Indima Eyisisekelo Yokulima Ezweni Esetshenziswayo

Imithetho engabonakali iwuphahla olubumba izindawo ezisemzaneni, izigodi zezentengiselwano, nezindawo zezimboni esisebenzelana nazo nsuku zonke. Phakathi kwazo, lemithetho inquma ukuthi kungakhiwaphi, izakhiwo ezinkulu kangakanani, nokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi evunyelwe engxenyeni ethile yendawo. Ngaphandle kokubekwa kwendawo, isakhiwo esiqinile singaphakama eduze kwekhaya lomkhaya owodwa, noma isitshalo samakhemikhali singasebenza emgwaqweni sisuka esikoleni. Nakuba ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo kuyindaba yendawo enzima, imithetho kahulumeni ibeka imingcele egxeka leyo ndawo yabanikazi bempahla, abathuthukisi, nohulumeni bendawo okumelwe bahambe kuyo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokubili imithetho yendawo, imidlalingo, nokusebenza kwemicimbiswa, nokusetshenziswa kwemicimbiza esebenzayo ukuze kutholwe.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Yendawo Eshintshayo

Imithetho yendawo elawula indawo isetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni indawo e-United States. Igunya lokuhlanganisa izinkampani zamadolobha, amakhomishane ezifundazwe, noma amabhodi ezindawo zomphakathi, lemithetho libonisa izinto eziza kuqala eziyingqayizivele nokuma kwezindawo zomphakathi ngamunye. Igunya lokuhlanganisa iziqu zendawo ezivela emadolobheni anikezwa amazwe, anikezwa omasipala ngezenzo zokwenza.

Umlando: Ukuzalwa Kwezimbali Zanamuhla

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo1926, esasekela ukufaneleka komthetho womthetho wezindawo ezibanzi. Leso sinqumo saqala nge- e-Euclid, Ohio, eyayamukele umthetho wezwe owabeka intuthuko yezezemboni ezindaweni zokuhlala. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukumisa kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa okungokomthetho ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yomphakathi, ukulondeka, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle evamile. Lesi sinqumo sanikeza igunya elikhulu lohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlukanise izwe elingavumelani nezimiso, okwaholela ekuthatheni umthetho owenzisakazekile wezemboni ezindaweni zokuhlala.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zokubhala Izingoma Zendawo

Imithetho yendawo ihlukanisa izwe libe izifunda eziningana eziyisisekelo, ngayinye enemisebenzi ekhethekile evunyelwe nezimfuneko eziqondile:

  • Izindawo zokwehla (R-1, R-3, njll.) - Lawa alawula ukuphakama kwezindlu, kusukela emakhaya ahlukene omkhaya owodwa ezindaweni ezinkulu (R-1 kuya ezindaweni zokuhlala eziphezulu-ngaphezulu). Izibekele zihlanganisa isilinganiso esiphansi, izimfuneko, ububanzi, nezingalo zephansi.
  • Izindawo ezisemqoka (C-1, C-2, njll) – Iklanyelwe ukudayisa, ihhovisi, namabhizinisi enkonzo. Zingachaza imvume yamabhizinisi (umz., izindawo zokudlela, amabhange, izitolo) futhi zivimbele imboni enzima noma imisebenzi yokuhlala.
  • Izindawo ze-Industrustrial (I-1, I-2), – Ihloselwe ukwenza, ukubulala izithuthi, neminye imisebenzi yezezimboni. Lezi zindawo ngokuvamile zinemingcele enciphileyo yomsindo, ukukhishwa kwegesi, nezimoto, kodwa kumelwe ihambisane nezimiso zendawo ezungezile.
  • Izindawo zezolimo (A1, A-2), – Igcinelwe ukulima, ukufuya, nemisebenzi ehlobene nayo. Ngokuvamile zinobukhulu obuncane kakhulu bokulondoloza indawo evulekekile futhi zivimbele ukubola kwezindawo zasemaphethelweni.
  • Izindawo ezisebenzisa i-'FLT' [ – Andlela yesimanje evumela kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokuhlala nezentengiselwano esakhiweni esisodwa noma isifunda, ithuthukisa ukuhamba nokunciphisa ukuncika kwemoto.

Ngalé Kwe - Euclidean Zoing: Izindlela Ezihlukile Zokuthola Ithuba

Imiphakathi eminingi iye yathuthela ngalé kokwehlukana okungokwesiko kwe - Euclidean ukuze ithole izisekelo zokulungisa ezivumelana nezimo ngokwengeziwe:

  • Ukuhlanganisa indawo - Imisa izindinganiso zemiphumela ekwazi ukuvela (umz., amazinga omsindo, isizukulwane sezimoto, i-atnerter division) kunokuhlela imisebenzi ethile. Umthuthukisi angakha noma imuphi umsebenzi uma nje ehlangana nezimpawu zebhentshi.
  • Izindawo eziphakathi[ - Inika amabhonasi (umzk., ukuqina okukhuphukile, izimfuneko zokupaka ezincishisiwe) ukuze kutholakale izinzuzo zomphakathi njengezindawo zokuhlala ezibizayo, izindawo zomphakathi, noma izici zesakhiwo esiluhlaza.
  • Ikhodi ezisekelwe ku-Fm - Gqokolele ekwakheni izakhiwo ezingokoqobo (ubude, ukunqwabelana, umgwaqo) kunokusetshenziswa kwezwe. Lemisuka ijonge ukudala indawo ezungezile eyakhelwe kahle futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni intuthuko efinyelelwe emadolobheni.

Isihluthulelo Sokusebenzisa Imishini Nezinqubo Zasendaweni

Indawo yendawo akuyona imithetho ehleliwe; ihilela izinqubo eziqhubekayo zokuqondisa nokuhlela:

  • Imali-yamandla [ - Umnini-mpahla angafuna ukukhululeka ezimfunekweni ezithile ezikhethekile (umzk., ukunqamuka, ukuqina) uma ukuphoqelelwa okuqinile kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile. Ukudluliswa kunikezwa ibhodi yezicelo ngemva kokuzwa kwasobala futhi kumelwe kuhlangabezene nezimiso zomphakathi (umzk., ubunzima obusebenzayo, obungalibazisi inzuzo yomphakathi).
  • Imisebenzi ye-Condation (ekhethekile) - Eminye imisebenzi (umzk., amasonto, izikole, izikole) ivunyelwe kuphela uma ihlangabezana nemibandela eyengeziwe ukuze inciphise imiphumela ezimpahleni ezizungezile. Ibhodi yesicelo noma ukuhlelwa kwesicelo ngasinye.
  • Ukuguqula i-Nonformation isebenzisa[ -Impahla eyayisemthethweni lapho umthetho wezongalo wemuswa kodwa ingasasebenzi i-complies (umz., isitolo esincane sokudla esisendaweni manje ekhona) ivunyelwe ukuqhubeka isebenza njengendlela yokusebenza engasungulwanga. Nokho, ukwanda noma ushintsho olubalulekile lungavinjelwa.
  • Isiphakamiso sokuhlanganisa - Uma iphasela elincane liqokwa ngokwendlela ehlukile yendawo elihlala kuyo, lingase libekelwe inselele ngokuthi “amachashaza angenamthetho” uma engekho emphakathini. Izinkantolo zifuna ukuvumelana necebo elibanzi.
  • Izimo zokulungisa (ukulungisa) - Ukuguqula isiqu sempahla kudinga ukulalelwa nokuvunyelwa umphakathi yindikimba yezemithetho yendawo. Ezifundeni eziningi, ikhomishane yokuhlela yenza ukutusa, futhi umkhandlu wedolobha noma ibhodi yesifunda amavoti ebalazweni lokugcina.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokukhanga Kwendawo

Ukuphoqelelwa kwezindawo kuvame ukusingathwa umphathi wendawo noma umhloli wokwakha. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekuhlawulweni, ekuvinjweni kwemisebenzi, noma ekuthatheni imithetho engokomthetho. Izikhalo zezinqumo zokuqondisa zithunyelwa kuqala ebhodini lezicelo, bese kuthi kamuva zibhekiselwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Icebo elibanzi lendawo lisebenza njengencwadi eqondisayo yezinqumo zomthetho; izinkantolo zivame ukudebeselela izikhulu zendawo uma nje isinqumo singabi ngesosiwumthetho noma singekhona icebo.

Imithetho Yendawo Elawula Ukuzilibazisa

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni engamiseli imithetho yokuhlela indawo, imithetho eminingana kahulumeni ibeka imingcele yokuthi izakhiwo zendawo kumelwe zihlaliswe. ukwehluleka ukuyenza kungaholela ekulahlekelweni imali kahulumeni, amacala, noma ukulahlwa kwemithetho yendawo.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Nezimfune

  • National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - Uma uhulumeni wendawo esebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni (umz., izimali ze-HUD, imali yoMnyango Wezokuthutha) ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi othinta indawo ezungezile, i NEPA idinga ukuhlolwa kwendawo ezungezile noma ukuthinteka kwendawo ezungezile. Izenzo zendawo ezinjengokwakha umgwaqo omkhulu omusha noma imboni yokwelapha amanzi zingabangela ukubukezwa kwe-NEPA.
  • Umthetho wamanzi ohlanzekile (CWA) - Ingxenye 404 ye-CWA] ilawula i-dredge futhi igcwalise imisebenzi e-“amanzi ase-United States,” kuhlanganise nezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi. Umthetho wendawo ovumela ukukhula ezindaweni ezingconywaneni ezizwelayo ezingase zisuswe noma zidinge imvume kahulumeni e-U.S. Army Commist of Enginers. U.S. Agency yezokuvikela imvelo (EPA) inegunya lokugcina.
  • Imvume yokuvunywa kwe-pases Act (ESA)[FLT] - Intuthuko evunyelwe yindawo yendawo engalimaza uhlobo lwezilwane ezisengozini noma indawo yayo ebucayi ingabukezwa kuhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvunyelwa kwesifundazwe ukuba sibe nendawo enkulu eyaziwayo ye-California flashcatorer ingabangela ukuxoxa okungokomthetho ne-U.S. Fish ne-Wildlife Service.
  • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) - Ukuhlelwa kwendawo kwezindawo eziqinile zemfucumfucu kumele kuvumelane nezindinganiso zikahulumeni zokuphathwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi. Ukubekwa kwezindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu noma iziko lokushisa ngokuvamile kudinga ukusebenzelana ne-EPA.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezindlu Ezinhle

  • Umthetho weFair Hospital (FHA) - iFHA inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo ngesisekelo sohlanga, umbala, inkolo, ubulili, ubuzwe, isikhundla, nokukhubazeka. Umnyango wemithetho yendawo ephethe i-FHA ufaka ithonya elibiko lokuhlukanisa izigebengu. [Njengoba kungengabo obuwenhloso ukucwasa ngocansi-mcala-----gescan.] Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owesivumelwano owenza ashiye amakhaya abantu abakhubazekile ungawephula umthetho we-FA. U.S. U. U.U.U.U. umnyango we-Filla ne-URG (H) unikeza isiqondiso sokucwaba kanye nokucwa kwenkululeko.
  • AmaMelika ane-ADA Act (ADA) – izimfuneko zokulungisa indawo yomphakathi (indawo ebanzi, amahhovisi, njl. njl.) akumelwe akhe izithiyo kubantu abakhubazekile. Nakuba amakhodi nohlelo lwezingosi zokwakha kubukeza ikheli lokutholaka ngqo, izimiso zokuhlela ezilinganisela indawo yezinkonzo ezihlobene nokukhubazeka (umz., izikhundla zokulungisa) zingaba yinkinga.
  • [ Ubulungisa obungokomdlandla - I-Order 12898 (1994) ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zicabangele ubulungisa bendawo ezungezile emikhubeni yazo. Ukuhlanganisa kwendawo okugxilisa izimboni ekungcoliseni inzuzo ephansi noma imiphakathi emincane kungase kubekelwe inselele kuhulumeni noma uphengululo lwamalungelo omphakathi uma inemiphumela ehlukene.

Ukukhululwa Kwezinkambiso Zendawo

Kwezinye izindawo, umthetho kahulumeni ululaza izakhiwo zendawo. Izibonelo ezivelele zihlanganisa:

  • Umthetho wonyaka ka 1996 - Ohulumeni bendawo abanakubandlula ngokungenangqondo phakathi kwabasekeli bezinkonzo zomuntu siqu ezingenantambo noma abanqabe ukufakwa kwezinqaba ezingenantambo. Nokho, bangalawula indawo kanye nemishini yokuxhumana uma nje bengayenqabi ngokuphumelelayo inkonzo.
  • Umthetho we-raup kanye nomthetho wamapayipi - i- Interstate Commission Termination Act ne-Natural Gas Act isula indawo ebekwa kuyo izitimela ne-patpager. Idolobha alinakuhlukanisa umugqa wesitimela noma isiteshi segesi esingokwemvelo uma siyingxenye yesimiso sezifunda.
  • Izindawo zaseMelika ezikhona - Amazwe esizwe ngokuvamile akhululekile kuhulumeni nasezindaweni ezithile, nakuba kunezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlanganisa. I-Indian Civil Rights Act nezinqumo zenkantolo ezihlukahlukene ziphatha amazwe esizwe njengezinhlangano ezizimele.

Izimo Zokuxhasa Ngezimali

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bathola izimali zesisekelo, intuthuko yomphakathi, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ngezinhlelo ezilawulwa yi-HUD, i-Derrement of Transportation (DOT), ne-EPA. Lokhu kunikeza iziphakamiso ngokuvamile ngezintambo ezinama-pakethelwe ngokuphathelene ne-zon. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Hud’s Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) ludinga ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bathathe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bathatha izitebhiso zokuthola izindlu ezingcono (AFFH). Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza nokuhlela nokuhlela kabusha imithetho efaka amathuba anele okuhlanganisa noma okulinganisela amathuba okuthola izakhiwo ezibizayo. Uhlelo lwe-DOT’UD’UD’UMFURCUMD procementation-otivectorive-otivementation i-operation exluements.

Izingxabano Phakathi Kwemithetho Yendawo Neyamasipala

Abanikazi bezindawo nabakhi bavame ukuzithola bebanjwa phakathi kwemithetho yendawo yokukha izikhundla nomthetho kahulumeni. Nawa amaphuzu avamile okuphikisana nendlela yokukhuluma ngazo:

  • . Imithetho yendawo yezindawo ezivalwayo. - imithetho yezindlu elungile ingafuna uhulumeni wendawo ukuba avumele ukukhula kwezindawo eziphezulu ezinhlalweni zomkhaya owodwa noma uvumele izakhiwo zokuhlala (ADUs). Eminye imithetho kahulumeni manje ikhiphela imingcele yendawo ku-ADU. Abathuthukisi kufanele bahlole kokubili isifunda nesidingo sombuso ngaphambi kokufaka umsebenzi othile.
  • Imiphumela engathi sína yokubukeza [ - Iprojekthi edlulisa ukubukeza indawo yendawo ingadinga imvume kahulumeni (umz., ukugcwaliswa kwezindawo ezingconywana). Abathuthukisi kufanele bathathe intshiseko efanelekile, kuhlanganise nokubuza eButhweni le-Auto le-Enginegers noma i-EPA uma kukhona amaxhaphozi noma izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini.
  • Isakhiwo esingahlali muntu - Amabhodi asendaweni angathola ukusunduzwa kwezakhamuzi eziseduze nezinqaba zamangqamuzana, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni ulinganisela ikhono lazo lokuphika imvume. IFederal Communications Commission (FCC) isungule amawashi okudubula okubukeza", ukuphika okusendaweni okudlula lezikhathi kungabekelwli inselele enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • Icala elingenaluzwela - Ngisho noma umthetho wendawo ungathathi hlangothi ebusweni bayo, uma inethonya elingalinganiyo kwisigaba esivikelwe, lingancitshiswa ngaphansi kwe FHA noma i-FA Protection Externet Claus. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ohlanganisayo odinga izinga elikhulu kakhulu emphakathini lapho imikhaya emincane ithola khona imali ephansi kakhulu ungabekelwa inselele njenge-float.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuba Nabanikazi Bempahla Nabathuthukisi Bezinto

  1. Qala ngokuhlola okubanzi kwendawo [ - Ngaphambi kokuthenga indawo, hlola ibalazwe lendawo, uhlelo olubanzi, nezifunda ezivalekile. Izindawo ezinganezela izimfuneko ezengeziwe (isib., ukulondolozwa komlando, ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula, izithiyo zemvula).
  2. Ukuhlangana nezisebenzi zokuhlela zendawo kusenesikhathi [ - iminyango yokuhlela kaMasipala inganikeza isiqondiso esandulelayo ngemisebenzi evunyelwe, amabhonasi angaphansi, nezinqubo zokuzivumelanisa. Ukwakha ubuhlobo obubambisanayo kungaqeda ukuvunyelwa futhi kunciphise izimangaliso ezibizayo.
  3. i-Assess ziphonsa uhulumeni - I-Trit uma lo msebenzi uhilela ukuxhasa imali kahulumeni, indawo ebandayo, izinhlobo ezisengozini, noma izakhiwo ezisemqoka. Uma kunjalo, xhumana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni noma ummeli osungula umthetho wezwe. Umeluleki wendawo ezungezile angaphatha i-Phase I.
  4. Gcina amarekhodi azo zonke izixhumano [ - Mayelana nenselele engokomthetho enzima ngenxa yemiphumela yobandlululo noma ukubambezela okungenangqondo, indlela yephepha ebonisa imizamo emihle yokholo ukuze ivumelane nemithetho kahulumeni ingaba yenzuzo.
  5. Cwangcisa ukusebenzisa imvume enemibandela noma ukungavumelani - Uma ukusetshenziswa okuhlongozwayo kungavunyelwe, hlola ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-ace noma ukungavumelani kuyenzeka yini. Zilungiselele ukunikeza ubufakazi bobunzima (ngokokwehluka) noma ukuhambelana (ngokokusetshenziswa kwemibandela) enkantolo yomphakathi.
  6. [ Izinguquko zezindawo ezihlelwayo - Izimiso zendawo zihlelwa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile. Zibophelele ekuhleleni uhlelo lwedolobha, uhlanganyele enqubeni yokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, futhi uhlanganyele enqubweni yokulungisa ebanzi ukuze uvikele izimali zakho.

Imizwa Exutshiwe EMthethweni Okhohlisayo

Indawo yokuhlala ishintsha ngokushesha, ishukunyiswa izinkinga zezindlu ezingokwezimali, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokusungulwa kwentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe:

  • Izindawo zokuhlanganisa ukuqina - Izifunda eziningi (i-California, i-Oregon, iWashington, nezinye) zimisa imithetho eqeda ukuswelakala komkhaya owodwa wendawo ukuze uvumele i-duplexes, ama-3x, nama-4 plex ezindaweni zokuhlala ezikhethekile ngaphambili. Lokhu kuthambekela kuqhubeke njengesehlo sesehlulelo ekusweleni kwezindlu.
  • i-combing comporance kanye nezindawo eziluhlaza - Ohulumeni bendawo bahlanganisa izikhombo zokuphakama kolwandle, ingozi yomlilo, nokushisa kwe-island ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa. Ngokwesibonelo, “indawo yokuhlanganisa i-comporanting" ingadinga iphansi lokuqala eliphezulu kumazansi agcwele izikhukhula, i-fish e-flareant ezindaweni zase-iran-ban, kanye nophahla oluluhlaza emadolobheni.
  • Ifuna amandla avuselelekayo - Izifakelo zamandla omoya zivame ukubhekana nemingcele yendawo ephikisana nemigomo yamandla kahulumeni nombuso ovuselelwayo. Ezinye izifundazwe manje ziyakunqabela ukuvinjelwa kwezindawo emapulazini elanga, kuyilapho uhulumeni ukhuthaza ukuvunyelwa ngezisusa zentela.
  • Umthetho wokuqasha wesikhathi esithile - Izakhiwo ezinjenge-Airbb ziye zaphoqelela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba basungule izigaba ezintsha ukuze baqashe isikhashana. Lemithetho ivame ukubhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho zokuphazamisana namalungelo ezentengiselwano yezwe noma empahla, futhi izinkantolo zisalolonga imingcele.
  • Inguquko engenakulinganiswa yezindawo – ukuqaphela okukhulayo kwemikhuba yobuhlanga engokomlando (umzk., ukuvuleka, izivumelwano zobuhlanga) kuye kwashukumisela imizamo yokuvuselela i-Ozone emiphakathini egcwele. Ukubusa kwe-HUD okuqinile kudinga ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bathole izimali zikahulumeni zokuhlola nokulungisa i-paration, kuhlanganise nezinguquko.

Isiphetho: Ukuxubana Kwezwe Okusetshenziswa Ekuvuseleleni

Imithetho yokuzingela ingaphezu kakhulu kwemingcele yemithetho elawulayo; iyisibonakaliso sombono womphakathi wesikhathi esizayo, elinganiswa namalungelo ayisisekelo abanikazi bempahla kanye nemithetho ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni. Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya eliyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni kwezwe, kodwa imvelo, amalungelo omphakathi, nemithetho yezentengiselwano ibeke imingcele lapho ukwahlulela kwendawo kusebenza khona. Ukuhamba ngezinyawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukuqonda kokubili imininingwane eqinile yemithetho yendawo kanye nemithetho ephakeme ebekwe yiWashington. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlela ikhaya elilodwa lemikhaya eyodwa noma intuthuko exubile, ukucwaninga kochwepheshe bezomthetho, nokubambisana komthetho osemthethweni, nokusebenza ngokubambisana nazo zombili izinhlangano zendawo nendawo ezungezile kuyizihluphaza ukuguqula isithiyo.