu oyedwa, imfundiso yevoti eyodwa esungulwe yi-U.S. [3] i-FLT] elinganayo. [4]

Ngaphandle kokulingana kwenani labantu, izigodi kumelwe futhi zinamathele ezimfunekweni ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokulunga kohlanga nohlanga ngaphansi koMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965. Izigodi ezilula amandla okuvota amaqembu amancane . Ngokuwahlukanisa ezifundeni eziningi noma ngokuwapakisha esifundeni esisodwa, kungabekelwa inselele. Inqubo yokuhlela izifunda cishe iyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokubalwa kwabantu ngokwesizwe, lapho inani labantu lishintsha ukuthatha kabusha imigqa ukuze kugcinwe imelelane. Nakuba umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe wokudweba ibalazwe ungabonakala ufinyela i-arane, kusukela ekuthatheni umthetho ukuya ekwabiweni kwemali kahulumeni.

Ukubaluleka Kokuvula Isigodi

Ukuhlela isifunda okulungile akuyona nje inzuzo; kuyimfuneko esebenzayo yentando yeningi esebenzayo. Uma izigodi zidonswa ngokufanelekile, zisekela imiphumela eminingana ebucayi:

  • Incazelo: Izifunda-kazi ziqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukene(i-racial, izinhlanga, izomnotho, nendawo) iyakwazi ukukhetha abameleli ababonisa isithakazelo sabo nezinkathazo. Uma imigqa ihlonipha isithakazelo semvelo, ukwenza uhlelo kuba nokusabela okukhulu.
  • Ubufakazi bemali: ezifundeni zokuncintisana, izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyazi ukuthi kumelwe ziphendule ehholo elibanzi levoti. Lokhu kuzenza zihlehle, zixhumane, futhi zinikeze imiphumela. Ngokungafaniyo, izifunda ezilondekile , ezidonswa kakhulu emkhakheni owodwa ``asebangeni elingenayo i-aceturations ngoba i-revolution iqinisekisiwe.
  • ukungakhethi:[ Isifunda saseFair sikhuthaza ukufinyelela okulinganayo emandleni ezombangazwe, sivimbela amaqembu amaningi ukuba akhiphe ithonya elihleliwe kumaqembu amancane. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukene ngokomlando eye yabhekana nokungavumelani namashumi eminyaka ngemikhuba yokuhlukanisa izifunda.
  • Ukuthembeka okungalawuleki: Uma lenqubo ibonakala futhi isekelwe ezinqubeni eziqondile, ukuthembela komphakathi kokhetho kuyakhula. Izakhamuzi zivame kakhulu ukuhlanganyela lapho zikholelwa ukuthi amavoti azo angawuthinta kahle umphumela.

Izigxobo zokungalungi ziphakeme. Ukucwaninga kwe Brennan Center for Justice kubonisa ukuthi ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kungavala ezimisweni ezinkulu zemithetho ezingabonisi ukuvota okuthandwayo, ukususa isimiso somthetho weningi.

Izindlela Zokuvula Isigodi

Ayikho indlela eyodwa “elungile” yokudweba imigqa yesifunda. Kunalokho, abenzi bamabalazwe basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inezintambo zokuhweba. Indlela ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

Ukuhlola isifunda sezwe

Lendlela isebenzisa izici ezingokwemvelo noma ezenziwe ngabantu − imifula, izintaba, imigwaqo emikhulu, noma imingcele yesifunda. Inzuzo ilula: imigqa enjalo ilula ukuyibona futhi ihambisane nemiphakathi ethanda izifunda. Nokho, imingcele yendawo ingabangela ukukhubazeka uma iveza izifunda ezinemiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu, ephula inkalo eyodwa ye-person-vote. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa izici zendawo iyodwa akuyithiyithiyi i-gerrymanning; umdwebi wezinqola zendalo angakhetha ukuthi yiziphi izici ezingalandelana neqembu.

Isigodi Sezakhamuzi

Futhi yaziwa nangokuthi isifunda esilinganayo somphakathi, lendlela yenza ukuba isifunda ngasinye sibe seduze nabantu abalinganayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Kudingeka ngokomthetho ezifundeni zikahulumeni zesifundazwe nasezifundeni eziningi ze-operation. i-Software kanye nokwaziswa okuvela e-Cunication Bureaunt kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufinyelela ukuphambuka kwenani labantu elingaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa. Icala eliphansi liwukuthi ukunamathela ngokuqinile ekulinganiseni kwenani labantu kungahlukanisa imiphakathi yemvelo [1] njengezindawo ezisesazulwini, izikole, noma izifunda zombuso zezemfundo.

Ukubhala Isigodi Sesifunda (IGerrymaning)

Lapho abadwebi bamabalazwe bedweba imingcele ngamabomu ukuze banikeze inzuzo i-paliti elilodwa lezombangazwe, bahlanganyela ekufakeni i-gerrymaninger. Lokhu kungakwenziwa ngokupakisha (ngokufaka abavoti abaphikisayo ezifundeni ezimbalwa lapho bewina khona ngokunamandla) noma behlukanisa (ngokusakaza abavoti abaphikisayo ezifundeni eziningi ukuze bangakhisi iningi). Nakuba icebo ngalinye lesifunda linomphumela oweqikelezayo, inhloso enzima iphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma Rucho v. IMbazwelo evamile[ (20)) (20)) ukuthi iGarrymermaning asholontivel ezinkantolo zombuso, kodwa inkantolo ne-otimkhampatho ayithali iye yathatha impi.

Isimo Sendawo Esivamile Sesigodi

Ngaphandle kokulingana kwenani labantu, izifunda eziningi zimisa izimpawu ezengeziwe zokuthuthukisa ukulunga: ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo, hhayi ukubunjwa ngokungavamile), ukuvumelana (zonke izingxenye zesifunda kumelwe zixhumene), kanye nokuhlonipha imiphakathi enesithakazelo (iqembu elinamagumbi ahlangene ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, noma ezenhlalo). Lemiyalo ingavimbela abadwebi bamabalazwe futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegegerryander.

Inqubo Yokuhlola Isigodi

Umjikelezo wesigodi uqala ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu okuthatha iminyaka eminingi.

  1. Iqoqo le- Iqoqo: i-U.S. Censure Bureau ikhulula imininingwane yomphakathi wenani labantu ngesilinganiso sobhuloho. Abenzi bamabalazwe baqoqa futhi ukwaziswa ngezindlela zokuvota, uhlanga, ubuzwe, nemingcele yomphakathi.
  2. Umdwebo we-Map: Usebenzisa i-software ekhethekile ye-GOCT (GIS), abadwebi bamabalazwe bakha amapulani esigodi ahlongozwayo. Leliqophelo lilapho ukusetshenziswa kwemigqa ngokuxhaphaza okukhulu kungavela khona, njengoba ukushintshana komgqanyana kungaguqula umphumela wokukhetha.
  3. Izifunda eziningi zidinga ukuzwa komphakathi oyedwa noma ngaphezulu lapho izakhamuzi zingaphawula khona emabalazweni ahlotshaniswayo. Empeleni, ukuthatha isinyathelo emphakathini kulinganiselwe, kodwa abameleli benguquko bagqugquzela amathuluzi obuchwepheshe afinyeleleka kakhulu nezinqubo ezibonisa ngalé.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Amacebo agunyaziwe yisishaya-mthetho sombuso (ezizweni eziningi) noma ngokuthunywa okuzimele (kwinani elandayo lezifundazwe). Uma isishayamthetho sidlulisa icebo, umbusi angaba namandla. Amasu angabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ngaphambi noma ngemva kokutholwa.
  5. Izinselele: ngokuvamile zigxile ekutheni ubandlululo lobuhlanga (ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho we-voting Rights) noma ubandlululo (ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho yombuso). Ukudwetshwa futhi kwenkantolo kuvamile.

Isimiso sokwenza isikhathi siqine: ngokuvamile amabalazwe azo amasha kumelwe agcine ekupheleni konyaka ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ukuze kusetshenziswe umjikelezo wokhetho olandelayo.

Ukuzitika Nge - Gerrymandering: Umkhuba Ophikisanayo

I-Gerrymandering ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi noma inzuzo yabo siqu. Leligama liqala emuva ngo-1812, lapho uMbusi waseMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry asayina isifundazwe esifana nesalamander; iphephandaba laqamba i-portmanteau “gerrymander.” Namuhla, i-gerrymaning ithatha izimo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

Ukupakathisela

Igxilisa ingqondo kubavoti beqembu elilodwa noma iqembu lobuhlanga ezifundeni ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbuso unama-40% abavoti beDemocratic kanye nama-60% eRepublican, abavoti bamabalazwe bangafaka amaDemocrates ezindaweni ezintathu kweziyishumi, bewanika amagugu amakhulu kulezo zindawo ezintathu kuyilapho amaRepublican ewina ezisele eziyisikhombisa. Lokhu kulahlwa kweDemocratic comvote futhi ngokuvamile kuphumele ekumeleni okungabonisi ingxenye yevoti kazwe lonke.

Ukucwiywa

Ukusakaza abavoti ezifundeni eziningi ukuze bangakwazi ukufinyelela iningi kunoma isiphi isifunda. Uma iqembu elincane likhulu ngokwanele ukuba lakhe iningi esifundeni esisodwa noma ezimbili, umkhandi wamabalazwe angahlukanisa leyo ndawo phakathi kwezifunda ezintathu noma ezine, aqinisekise ukuthi ziyingcosana kuzo zonke. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ekuvotelweni kwezinhlanga, lapho amandla okuvota emiphakathini yemibala exutshiwe.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Zokuqeda Ubuhlungu

Izinkantolo ziye zakhuluma kokubili i-gerrymaning ehlukanisayo. Iziphakamiso zobuhlanga zihlaziywe ngaphansi koMthetho wamaLungelo ne-Liviment Claus. Shaw v. [ (1993]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izifunda ezimise okweshwaye kakhulu ezisekelweni zohlanga zingabekelwa inselele. Allen v. Millan[FLT:] [202]) isekela ukusetshenziswa kweSigaba 2 se-Volgn Actsctions (202]) ifuna ukuba abantu abaningi bafune ukuphathana kwezifunda ezimweni ezithile. Ingxenye yeGenearmanman , nakuba ihlala inselele i-mie. [ngemuva kwe-Milvect:[3]]

Izinkinga Zokuhlola Isigodi

Indlela izigodi ezidonswa ngayo inemiphumela ephazamisayo esimisweni sezombangazwe:

  • Ukungavumelani kwezentengiselwano: Izifunda ezizondwayo ezimpofu zingahlelwa ngokulandelana ngamaqembu amancane, imiphakathi ethola imali ephansi, noma izakhamuzi zasedolobheni. Uma lamaqembu engakwazi ukukhetha abazokhethwa, uhlelo lwawo lukhathaza mayelana nezindlu ezithengwayo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokuguqulwa komthetho wobugebengu.
  • I-Platical Polation: i-Gerrymanicer i-translated ephephile yesifunda ngenxa yokuthi abameleli badinga ukukhanga isisekelo seqembu labo ngokwengxenye enkulu, hhayi ukulikhetha kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ezinqubeni eziningi zemibono ezingafuni ukuhlehla.
  • Wasusa umncintiswano wobuzwe: Emjikelezweni wokhetho ovamile, izinhlanga zezindlu zase-U.S. ezingaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi zibhekwa njengezincintisana. Uma izifunda zidonswa ukuvikela abadumisi noma iqembu elilodwa, abavoti abambalwa abanakho ukukhetha kwangempela, okucindezelayo ukubhalisa nomphakathi.
  • I-Outhoodiy Out: Ngenxa yokuthi ukugada kwesifunda kunquma ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elilawula izishaya-mthetho, ihlela ngokungaqondile isimiso ezindabeni kusukela kumalungelo okuvota ukuya kumthetho wendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-2020 umzungezo wokuvota, usiza amaRepublican ukuba alondoloze iningi elincane lase-U.S. ngo-20222 naphezu kokuba ama-Democrate ewina amavoti amaningi ezindaweni zokuvota ezindaweni ezizungezile.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Embusweni Wesigodi

ECalifornia: Isibonelo Sekhomishane Esizimele

I-California yabhekana neminyaka eminingi yokukhetha amadekyubhu kanye nokuvota okugunyaziwe phambi kwabavoti ukubekwa kwendawo 11 ngo-2008 kanye ne-Proposition 20 ngo-20 ngo-2020, idala i-California Citizens Redilicialiging Commission. Lenhlangano eyizingxenye ezingu-14, eyakhiwa amaDemocrates amahlanu, amaRepublicans, kanye nezine ezingadibeki, idweba i-project, i-provinces nezifunda-buni. Inqubo ivulekele ukufakwa komphakathi futhi idinga amabalazwe ukuba ahlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile: ukulingana kwenani labantu, ukuvumelana noMthetho we-Voting Rights Act, i-combugation, ukuhlangana, nokuhlonipha izakhamuzi. Izifundo ziye zabonisa ukuthi amabalazwe aseCalifornia anciphile kakhulu kunalawo amaqembu ezwe, futhi umbuso ukwanda ngokuncintinyela.

INyakatho Carolina: Inkundla Yempi Yezinsimbi

I-Rotolina yaseNyakatho Carolina ibilokhu isenkundleni yokumangalelana kwecala iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi. Ngo-2016, inkantolo kahulumeni yabulala izigodi ezimbili zobuhlanga njenge-gerrymanders, ilawula imigqa emisha. Ngo-2018, inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni yanquma ukuthi i-gerrymander yendlu yomthetho ye-Garrymander yaphula umthetho. Ngemva kochungechunge lwempi engokomthetho, umbuso wamukela amabalazwe amasha amabalazwe amasha omjikelezomba ohlanga ka-202020, kodwa impikiswano yaqhubeka. Ngo-2023, inkantolo ephakeme kazwe (manje ine-Riphabliki) yaqala ukuphikisa kwayo ngaphambili, ivumela ukuba i-Gargerryman der futhi. Lokhu kuhlehlela emuva-kokubonakalisa ukuthokohlolwa kwezwezwe ngaphandle kokuvikela kwezwe. [FUFF] [10]

UWisconsin: Imiphumela Yemabalazwe Ehlasimulisayo

Ngemva kobalo lwango-2010, uWisconsin Republicas wadweba amabalazwe esizwe emithetho eletha inzuzo ehlala njalo. Ngo-2012, abameleli bamaRepublic bawina amaphesenti angu-4,6 evoti yenhlangano ehlangene kodwa bathola izihlalo ezingu-60 kwezingu ezingu-99 pro-Republican. Inkantolo kahulumeni yaqala ukugadla ibalazwe njengebalazwe elingahambisani nemithetho ye-gerrymerder ngo-2016, kodwa iNkade yeNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT] [FLT] yaqeda leso sinqumo esikhulu se-propermen]. Umphumela: ishumi leminyaka lokulawula okungamele ukulawula okungahlukene kwezwe yisifundazwe, ngokushintsha kwemithetho yemisebenzi, imfundo, nokuguqulwa kwenkambi ngokwayo. U-Yunicensini usebenza njengesixwayiso sesixwayiso sendlela ye-ern.

Ikusasa Lokushalaza Okusadlangile

Ishumi leminyaka elizayo lokuhlela isigodi liyololongwa ezobuchwepheshe, ukuthambekela okungokomthetho, nemizamo yenguquko:

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Intuthuko ekwazisweni kwe-alytics kanye nokufunda ngomshini kuvumela abenzi bamabalazwe ukuba balingise izigidi zamapulani okuhlela futhi bazihlole ngokuzenzekelayo ngenxa yobandlululo, ukungalingani kohlanga, nokuhlanganiswa. Nakuba i-algorithric ingaveza amabalazwe alungile, zingasetshenziswa futhi ekusebenziseni i-gerrymander ngokunembesa. Abanye abasekeli bahlongoza ukuthi “neuthal” amanani ahloselwe ukuhlanganisa ngokulingana nokungathathi hlangothi olufushane.
  • I-Komissions ezizimele zokuzinika izinqumo: Kusukela ngo-2023, cishe izifundazwe ezingu-15 zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwekhomishane ezimeleyo noma engahloniphi zombangazwe ukudweba izigodi. Lamanxusa angathatha amabalazwe ezandleni zabamisi-mthetho abazithandayo. Nokho, amandla abo ayahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi amalungu akhethwe kanjani nokuthi anamandla angakanani. Izifunda ezizweni ezinjengo-Ohio noMichigan yadlulisela izinyathelo zokwakha izigebeqe ngemva kwehlazo zomthetho.
  • Izinselele zeSizwe-'State' zomthetho'sment: nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezivalelwe kakhulu iziphakamiso ezihlukanisayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaba inkundla eyinhloko yenguquko. AmaCampagign Ezomthetho Center[ aholele ukumangalela okuningi kombuso. Actiffistes futhi asunduzela ukunqabela umthetho-mfunda-mthetho wezwe owenqabela ngokuqondile ukunqabela ukuguqulwa kwe-gerrymanning noma ukucela izikhomishayo ezizimele.
  • Izifunda ezinabantu abakhishwe i-Choice Voting kanye neMilive-Memberss:[ Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baphikisa ngokuthi ukulahla izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa kungaxazulula izinkinga eziningi zesifunda. Izigodi eziningi ezinezingxenye zokuvota okunezigaba ezinqunyiwe (njengoba kusetshenziswa kwezinye izigaba zendawo) kungavumela ukumelelwa ngokulinganiswa, ukunciphisa isikhuthazo sokufuna igerrymander. Nokho, ushintsho olunjalo lungadinga ukulungisa okukhulu kwemithetho noma umthetho-sisekelo.

Njengoba izakhamuzi eziningi ziqonda omakhenikha abangemva kwamabalazwe, zingase zifune ukuba bacace ngokwengeziwe, bangagwegwesi, futhi balandise ngokungakhethi.

Isiphetho

Ukuthatha i-Electoral sisimiso somkhakha wobuchwepheshe, akuyona nje indlela yokusebenza; i-licky ye-operations kahulumeni ongummeleli. Imigqa edwetshwe njalo eminyakeni eyishumi inquma ukuthi ngubani ozwakalayo, yiziphi izinqubo zokukhetha, nokuthi iziphi izinqubo zokuncintisana noma zinqunyelwe kusengaphambili. Kusukela kukhetho olulodwa lwe-person-exent, kusuka kumthetho wokwenza i-gerrymantin, abakhandisi benohlelo oluyingozi lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwe-tria, abakhi bomhlaba banemiphumela enzulu yentando yeningi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha-mthetho, ukusundula, ukusundula, ukufusha kwezindawo ezisemthethweni kuyaqhubeka. Izakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabashisekeli bezombangazwe, bonke banendima yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandelena kwemininingwane esukela ekubaleni kokulinganisa, ukulandisa, ukubuthwa kwe-akhawunti. Ngokusekela nokuqondisa isimiso sezombangazwe, siyakwazi ukuvotakula wonke amalungiselelo ezombangazwe.