Ukusungulwa Kwezindlela Zokuvimbela Ubugebengu Zanamuhla

Izinhlangano eziqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho embulungeni yonke zibhekene nenselele enkulu yokugcina ukuphepha komphakathi nokuvimbela ubugebengu. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, izindlela nezinqubo ezingemva kokuvimbela ubugebengu ziye zavela ngokuphawulekayo, zisuka ekusabeleni okuthatha impumelelo, ekusebenziseni ukwaziswa, kanye nasekuqondiseni umphakathi. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo akukhanyisi nje kuphela indlela amaphoyisa asebenza ngayo kodwa futhi kunika nemiphakathi amandla okusebenza ngokunempumelelo ekubekezeleleni umthetho. Lesihloko esibanzi sihlola amasu ayinhloko e-— ukusuka ekuthatheni inqubo yobuchwepheshe yomphakathi ukuya phambili, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, ukuhlola ukuphumelela kwabo, nokuxoxa ngezinselele nokucabangela okungoko okuhambisana nabo.

Ukuvimbela ubugebengu okuphumelelayo akuyona indlela eyodwa yokulungisa yonke into. Kudinga ukuxubana kwamasu avumelana nezimo zendawo, asekelwe ngokubambisana phakathi kwamaphoyisa, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezakhamuzi. Amasu achazwe lapha amelela izinsika zokugcinwa komthetho wanamuhla, ngalinye linezela emphakathini ophephile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Imithetho Yomphakathi: Ukwakha Imikhumbi Yokwethembana Nomngane

Amaphoyisa omphakathi aseyicebo eliyisisekelo eminyangweni eminingi. Ifilosofi ekhuthaza amasu enhlangano asekela ukusetshenziswa okuhleliwe kobungani kanye namasu athuthukisa izinkinga ukusingatha izimo ezisheshayo zokuphepha zomphakathi ezibangela izinkinga ezinjengobugebengu, ukungahleleki kwezenhlalo, nokwesaba ubugebengu. Kunokuba nje aphendule izingcingo, abaphathi babelwa ezindaweni ezithile zezwe futhi bakhuthazwa ukuba bakhe ubuhlobo obuhlala njalo nezakhamuzi, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nabaholi bomphakathi.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Somphakathi

  • Ukwenza isinqumo esibekwe phambili okunika izikhulu amandla okuxazulula izinkinga ezingeni lomakhelwane.
  • Unyawo olujikelezayo namabhayisekili kugada [ ukuze kwandiswe ukuxhumana okungaphoqelelwanga nomphakathi.
  • Imihlangano ehlangene namabhodi okuqondisa anika izakhamuzi iphimbo ekuhleleni amaphoyisa abalulekile.
  • Ingxenye yenhlangano yezindawo ezikhona njengezikole, amaqembu asekelwe ekukholweni, kanye nezingazuzisi ukubheka izimbangela ezinjengobumpofu nokuntula izinkonzo.

Umphumela Nobufakazi

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi athuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi futhi aqaphele ukuthi amaphoyisa asemthethweni, okukhuthaza ukubambisana okukhulu nokugcinwa komthetho. Ukuhlola kwe-National Institute of Justice kwathola ukuthi uma izakhamuzi zithemba amaphoyisa, maningi amathuba okubika ubugebengu futhi zikhonze njengofakazi. Lokhu kubambisana kuveza umjikelezo omuhle othuthukisa ukulondeka komphakathi. Nokho, ukuphumelela kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo, ukuqeqeshwa, nemithombo yemali, njengoba lendlela ingathatha iminyaka ukuveza ukuncitshiswa kobugebengu.

I-policing eqanjiwe yenkinga: Isibonelo se-SARA

Inkinga yamaphoyisa (POP) iqhubekela phambili ngokugxila ezinkingeni ezithile ezibangela ubugebengu, kunokuba ithathe isinyathelo nje ezigijimeni. Yaveliswa nguHerman Goldstein ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, i-POP isebenzisa inqubo ehlelekile eyaziwa njengesibonelo se-SARA: Ukuhlola, u-Alysis, Response, no-Assession.

Indlela ISARA Esebenza Ngayo

  • [ Ukuhlelwa: Isho izinkinga eziphindaphindiwe zokukhathazeka emphakathini nakumaphoyisa, njengokuthengisa izidakamizwa epaki noma ukweba ngezimoto endaweni yokupaka izimoto.
  • Analysis:[ Iqoqa futhi ihlole ukwaziswa ukuze uqonde izimbangela, izinga, kanye nezimo eziyisisekelo zenkinga. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukukhuluma nezisulu, izaphula-mthetho, nabanye ababheki becala.
  • I-Responne:[ Ukungenela okuvumelanayo okudlula ukugcinwa kwemithetho ehleliwe. Ukusabela kungahlanganisa izinguquko zokuklama indawo ezungezile (umz., ukukhanya okuthuthukisiwe), ukugcinwa kwemithetho, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, noma imfundo yomphakathi.
  • Ukuhlola:[ khetha ukuthi impendulo iyasebenza futhi ilungise amasu ngokuhambelana. Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi impumelelo ikhona.

Olunye ucwaningo olubhalwe kahle luvela e-Newport News Police Department eVirginia, eyasebenzisa i-POP ukunciphisa ukwebiwa kwezimoto endaweni enkulu yezitolo ezinkulu zokupaka ngokusebenzisa izibani ezingcono, ukulungisa ukulungisa indawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubona, kanye nokwanda kokugada abagada. Umphumela waba yi-% thonsi ekubikweni kokweba ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, njengoba kufakazelwe [[FLT:]] ekuqaleni ikhasiselo sePOP.

Ukuphola Okushisayo: Ukuhlanganisa Imicebo Lapho Ibaluleke Kakhulu

I-polic yamachashaza asebenza ngokunenzuzo isekelwe ekutholeni okumisiwe ukuthi ubugebengu abusakazwanga ngokulinganayo emkhathini. Ingxenye encane yezingxenye zomgwaqo noma amakheli ngokuvamile ibangela ubugebengu obuningi. Ngokubhekisa amaphoyisa nokuqashelwa kulezindawo eziphezulu ezisebenzayo, amaphoyisa angafinyelela ukuncishiswa okukhulu kobugebengu ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa umphakathi.

Ukuphumelela Kwezinhlafuno Ezishisayo

Amandla ashicilelwe i-Campbell Coltustration yahlola kaningi futhi yathola ukuthi i-politiki yamachashaza ashisayo yaveza ubuchwepheshe kodwa inciphiso olungaguquki kodwa ukuncipha [[ ebugebengwini, ngokuvamile phakathi kwe 10% no-20%. Izifundo zabonisa ukuthi lentuthuko ayizange ithathelwe endaweni eseduze; kunalokho, ngokuvamile kwakunenzuzo yokulawula ubugebengu ezinsinini ezizungezile. Ukuze kuphumelele, amachashaza ashisayo kumelwe aqhutshwe ngokunakekela, ngokusebenzisa inkinga ehlanganisa i-soso ne-yomphakathi kunokuba ukuqinisekisa kobudlova okunonyathela okunga.

I-polic egunyazwe ubuhlakani: Ukwenza izinqumo zedata-Drive

Amaphoyisa asebenza ngobuhlakani (ILP) ashintsha ukugxila ekuthatheni izenzakalo ekulawuleni izingozi ezisekelwe ekucubungulweni kokuhlakanipha. Lendlela yavela esidingweni sokulwisana nobugebengu obuhleliwe nobuphekula kodwa iye yavunyelwa ukuvimbela ubugebengu kwansuku zonke. I-ILP ihlanganisa ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni eminingi i- — kuhlanganise nemibiko yobugebengu, izingxoxo zasemasimini, izimemezeli, kanye nemithombo yemininingwane i-— ukuhlukanisa [[FLT: 0] izaphula-mthetho eziwumthetho zansuku zonke], ubugebengu, uchungechunge, nezinsongo ezavelayo.

Ubuhlakani Obusebenzayo

  • Ukwenziwa kwezikhungo ezihlanganisa ukuhlakanipha ngalé kwezindawo (isib., imibuso nemisebenzi yendawo).
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwabahlaziyi bobugebengu ukuze benze imishwana eqondisa amasosha.
  • Gxila kubantu abanochuku: Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amaphesenti amancane ezigebengu enza ingxenye enkulu yobugebengu, ngakho ukubagada ngokuqapha, ngokufaka iziqondiso, noma ngokukhipha izinhlelo zokungenela kungaveza imiphumela eyingozi.

Izinselele Zokuphumelela Kwe - ILP

Amaphoyisa ahlongozwa ngobuhlakani aphakamisa ukukhathazeka okufanelekile ngenkululeko yemali kanye nemininingwane eyimfihlo. Iqoqo lokwaziswa okungaphezulu kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezingenacala, ukuqoqa ubuzwe, futhi amathuba okusebenzisa kabi izinhlelo zokuxhumana ayizingozi zangempela ezidinga ukuqondisa okuqinile. I-policies kufanele ihlanganise imithetho ecacile yokubuyisela imininingwane, ukubonakala kokusebenza kokuhlakanipha, nokuncintisana kwemiyalo.

Imithetho Yomthetho Nemingcele Ecacile

I-polic ebikezelayo isebenzisa amasampula adwetshwe ngokwezibalo kanye nemithetho-algorithi yobuchwepheshe ukuze ibikezele ukuthi ubugebengu bungavelaphi futhi nini. Indisa umqondo wobuphetho obushisayo ngokusebenzisa izikhangiso zokubikezela izindlela zobugebengu zesikhathi esizayo ezisekelwe ekwazisweni komlando, isimo sezulu, isikhathi sosuku, nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Eminye iminyango iye yahlola futhi ukubikezela ukuthi abantu bangaba nokwenzeka bahileleke ebudloveni bebhamu, nakuba le ndlela iphikisana kakhulu.

Indlela Amaphoyisa Asebenzisa Ngayo Ukubikezela

  • Izibikezelo ezisekelwe ku-Place: i-software enjenge-PredPol (manje i-Sound Suicning) yenza amabalazwe amabhokisi amancane, aphezulu lapho izikhulu ziqondiswa ukuba ziqaphe phakathi nama-decki.
  • Izibikezelo ezisekelwe ku-Person: Imithetho yomthetho ihlaziya izinxusi zomphakathi kanye nezenzakalo zangaphambili zokuveza abantu abasengozini yokuba isisulu noma abaphangi bobudlova bezibhamu. I-Chicago’s "Uhlu Lwezihloko Ezingalawuleki" kwakungolunye uhlelo olwaziwayo.

Izinkinga Ezinengqondo Neziwusizo

I-athomu lamaphoyisa abikezela izenzakalo zenkathi engaphambili libhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu. Imithetho-mthetho ingaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo olukhona uma iqeqeshelwe ukwaziswa okubonisa ukuthumba. Ukuhlolwa kobuProfethi ngo-2018 kwaxwayisa ngokuthi izibikezelo ezisekelwe kumuntu zingaholela ekuhlonishweni kwemiphakathi emincane[ futhi iqede ukuthembana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobufakazi obulinganiselwe obuthi amaphoyisa abikezelayo anciphisa ubugebengu ngaphezu kwalokho okungafezwa amasu ashisayo. Imithombo yobuchwepheshe emukela lobubuchwepheshe kumelwe iqinisekise ukubonakala, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokuhlolwa okuqinile ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala okungalindelekile.

Ukuvinjelwa Kobugebengu Ngezimo: Ukushintsha Indawo Ezungezile

Nakuba amasu amaningi egxile ezigebengwini, ukuvimbela ubugebengu obubhekene nezimo kuhlasela isenzakalo sobugebengu ngokwaso ngokwenza isimo sendawo sibe sinzima, sibe nengozi, noma singazuzisi.

Ubuchwepheshe Bezitshalo

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwandisa umzamo: ukufaka izintambo ezififi, izihluthulelo zamasondo, noma intsika ekubotshelelwa kuyo intambo yenqanawa; ukusebenzisa izithango eziqinile nezihluthulelo.
  • Ukwanda kwezingozi: Izibani ezingcono, amakhamera eCCTV, izimpawu zokugada zomakhelwane, nezisebenzi zokuphepha ezibonakalayo.
  • Ukunciphisa imivuzo: Ukususa ngokushesha imidwebo, ukuqopha isakhiwo nge-ID, nokuphawula izinto ezinenani eliphezulu.
  • Izaba ezisusayo: Ukubeka imithetho ecacile (umzk., "akukho ukuphambuka" izimpawu) nokusebenzisa iziphakamiso zendawo ezungezile ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha komphakathi.

Esinye isibonelo esivelele yisiphawulo esibomvu sezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi namagceke e-UK ukuthuthukisa ukuqapha okungokwemvelo nokunciphisa amathuba okuphanga. Ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zaholela ekuncipheni ekuphangeni [ futhi zingcono umuzwa wezakhamuzi wokuphepha. Lendlela ibiza izindleko futhi ingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuthembela kakhulu ekukho kwamaphoyisa.

Ukuhlobana Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi: Umenzi Wemidlalo Eminingi

Ayikho inhlangano engavimbela ubugebengu iyodwa. Ukugcinwa komthetho kwamaqembu ezinhlangano zomphakathi, izinkonzo zezenhlalo, abaqeshi bempilo, nezikole ukuxoxa nabanqandi bomphakathi abayinkimbinkimbi bobugebengu i- — njengokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, izinkinga zempilo, ukuswelakala umsebenzi, nokuntengantenga komkhaya. Lemifelandawo yomthetho isiza ekuphambukiseni abantu esimisweni sobugebengu futhi inikeze ukusekela isikhathi eside.

Izifanekiso Ezivelele Ezinencazelo Ephawulekayo

  • [ ICris Intervention Amaqembu (CIT):[ amaphoyisa akanye nochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo ukusabela ezingcingweni ezihilela abantu abasosizini, ukunciphisa ukuboshwa nokulaliswa esibhedlela.
  • [ Izinhlangano eziphazamisayo zobudlova: njenge-Parecure Ubudlova nokuThula kusebenzisa izithunywa ezithembekile ekuhlaseleni izingxabano futhi zixhumane nentsha eyisifebe nezinkonzo.
  • Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ubuntwana: Amaphoyisa abambisana nezinhlelo zangemva kwesikole, amaqoqo ezemidlalo, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwakha ubuhlobo obuhle nentsha.

Ngokwesibonelo, iLos Angeles’s Police Department Safety Partership izikhulu zezindawo ezisezingeni zomphakathi zokusebenza nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle nezakhamuzi. Ukuhlola iNhlangano engenisayo [ yathola ukuthi lendlela inciphise ubugebengu obunobudlova futhi ithuthukise ukwethembana, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingokomlando ezikweqinisiwe.

Ubuchwepheshe Ekuvimbeleni Ubugebengu Kwanamuhla

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yanika amathuluzi amasha anamandla okuqinisekisa umthetho, kodwa futhi aletha nemithwalo yemfanelo emisha. Amakhamera asebenza emzimbeni, abafundi be-alPR e-octal (ALPR), izimiso zokuhlola ukudutshulwa kwezikhali, kanye ne-software yokudweba ubugebengu manje zivamile ezinhlanganweni eziningi. Lamathuluzi angathuthukisa ukulandisa, athuthukise ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, futhi enze ukuba kutholakale imithombo engcono kakhulu.

Imishini Yobuchwepheshe Eyinhloko Nethonya Layo

  • Amakhamera eBody-worn: Ukuhlolwa, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala okukhulu nguMnyango wamaphoyisa [, kwathola ukuthi amakhamera anciphisa izikhalo ezimelene nabaphathi futhi asebenzise izenzakalo zezehlakalo.
  • Ukuthola i-Gunshot (i-ShotSpotter): Abazwayo bazwa futhi bathole izibhamu, bavumela amaphoyisa ukuba aphendule ngokushesha. Nokho, abacusumbuli baphikisa ngokuthi zingaholela ekuncishisweni kwezindawo ezisezazulwini ezimbalwa nokuthi ubufakazi bokuncishiswa kobugebengu buyaxubana.
  • [[NT.0] I-software yokudweba ibalazwe ne-alytics: Izakhiwo ezinjenge-HunchLab ne ESRI zinikeza amabhodi angokoqobo esikhathi esizayo asiza abaphathi ukuba bavule izindawo ezishisayo.
  • Ukuhlola kwezezindaba: Amaphoyisa asebenzisa izikhundla ezitholakala obala ukuze aqoqe ukuhlakanipha ezigijimeni ezihleliwe, ukusongela kweqembu, kanye nomzwelo womphakathi, nakuba abasekeli benkululeko yomphakathi bexwayisa ngokuphulwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokutholwa Kwabantwana Bezobuchwepheshe

Ukuze kugwenywe izingibe, izinhlangano kufanele zisebenzise izimiso ezicacile ekubekeni ukwaziswa, ekuhloleni komphakathi, nasekuhloleni komphakathi. Amakomiti aqondisa umphakathi angasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswa ngokwezimiso. Ukucwaninga okuphethe kwe-Procectical Research Forum (PERPF)[FLF:1] kutusa ukuba iminyango ihlanganyele umphakathi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amathuluzi amasha okuhlola.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nokuthuthuka Kwezobuchwepheshe

Wonke amasu okuxoxwa ngawo ancike kubaphathi abaqeqeshwe kahle. Ukuqeqeshwa kwanamuhla kokugcinwa komthetho kuye kwanda ngalé kwezibhamu namacebo okuvikela ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuhlaziywa, ukungenela kwenhlekelele, ukuthathelana izigwegwe, ukwahlulela okungacacile, namakhono alungisa izinkinga. Ukushintshela kumsebenzi wobupolisa osekelwe ekuziphatheni kudinga izikhulu ukuba ziqonde futhi zihlaziye ukwaziswa, hhayi nje izindlela zokuqinisa umthetho.

Izindawo Zokugxila

  • [[[QUT: 0] Ukuhlikihla nokwehla kwenkinga ukungenela: izikhulu zokuqeqesha ukuhlisa izimo, ukusebenzisa amasu omlomo, nokuhlanganisa ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo. I-ICP's One Quend [ ikhuthaza ubuhlobo nababelapha ingqondo.
  • Ubulungisa obungokwesiko:[ Izikhulu ezifundisayo ukuphatha abantu ngesithunzi, zibanike izwi, babe sobala, futhi babonise ukungathathi hlangothi. Ukucwaninga kubonisa lokhu kuthuthukisa ukubambisana komphakathi.
  • [ Ukubhala: Izinhlangano eziningi manje ziqeqesha abahlaziyi nabaqondisi ukuba bachaze ukwaziswa kobugebengu nokuziphatha okulungisa izinkinga.

Ukuqhubeka uqeqeshwa akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa imiphumela kodwa futhi kusiza ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka nokutubeka.

Isiphetho: Ekutheni Kudingeka Umsebenzi Ovumelanayo, Ovumelana Nezimo

Amasu okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho wokuvimbela ubugebengu ahlukene, ahlangene, futhi ahlale esebenza. Akukho ndlela eyodwa esebenza kahle kuwo wonke umongo; indlela ephumelela kakhulu i- uhlelo oluqinile [[ oluhlanganisa ubunye bomphakathi, ukuhlanganisa okuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa okuhlonzekayo, ukuhlelwa kwendawo ezungezile, nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekuthembekeni komphakathi nasekwethembeni. I-activeactal kumele icace ngezindlela zabo, iyakulandisa ngemiphumela yabo, nokusabela ekufezekeni komphakathi.

Njengoba izindlela zobugebengu zishintsha ngenxa yezinguquko zezenhlalo, ukucindezela kwezomnotho, nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuhlale kuhambisana nezindlela ezisekelwe kubufakazi, ukuhlaziya okuqinile, kanye nokuzimisela ukuphatha ngokulunga kuyoqondisa isizukulwane esilandelayo sokuvinjelwa kobugebengu. Ngokusebenza ndawonye i- &mdash, izinhlangano zomphakathi, abacwaningi, nezakhamuzi i- — singadala i-patroching, imiphakathi engcono kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu.