Isisekelo sokubusa kukahulumeni e-United States sakhiwe phezu komthetho-sisekelo wezwe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakeme phakathi kwezwe ngalinye. Lamaphepha awachazi nje kuphela isimo sikahulumeni kodwa futhi achaza imibuso nemithwalo yemfanelo eyabelwe amagatsha ahlukahlukene, elungisa ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zaseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho elawulayo kahulumeni ehlela futhi inqande ngayo amandla kahulumeni abalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, abenzi bemithetho, nababophe izakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Nakuba i-U.S. umthetho-Constitution imisa ipulani kahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho-siseko enikeza ipulani ebanzi ngokwengeziwe yezwe nezimiso zendawo, ngokuvamile inikeza isivikelo sezindawo ezithile ezizimeleyo kanye nezindawo ezilawulwa umthetho. Lokhu kuhlola indima ebucayi yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho.

Umlando Wemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni umisa ngaphambi komthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala owenziwe ngemithetho engokomthetho. Izifunda zokuqala eziyishumi nantathu zamukela izincwadi zazo siqu phakathi kuka 1776 no 1780, ngisho nangaphambi kokubekwa kweZihloko Zokuhlanganisa. Lomthetho wombuso wakuqala wadwetshwa kakhulu ethandweni likahulumeni wamakoloni, umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi, nezimiso zokukhanyiselwa kobuRepublicism nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Amassachusetts, ngokwesibonelo, asekela umthetho wawo ongokomthetho owesisekelo ngo 1780 , ngisho nangaphambi kokuba usebenze, ewenza ube umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo omdala obhalwe emhlabeni. Loluhlu olungokomlando lugcizelela iqiniso elibalulekile: awanawo umbuso kahulumeni. Kunalokho, awana amandla ombuso azimele, awenza futhi alinganisela ngawo umthetho wawo womthetho womthetho - sisekelo wawo.

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngamunye ubonisa impucuko yawo ehlukile yezombangazwe, umlando wesifunda, nezindinganiso zezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-Texas ngo-1876, owamukelwa ngemva kokuvuselelwa kwe-constructon, ubeka imingcele ngamabomu yamandla okulawula kanye nemingcele kahulumeni, ubonakalisa ukungathembani kwegunya elinamandla eliyinhloko. Umthetho-sisekelo weCalifornia, okwamanje, uhlanganisa amalungiselelo amakhulu entando yeningi yentando yeningi (negalelo), i-tententeum, kanye nokukhumbula () izakhamuzi ezinamandla okudlula isishaya umthetho. Lokhu kungenamthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kubonisa ukuthi imithetho yemithetho engokomthetho akuwona nje amakhophi ebhukwibhukwini eliyinhloko; imishini ephilayo ihlanganiswa ezidingwayo kanye neziza kuqala kubantu bombuso ngamunye.

Ukuziphendukela okungokomlando komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kwembula futhi indlela yokulungisa nokubuyisela. Kusukela ngo-1776, imibuso iye yaba nemihlangano engu-30 engokomthetho-sisekelo, futhi imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni engaphezu kwe- 150 iye yathathwa futhi yathathelwa indawo kamuva. Namuhla, amazwe angu-49 anemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ehlukene (ukube isakhiwo sombuso esihlukile se-Frigiodec of Columbia). Inqubo eqhubekayo yokulungisa nokulungisa yenza ukuba i-comptyt democrity imishini eshisekayo yentando yeningi, ilokhu ivumelana nezinselele ezintsha.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Wonke umthetho - sisekelo wombuso uhlanganisa izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile ezisebenza ndawonye ekuhleleni umbuso kahulumeni futhi zivikele izakhamuzi.

  • Impoqo: imisa injongo nezimiso eziqondisayo zomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile icela abantu njengomthombo wegunya.
  • Bhill of Rights:[ Ikhathalogi yamalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu, ngokuvamile enkulu kakhulu kune-ignode Bill of Rights kahulumeni.
  • Ukwahlukanisa ama-Power: uhlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene(ukuhlukanisa, ukumisa, nokwahlulela," ngayinye enendima echazwe.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izimpawu kanye nokulinganisela:[ imishini ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elidlulayo igunya lalo lomthetho-sisekelo, njenge-veto, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kanye nokulawula.
  • Ukuhlelwa kukaHulumeni: Amalungiselelo aningiliziwe ekwakheni izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ohulumeni bendawo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi njengezikole namayunivesithi.
  • Inqubo yokulungisa: ihlanganisa indlela umthetho-sisekelo ongashintshwa ngayo("ngesihlongozo somthetho-mthetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwakha, noma umhlangano wezomthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Amalungiselelo kaHulumeni womhlaba:[ Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso unika amadolobha nezindawo ukubusa kwasekhaya, ukuvumela ukuzibusa kwendawo ezindaweni ezingacishwanga umthetho kazwelonke.

Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yakhona ephakeme ingase ichaze imingcele yamalungelo kahulumeni ukuze inikeze isivikelo esingaphezu kwencazelo yomthetho kahulumeni, kwakha isimiso sokugcinwa kwamalungelo. Ukuqonda lezi zisekelo kuyamgxeka noma ubani ohlolayo.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso Ebusa Ngayo Amandla Angokwasezulwini

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uhlela imibuso ngokuhlukanisa ngokucacile imithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Lokhu kwahlukana akuyona nje incazelo − iphoqelelwe yizinkantolo futhi isetshenziswa ngokubusa kwansuku zonke. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wamazwe umisa uhlelo oluvamile, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza ukucaciswa okukhulu, ngokuvamile inikeza imininingwane eqondile yemisebenzi, izimfuneko, nokulinganiselwa kwehhovisi ngalinye.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe esifundazweni ngasinye liqondiswa umbusi, okhonza kokubili njengomphathi omkhulu noyinhloko yemikhosi kahulumeni.

  • I-Veto Leastiation: Ababusi abaningi banegunya lohlu lwengxenye ye-veto ngezindleko ze-appropria, amandla uMongameli awanawo. Lokhu kuvumela abaphathi ukuba bashaye izindleko ezithile ngaphandle kokwenqaba uhlelo lwemali oluphelele.
  • A amandla okumisa:[ Abaphathi bamisa izikhulu zikahulumeni eziyinhloko, amanhloko ezinhlangano, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli, ngokuvamile bangaphansi kokugunyazwa kwemithetho. Imithetho-sisekelo ingakhomba izimfanelo zabamisiwe.
  • umlawuli-ngaphakathi-i-Chief: Umbusi uyala i-National Guard (ngaphandle uma ihlelwe) futhi angayisebenzisa phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo.
  • [ Pradon kanye noClemont: Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe abaningi unika umbusi igunya lokunikeza ukuthethelela, ukuxolelwa, nokuphindela, nakuba ezinye izizwe zifaka lemibuso ebhodini ezimele.
  • Igunya lobushiqela:[ Imithetho-sisekelo ifuna umbusi ukuba ahlongoze uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali olulinganiselwe futhi ingavimbela ikhono lomphathi wendlu yomthetho lokwandisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume ephethe.

Izinga lamandla e-gubernatoriary liyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kwezinye izifundazwe, njenge-New York, umbusi umisa ukumiswa okunamandla kanye nemibuso. Kwezinye, njenge Texas, amandla abusayo ahlukaniswa ngamabomu phakathi kwezikhulu eziningi ezikhethiwe (umz., umbusi-gave, ummeli jikelele, i-coproller), evimbela ithonya lombusi. Umthetho-mthetho wezwe unquma lokhu kulinganisela.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wokumisa imithetho, ukusekela izimali, nokuqondisa. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ichaza isakhiwo sesishaya-mthetho − cishe zonke izizwe zinezishaya-mthetho ze-bimeral (amagumbi amabili: indlu yabameleli nendlu yabameleli), ngaphandle kwe Nebraska evelele, enendikimba ewunigameral, engeyoyamaqembu.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Iziqeshana zomthetho: Amazwe angaba nezikhawu zaminyaka yonke noma zesikhathi esingakazalwa, nemithetho-sisekelo echaza imingcele yobude bobude noma ubuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-Texas ulinganisela izikhawu ezivamile ezinsukwini ezingu-140 njalo eminyakeni emibili.
  • [[AMT:0] Amandla entengo: Imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni; imithetho-sisekelo idinga uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali olulinganiselwe futhi isho inqubo yezindleko zokushaya.
  • Igunya lokubusa: AmaLegislature ahlola izinhlangano eziphethe, aqinisekise ukumiswa, futhi angazenza izikhulu zikahulumeni. Ngokuvamile imininingwane ifakwa kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe.
  • Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi:[ Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ivumela abavoti ukuba bamise imithetho ngokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala noma nge-astendum, badlulise isishaya-mthetho ngokuphelele, imniningwane engekho esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu bubuye bubunjwe ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo awenziwe ezindaweni ezingcono (ngokusho ukuthi zingama-35 amaningi kuzo zombili iziteshi) nezinkonzo ezikhethekile. Lemininingwane ibalulekile ngoba inquma ukuthi umbuso ungasabela ngokushesha nangokuphumelela kangakanani ezinkingeni noma udlulise umthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho kahulumeni nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe, lixazulule izingxabano, futhi livikele amalungelo abantu. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa isimiso senkantolo (ngokuvamile inkantolo ephakeme, izinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo, nezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala) futhi lihlela izindlela zokwahlulela. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ Judicial Review:[ izinkantolo zikaHulumeni zinegunya lokumemezela imithetho kahulumeni engekho ngaphansi komthetho-mthethweni kahulumeni, ngisho noma imithetho ingavunyelwa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Lokhu kuyinhlolo-ndlela enamandla yesenzo somthetho-mthetho nesikhulu.
  • Ukufakwa kweMithetho yezwe: Umbuso uyizinkantolo eziphakeme eziphethe umthetho kahulumeni (zingaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kuphela kwemibuzo kahulumeni). Izinqumo zazo zibopha futhi zingamisa izindawo ezinjenge-tort formation, ukuxhasa imfundo, namalungelo empahla.
  • Ukuhlanganisa iJaji: Umthetho-sisekelo wamisa ukubusa kwezinkantolo (izikhombisi zakuqala), amalungelo abamangalelwa (umz., ilungelo lokululeka, ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo), kanye nendima yamajaji.

Izindlela zokukhetha ukwahlulela zihluka kakhulu ezifundazweni zonke − abanye basebenzisa ukhetho lwe-project, ukhetho olungenasipharti, ukumisa ngokhetho olugcinwayo, noma izimiso ezifanele ezisekelwe. Lokhu kukhethwa komthetho-sisekelo kunezici ezijulile zokuzimela kokwahlulela nokulandisa.

Indima Yemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo wezwe ukuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nakuba iBhili yamaLungelo lase-U.S. isebenza ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo se-14th, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukunikeza isivikelo sokuthola indawo nezimele[. Lomqondo waziwa ngokuthi “izindawo ezizimele zikahulumeni” / / inkantolo yezwe ingachaza umthetho wayo ukuze ithole amalungelo amakhulu kunawo wonke. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Inkululeko Yokukhuluma nenkolo:[ Ezinye izishaya-mthetho zombuso zivikela ngokucacile inkululeko engokwenkolo (umzk., umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-Oregon uvimbela ukuxhaswa komphakathi kwezinhlangano zenkolo, ukudlula iziqondiso zikahulumeni). Izinkantolo zoMbuso nazo ziye zaqaphela isivikelo esiqinile senkulumo yezombangazwe emphakathini.
  • Ukuhlola nokuhlola: Izinkantolo eziningi eziphezulu ziye zachaza imithetho yazo engokomthetho efuna imvume yokuphenya ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ibone inengqondo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Ngokwesibonelo, iSihlalo esiphezulu seZwe saseWashington siye sathi i-GPS ilandela i-GPS ngokulandelana kwezimoto okungenamvume, ngisho nangemva kokuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyivumele.
  • Isivikelo esingokomthetho-mthetho: Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uvame ukuphatha ulimi oluqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, oluye lwasetshenziselwa ukuqeda imikhuba yobandlululo exhaswe izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iMassachusetts Supreme Judiciali Tribumony Court yanquma ukuthi umthetho-mthetho-siseko udinga ukulingana komshado ngemibhangqwana efanayo ye-ex() orga isinqumo esamisa u-Oberge wawa ukubusa kwezwe lonke ishumi leminyaka.
  • Icala le-conomic and Social Rights: Eminye imithetho-mthetho yombuso ivikela ngokucacile ilungelo lemfundo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo, iphoqelela amazwe ukuba aqinisekise imali eyanele nengalinganiyo (umz., ingqoko yokuphawula iSan Antonio Independent School District v. Icala lezentengiselwano zikahulumeni lalahlwa, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziphoqelele izigaba zemfundo). Ezinye ziqinisekisa ilungelo lokusekela endaweni ezungezile ehlanzekile, izindlu ezithengwayo, noma intela izisebenzi zomphakathi.

Izindleko zikahulumeni zamalungelo ngokuvamile zinde futhi ziningiliziwe kakhulu kune-asemgamelweni kahulumeni. Zingahlanganisa amalungelo angabalwanga eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., njengelungelo lokuzingela nezinhlanzi, ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo (isibonelo, ilungelo elicacile lenkululeko yedwa yase California), noma ilungelo lokukhokha indleko. Kubafundisi nabafundi, lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo iyithuluzi elibucayi lokuqonda ububanzi benkululeko yomphakathi nokulwa okuqhubekayo ukuwavikela.

Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso Eqhubekayo: Amandla Abantu

Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, oye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-77 kuphela kusukela ngo-1789, imithetho-mthetho kazwelonke ishintsha kaningi. Inqubo yokulungisa ibonisa isibopho sobukhosi obuthandwayo nokuvumelana nezimo. Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokulungisa, zonke ezivame ukuningilizwa kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe:

  • I-Progative: Indlela evame kakhulu. Isishaya-mthetho sivota ukubeka inguquko ehlongozwayo ku-colot, ifuna i-exmajority enkulu (umz., ama-35) kuwo womabili amagumbi. Amavoter abese evuma noma enqaba.
  • Inqubo ye-Intiatiative: Izakhamuzi zingadlula isishaya-mthetho ngokuqoqa inani elithile lezisayino esicelweni. Uma seliqinisekisiwe, ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo kubhekiswa ngqo kuyi-colot. Lendlela ikhona ezizweni ezicishe zibe ngu-18 futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu eCalifornia, e-Arizona, e-Colorado, nase-Oregon. Inika abavocatoli ukuba bamise ushintsho lwemithetho-mthetho ngisho nalapho izishayamthetho zimelana.
  • I-Constitugational Convention: Umhlangano ungabizwa ukuze uhlongoze umthetho-sisekelo omusha noma uhlelo lokulungisa. Eminye imithetho-mthetho ifuna ukuvota ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi ungenza umhlangano (umz., New York iyala ukuba kuthandazwe nge-colot njalo eminyakeni engu-20). Izihambeli ezikhethwe abantu iziphakamiso zokuhlela, ezibe ziya embukisweni zokuvota ukuze ziyo.

Inqubo yokulungisa iyahlukahluka ngobunzima. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuvota okulula kwendlu yomthetho kanye nokhetho; ezinye zidinga ukuvota okukhulu noma ukuvunyelwa ezimisweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseTennessee ufuna ukushintshwa ukuze udlulise zombili izikhundla, uvunyelwe ngabavoti, bese uphinde udlule esiqenjini esilandelayo somthetho ngaphambi kokuba uye e-colotor. Le-balbara ephezulu yenza ushintsho lube nzima kodwa futhi ifuna ukuqapha isimilo esisheshayo sezombangazwe.

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo woMbuso zihlanganisa izihloko eziningi: izikhokhi zentela, imingcele, incazelo yomshado, ukubekwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, ukuguqulwa kwemithetho, namalungelo ezilwane, phakathi kwezinye eziningi. Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo kuvuselele impikiswano ngendima yedemokrasi eqondile, `i-crictics' iphikisa ngokuthi iholela ekuthatheni imithetho ebekwe phansi kabi nasekuthatheni imingcele ekhethekile, kuyilapho abasekeli beyibheka njengesehlolo esibalulekile emandleni omthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kudingekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekuphileni komphakathi.

Umthetho-sisekelo kaHulumeni uphikisana. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Federal: Umehluko Oyinhloko

Nakuba kokubili imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni nohulumeni inezimiso eziyisisekelo ezinjengokwahlukana kwamalungelo nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo, ihluke kakhulu ngobukhulu, ubude, nendlela yokuwabeka:

  • Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso: inde kakhulu futhi inemininingwane eminingi kune-Constitution yase-U.S.. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ovamile unamagama acishe abe ngu 15 000,000. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo yombuso inkulu: amagama aseCalifornia adlula ku-110 000, kanti i-Alabama’s (kuhlanganise neziphendu) amaphezulu angu-370,000.
  • Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ivame ukuxoxa ngezimiso ezinjengokukhokha intela, ukuxhasa imfundo, uhulumeni wendawo, ukugembula, ngisho nezindlela ezithile noma izimpikiswano zesibopho. Umthetho-sisekelo wamazwe uyincwadi yesisekelo; imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ifana kakhulu nemithetho engokomthetho ezindaweni eziningi.
  • Ukuphindeka: Njengoba kuphawuliwe, imithetho-mfucum yezwe ilungiswa kaningi kakhulu. Izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka 7 000 ze-octives ziye zasetshenziswa emlandweni we-U.S.(impela kusesilinganisweni sombuso.)
  • Izivikelo ezilungile:[ Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uvame ukunikeza amalungelo kunalawo asemthethweni wombuso, njengoba kuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla. Lesimiso sokuvikela esibili siyisici esiyisici sombuso waseMelika.
  • Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi:[ UMthetho-sisekelo wamazwe awunalungiselelo lokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala noma lokuthatha i-astendum. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe omningi uhlanganisa ukuhileleka ngokuqondile kwezakhamuzi ekwenzeni umthetho noshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo.

Lokhu kungafani kungenxa yokuthi kubumba yona kanye indlela yokubusa. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ofuna amanani entela yempahla noma iziteshi zemali yesikole zinqanda ukuqapha kwemithetho yezomthetho ngezindlela uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ongazisebenzisi. Kubafundisi, beqhathanisa amalungiselelo akhethekile omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ephephandabeni likahulumeni angakhanyisa ukuceba komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nokuzama okuqhubekayo ngohulumeni.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule EMthethweni Kahulumeni Womthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso ayizona izinsalela zesikhathi esidlule; iyizindawo ezilwayo zezimpikiswano zezombangazwe nezezomthetho zanamuhla.

  • IRevolution-'Footment's of Federal Policy: Amazwe asebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo imithetho yawo elawula ukuphindisela noma ukunezela kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo weCalifornia ufuna ukuba isifundazwe simise izindinganiso zaso siqu zokunakekela impilo ephakeme. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzise futhi izigijimi ze-mthetho zecala eziyimfihlo ukuze zivikele amalungelo okuzalayo ngemva kwe-U.S. isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakakhulu ku-Dobbs v. Jackson’S Health Organization of South African Isivikelo sombuso (202]) esiphendukile. Imithetho eminingi yesizwe manje iqinisekisa amalungelo okukhishwa kwesibeletho noma ukuvikela ukulingana komshado kungakhathaliseki ukubusa kwezwe.
  • Imali yokuguqula izimali: Kusukela ngawo 1970, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwengxenye zezwe ziye zanquma ukuthi imithetho yazo idinga ukuxhaswa kwemali elinganayo ezikoleni zomphakathi. Le “cala lokuqunga icala” liyaqhubeka ligcinwa, ukuqoqwa kwemali yokulungisa nokulandisa.
  • Uhulumeni Wakhona: Umthetho-mthetho kaningi unikeza “umbuso wekhaya” amadolobha kanye nezinombolo, uvumela imithetho yendawo ezimpikiswaneni ezinjengokulawula intela, umholo omncane, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile (ihloselwe ukubeka isigwebo sesihlengo. Ukucindezeleka phakathi kwezwe negunya lendawo kuxazululwa ngokuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho.
  • IJaji eliPhakeme Ushintsho: Umthetho-mthetho kaHulumeni uye wasetshenziselwa ukulinganisela ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, udinga inguquko yemali, futhi unqabela amajele azimele. Izinkantolo eziphezulu zoMbuso zivame ukwandisa amalungelo abamangalelwa angaphezu kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni.
  • Inani elikhulayo lomthetho-mthetho kazwelonke (umz., Pennsylvania, Montana, New York) lihlanganisa amalungelo emvelo acacile, inika izakhamuzi amandla okumangalela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuvikela imithombo yemvelo. Isimo sezulu sentsha, Held v.Montana, ithembele elungeni lombuso lomthetho-sisekelo wendawo ehlanzekile nenempilo (icala eliwenziwa i-pat process).

Lezizibonelo zibonisa ukuthi imithetho-mthetho yombuso ingamathuluzi asebenzayo oshintsho lwezenhlalo, ngokuvamile ashintsha izindawo lapho isenzo sikahulumeni siye sanqamuka khona. Othisha nabafundi, behlaziya amalungiselelo akhethekile omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni wezwe − njengokusetshenziswa kokuphayona kweOregon kokulungisa imvelo kwamuva kweNew York noma ukulungisa indawo ezungezile − qha akwenze izifundo zomphakathi zibe eziqinile nezibalulekile.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zothisha NabaFundi

Ukuqonda imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela, kodwa inemiphumela yangempela. Kubafundisi, ukufundisa ngemithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kungasiza abafundi:

  • Qonda isakhiwo sikahulumeni wabo, kuhlanganise nezindima zombusi, isishaya - mthetho nezinkantolo.
  • Yazisa umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nohulumeni, futhi indlela uhulumeni olawulayo owaba ngayo amandla.
  • Hlanganyela nezenzakalo zamanje, njengezinyathelo zokuvota, izenzo zobuhlalisane, noma izinqumo zenkantolo esifundazweni sakubo.
  • Hlakulela amakhono okufunda nokuhumusha izincwadi eziyinhloko zemithombo — ukugxeka ukufunda nokubhala kwabantu.
  • Qaphela ukuthi isivikelo samalungelo siyahlukahluka ngokwezwe nokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kungavela ezingeni likahulumeni.

Ukuhlola lezi zihloko ngokuqhubekayo, bhekisela emikhiqizweni ye-National Conference of State Legistlatures, elandela imithetho-mthetho kanye nezinguquko, noma i-State Constitution Project[ e-NU School of Law. Ulwazi lwezwe lutholakala ngewebhusayithi yomthetho yezwe ngalinye (eg.], [[FLTT:4]] i-Legastimulation Project [[FLT]]S ONULT] Project ] ye-Texass yomthetho-mthetho ye-NU, ] eMphakathi kwe-Centrowasethiwe-F:]

Isiphetho

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ikude kakhulu nezincwadi ezilandelanayo .Isisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika, iveza ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko ezombangazwe ezindaweni ezingamashumi amahlanu. Ihlela amagunya, ivikela amalungelo, futhi inikeza izinqubo zokuguqula okuthandwayo okungavumelani nomthetho-sisekelo. Kusukela ekusekelweni ngokomlando kuya ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla, imithetho-mthetho elawulayo ehlela ngokuqondile imibuso kahulumeni ngezindlela ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukwazi ukucubungula okusebenzayo kwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni akukona nje ukuqonda igatsha lomthetho; kuqonde imvelo yezwe kanye namandla ahlalayo abantu okuzibusa. Ngokusebenza ngalezi zincwadi, sihlomisela isizukulwane esilandelayo sezakhamuzi ukuba sihlanganyele ngokugcwele ekulawuleni kwazo siqu, ngokuzivocasha kwe-andement, ukusetshenziswa kwehhovisi, noma ukumiswa kwesimiso somthetho.