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Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyingxenye eyinhloko yesimiso somthetho waseMelika, ukusingatha izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho ezithinta izakhamuzi nsuku zonke. Eqinisweni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilapho kugcinwa khona amacala angu-95% awo wonke esifundeni; zizwa amacala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-70 unyaka ngamunye. Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, nezindlela zokusingatha amacala angakusiza ukuba uqondise isimiso sobulungisa ngokuphumelelayo futhi uqaphele indima ebucayi efezwa yilezi zinkampani ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho nokuxazulula izingxabano.

Ziyini Izinkantolo ZoMbuso?

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinhlangano zokwahlulela ezimiswe imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuze ziqondise ubulungisa ezifundazweni zazo ezihlukene. Imibuso yokwahlulela yemibuso ngaminye ivame ukubekwa ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene ezakhiwe umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni noma (ngokuvamile) umthetho. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezinegunya elilinganiselwe ezinhlotsheni ezithile zecala, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza njengezinkantolo zegunya elivamile, okusho ukuthi zingalalela izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zomthetho.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo ze-"gallery". Zizwa wonke amacala angakhethwe ngokuqondile ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwenza izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibe indawo eyinhloko lapho amaMelika amaningi ayobhekana khona nesimiso sokwahlulela, kungaba ngokwephulwa kwezimoto, izimpikiswano zomkhaya, amacala obugebengu, noma amacala omphakathi.

Ubukhulu Nemiqulu Yecala Lenkantolo KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni e - United States zisingatha amacala angaba yizigidi ezingu - 66 unyaka ngamunye ahlanganisa izimpikiswano ezihlukahlukene zomthetho, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zomkhaya kuya emathikithini okuhamba emgwaqweni. Lokhu kuqulwa kwecala okukhulu kubonisa indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezibaluleke ngayo ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sethu esingokomthetho nasemphakathini uwonke.

Iqulo elikhulu lamacala aqulwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni lidlula kude kakhulu lawo enkantolo kahulumeni. Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba ezibalulekile zomthetho-mthetho, imithetho eminingi ethinta thina idluliswa ohulumeni bombuso, futhi ngaleyondlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezilawula ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano zomakhelwane kuya ekumangaleleni amacala angathi sína, kusukela ekusingatheni izivumelwano zesehlukaniso kuya ekunqandeni izibopho zentando.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Asingathwa Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhulu lokulalela izinhlobo eziningi zecala. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi, kuhlanganise nobugebengu, umphakathi, umkhaya, nezezikhundla. Ake sihlole ngayinye yalezi zigaba ezinkulu ngokuningiliziwe.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Lezi zinkantolo zihilela ukwephulwa kwemithetho yobugebengu kahulumeni futhi zisukela ekwaphuleni okuncane kuya eziphazameni ezingathi sína. Izinkantolo ezinkulu zisingatha wonke amacala obugebengu (amacala, amaphutha, namathikithi ezimoto) ezinkantolo eziningi.

Amacala amaningi anjalo awemiphakathi ahlanganisa izizumbulu zemali noma amacala obugebengu abangelwa ukudlwengulwa nokubulala okungathi sína. Ngokuvamile, izigebengu ziphathwa ezinkantolo eziphethe iziphathimandla, kuyilapho izikhotho ezidukile nezinye izono ezingaphansi kusingathwa ezinkantolo eziphansi. Lesi simiso sezenkantolo siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala athathwa izinkantolo ezinolwazi olufanele kanye nemithombo.

Amacala ezigebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ahlanganisa la ma - “gallery ”:

  • [ Icala elingathi sína: amacala anjengokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukugqekeza, ukugqekeza, ukuhlasela okushubile
  • Imisdemers: Amacala amancane afana nokuhlasela okulula, ukweba okuncane, ukucekela phansi, nokuziphatha okungahlelekile
  • Ukuphulwa kwamathikithi okusheshayo:, I - DUI/DWI ikhokhela, ukushayela ngokunganaki, kanye namanye amacala emoto
  • Amacala olimi: Impahla, ukusakaza, nokwenza izinto ezilawulwa umthetho wezwe

Izimoto zihlanganisa kokubili ukwephulwa kobugebengu, njengamathikithi agijimayo, nokumangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nokushayela ngephepha - mvume elilekiwe.

Amacala Angaphakathi

Izinkantolo zoMbuso zizwa amacala amaningi omphakathi, amacala omuntu siqu ayizingxabano, amabhizinisi noma izinhlangano lapho elinye iqembu lifuna khona ukulimala kwemali noma amanye amakhambi avela kwelinye iqembu.

Icala lomphakathi nelohwebo lihlanganisa amacala omphakathi noma impahla. Lamacala ahlanganisa izimpikiswano zomthetho eziningi ezihlanganisa:

  • Izibalo zokulimala komuntu siqu:[ Icala elihilela izingozi zemoto, ukushelela nokuwa kwezenzakalo, ukungasebenza kahle kwezokwelapha, kanye nokwehlela umkhiqizo
  • Izimpikiswano ze-cotract:[ ukungavumelani ngezivumelwano zebhizinisi, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, kanye nentengiselwano yabathengi
  • [ Izimpikiswano ezingokwesisho:[ izingxabano ezibambene, izingxabano ezithatha indawo, kanye nokuthengiselana ngezindawo
  • Iqoqo lemithetho eliyi-[FLT: 0] I-oct: i-Oils ukubuyisa izikweletu ezingakhokhelwa, izilinganiso zamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, kanye nezikweletu
  • Izimpikiswano ezithi zincane: Izingxabano ezihilela izilinganiso zemali ezincane, ezivame ukusingathwa ekuhlukaniseni okuncane okukhethekile
  • Isivikelo se-Consumer:[ Icala elihilela ukukhwabanisa, imikhuba yebhizinisi yokukhohlisa, nezimpikiswano zesiqinisekiso

Icala Lemithetho Yomkhaya

Izindaba zomkhaya zihlanganisa isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nezinye izindaba ezifana nalezi, ziphakathi kwamacala abangelwa umuntu siqu nangokomzwelo avela phambi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Amacala omthetho womkhaya aqulwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlukanisa nokudilika: Ukuqedwa okungokomthetho kwemishado nokuhlukaniswa kwempahla yomshado
  • ilungelo lokugcina umntwana nokumvakashela: unquma amalungelo omzali nemithwalo yemfanelo yezingane ezincane
  • Ukusekela umntwana: Ukumisa nokumisa izibopho zokusekela ngokwezimali ezinganeni
  • [[QULT:0] Ukusekela kobuphostoli: Ukunquma ukusekela ngokwezimali phakathi kwabangane bomshado bangaphambili
  • I-Advooct:[ Imicimbi engokomthetho yokusungula ubuhlobo bomzali nomntwana
  • [[ISITHO:0] Ukukhulelwa: Ukumisa ukuba obaba ongokomthetho
  • Iziqondiso zobudlwangudlwangu: iziyalo zenkantolo zokuvikela izisulu zokuxhashazwa
  • Ugadariusshini: Ukumisa abaqaphi abangokomthetho bezingane noma abantu abadala abakhubazekile

Ifa Nezindaba Zefa

Izinkantolo zezenkantolo ngokuyinhloko ziphatha ukuphatha izakhiwo nokuncishiswa kwemithetho yefa. Ezifundazweni eziningi, izinkantolo zezesivumelwano zisingatha izindaba ezinjengokuqulwa kwamacala okuncintisana, izicelo zezindawo zokunakekela, ukutholwa, njll.

Izenzakalo eziwukuhlobisa zihilela:

  • Iyoveza futhi yenze izimfuneko zentando yomuntu ofile
  • ukuphathwa kwezwe: Ukuphatha nokusakaza impahla yomuntu ofileyo
  • Ukulandelana kwe-Intestate: Usakaza izakhiwo uma othile efa ngaphandle kwentando
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuphatha: Ukubheka ukuphatha kokwethembana ngalé
  • Imikhumbi yokuhlola imvelo:[ Ukumisa othile ozophatha izindaba zezimali zomuntu okhubazekile

Icala Eliyimiqhudelwane

Izimiso eziningi zenkantolo yesifundazwe zinezinkantolo zentsha ezikhethekile noma izigebengu ezisingatha amacala ahilela izingane.

  • Juvenile shrignole:[ Amacala obugebengu enziwa yizingane
  • Status amacala:[ Ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni ngenxa yobudala bomuntu, njengokuqashwa noma ukubaleka
  • [ Ukuncishiswa nokunganakwa: Icala elihilela ukuxhashazwa kwezingane noma ukunganakwa
  • Ukususwa kwamalungelo omzali: ukunqamula ngokushesha ubuhlobo bomzali nomntwana ongokomthetho ezimweni ezinzima

Izindima Eziyinhloko Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhonza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile esimisweni sethu somthetho. Indima eyinhloko yegatsha lokwahlulela iwukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokungakhethi ngokwemithetho. Ake sihlole imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko yezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukuhumusha Nokusebenzisa Imithetho KaHulumeni

Njengoba nje izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho kahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho kahulumeni. Lena inye yemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Abahluleli kumelwe bafunde futhi baqonde imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, bese bewasebenzisa emaqinisweni akhethekile ecala ngalinye.

Ngenxa yokuthi izigodlo zinecala ngemithetho yazo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinomthwalo wemfanelo ngamunye wokuchaza nokunquma izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo wombuso wazo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokunquma ukuthi imiphi imithetho kahulumeni nokuthi kufanele isetshenziswe kanjani ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano

Indima yoMjudisi iwukunika wonke umuntu ithuba elifanele lokungena ezinkantolo ukuze axazulule izinkinga zomthetho ngokufanele nangempumelelo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinikeza indawo lapho abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zingaletha khona izimpikiswano zabo ukuze kuthathwe isinqumo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungukungavumelani phakathi komakhelwane, ukuphikisana phakathi kwamabhizinisi, noma ummangaleli wobugebengu, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinikeza inqubo ehleliwe yokuxazulula izingxabano.

Abantu basebenzelana nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngezindlela eziningi, njengokukhonza ejajini, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano, noma ukusingatha izindaba zomthetho. Lokhu kutholakala kwenza izinkantolo zibe ingxenye ebalulekile yokulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokuthula ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho hhayi ngobudlova noma ngamakhambi okuzisiza.

Ukunquma Umuzwa Wecala Noma Ukungahloniphi

Ezinkantolo zobugebengu, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinquma ngokufanele icala noma ubumsulwa banoma ubani omangalelwe ngecala. Lona umthwalo wemfanelo ubalulekile ekuvikeleni kokubili ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Izinkantolo zoMbuso kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi abamangalelwa bathola amacala afanele, ukuthi ubufakazi buhlolwa ngokufanelekile, futhi lezo zinqumo zisekelwe ebufakazini obungenakungatshazwa.

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala kwasekuqaleni, ukuncenga, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa. Kuyo yonke lenqubo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zilinganisele izithakazelo zomphakathi ekumangaleleni ubugebengu namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo alabo abamangalelwa.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho futhi zivikele amalungelo nenkululeko eqinisekiswe uMthetho - sisekelo waseCalifornia nase - United States. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo abantu ngaphansi komthetho - sisekelo wombuso nowombuso.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinethonya elinqamukile ekuphileni kwamaMelika, zivikela amalungelo nobulungisa obuqhubekela phambili ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ongabheka phambili kakhulu kunoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Imithetho-mthetho yombuso eminingi inikeza isivikelo esikhudlwana kunomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengelungelo lezindaba zomuntu siqu, amalungelo emfundo, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Ngokuvamile izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zisho okuwukuphela kwento eziyenzayo ezindabeni eziningi ezibucayi — ukuthola imfundo ephakeme, isivikelo sabathengi nezisebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yokuzala, nokushisa komoya esiwuphefumulayo namanzi esiwaphuzayo.

Ukuvumelana Nemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuhlola imithetho kahulumeni nezenzo zikahulumeni ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhululekile ukuphoqelela noma yimuphi umthetho, noma umthetho ongangqubuzani nomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke (noma umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke).

Lokhu kuhlola kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zishaye umthetho kahulumeni noma izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Intando Yeningi

Enye yemisebenzi ebalulekile yezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuqapha imizamo yokululaza idemokrasi. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinendima ebalulekile ezindabeni ezihlobene nokhetho, kuhlanganise nezinselele zokulungisa isimo, amacala okuvota, nezimpikiswano ngezinqubo zokhetho nemiphumela.

Ngo - 2020, izinkantolo eziningi zisho ukuthi zafeza leyo ndima ngokuqondile, zakhipha izinqumo ezibalulekile zokuvikela ukuqondisa kokhetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kutholakala ukhetho olukhululekile nolungakhethi. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziyaqhubeka zisebenza njengabamangaleli ababalulekile ezimpikiswaneni zokuvota, ukuthembeka kokhetho nenqubo yentando yeningi.

Izimiso Zezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izifundazwe ezihlukene zinezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlola izinkantolo zazo. Nokho, zonke izifundazwe zinesakhiwo sezikhulu zezinkantolo eziphansi, izinkantolo zecala, nenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Nakuba amagama akhethekile nenhlangano kuhluka kuye ngokwezwe, izimiso eziningi zenkantolo zilandela isakhiwo esinezingxenye ezintathu ezifanayo.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Izinkantolo Zokuqala)

Ihhashi elisebenza jikelele lenkantolo yenkantolo liyinkantolo equlwayo. Leli izinga eliphansi kakhulu lenkantolo futhi ngokuvamile liyindawo lapho icala noma icala liqala khona. Izinkantolo zecala ziqala khona, kunikezwa ubufakazi, kufakazelwa ofakazi, futhi kwenziwa izinqumo zokuqala.

Enkantolo ephakeme, umahluleli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ijaji, lizwa ubufakazi nobufakazi futhi linqume icala ngokusebenzisa umthetho emaqinisweni alelicala. Lo msebenzi othola iqiniso yiwo ohlukanisa izinkantolo eziqulweni zecala eziphethe icala.

Izinkantolo Zommangalelwa Ovamile

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zingase zibe izinkantolo zegunya elivamile, njengenkantolo yesifunda noma ephakeme, noma zingase zibe izinkantolo ezikhethekile noma ezilinganiselwe, njengeprobate, izimoto zentsha, noma inkantolo yomkhaya. Izinkantolo ezilawulayo cishe zonke zingalalela noma yiluphi uhlobo lwecala, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu ezingathi sína nezingamacala omphakathi ahilela izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali.

Lezi zinkantolo zivame ukuphatha:

  • Amacala obugebengu azwakala engaziwa
  • Amacala omphakathi angaphezu komnyango othile wamaRandi
  • Ukuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi
  • Amacala angangeni ezinkantolo ezikhethekile

Izinkantolo Zokulahlwa Kwecala Okulinganiselwe

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasungula izinkantolo ezilawula imingcele elinganiselwe, lokhu kusho ukuthi zingalalela amacala kuphela ngokwamandla azo akhethekile.

Izinkantolo ezivamile ezilawula imingcele zihlanganisa:

  • izinkantolo ezithi ziNcinane: zisingatha izimpikiswano zomphakathi ezihilela imali encane kakhulu, nezinqubo ezenziwe lula futhi ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwabameli
  • [[IZInkantolo zemoto:0]: Lungisana nokuphulwa kwezimoto namacala ahlobene
  • Izinkantolo zomkhaya:[ Ukugxila kuphela emthetho womkhaya wezindaba ezinjengesahlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nokusekela
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izindawo zeProbate:[ zezokuphathwa kwesakhiwo kanye nezindaba ezihlobene
  • [[AKT: 0] Izinkantolo zeJuvenile:[ Iphatha amacala ahilela izingane
  • UMonichal noma izinkantolo zedolobha: iphatha amacala amancane obugebengu nokwephulwa komthetho wendawo
  • Izinkantolo zokwazisa: zichaza ngokukhethekile ezimpikiswaneni ezikhona zezindawo kanye nokwephulwa kwemithetho yezindlu

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni ezisingatha amacala obugebengu zinokwehlukana futhi zinezigebengu ezihlukene noma amajaji abekelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zecala, ezibizwa ngokuthi "izinkantolo ezilawulayo". Izinkinga zezinkantolo ziyingxenye yemizamo emikhulu yenguquko eyaziwa ngokuthi inqubo yamakhambi elaphayo ezama ukusingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo eziholela kubantu abavela njalo ezinkantolo zobugebengu, ukuze kuncishiswe ukunqanda ukunqandwa kwemizwa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo zengqondo, kanye nezinkantolo zezezenkolo ezingochwepheshe.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo

Izifundazwe eziningi zinesimiso senkantolo esinezingxenye ezintathu lapho kunezinkantolo "ezithatha isigwebo" eziphakathi ezihlola izinqumo zamajaji noma imibono yamajaji amacala (ngesisekelo esilinganiselwe nangezimiso eziqinile). Lezi zinkantolo zisebenza njengezinga lokuqala lokubukezwa kwezinqumo ezenziwa izinkantolo zamacala.

Njengezinkantolo eziphakathi, umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukuzwa izikhalo ezivela ezincengweni ezivamile, izinkantolo zikamasipala nezesifunda. Icala ngalinye lizwakala futhi linqunywe yiqembu lamajaji amathathu. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo, izinkantolo eziqulwayo azibuzwi ubufakazi obusha noma ubufakazi. Kunalokho, zibukeza umbhalo obhaliwe enkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala futhi zicabangele izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokuthi amaphutha awenziwa yini.

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala:

  • Amaphutha angokomthetho ekusebenziseni umthetho
  • Amaphutha angokwemvelo athinta umphumela
  • Ukuphulwa Umthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukusetshenziswa kabi kokuqonda umahluleli oquliswayo
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo

Uma inkantolo equlwayo ithola ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yenziwa iphutha, ingasiguqula isinqumo noma isithumele enkantolo yamacala ukuze ithathe esinye isinyathelo. Lokhu kuhlola kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokungaguquki nangokulungisa.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso

Umbuso ngamunye unenkantolo ephakeme. Lenkantolo iyinkantolo yokugcina yezikhalo kuzo zonke izindaba kulelozwe. Inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ihlala phezu kwesigaba senkantolo yenkantolo futhi inesisho sokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni.

Ngokuvamile, kunenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yokudlulisa izikhalo, inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni, engamele isimiso senkantolo. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuwalalela, okusho ukuthi zingakhetha amacala okuwasingatha, zigxile emacaleni ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma izingxabano ezisemthethweni.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme:

  • Zibukeze izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakathi nendawo
  • Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezinqumo zenkantolo ezihlukene
  • Ukuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni
  • Ukumisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi kuhulumeni
  • Zilolonge ezimweni ezithile lapho uqala khona ukusebenzisa igunya lakho
  • Ukubona ukuphatha kwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni
  • Bheka umthetho ngaphakathi esifundazweni

Ngokwesibonelo, kuleli gunya, zinecala lokwenza izicelo zemali kanye nezinqumo zokuphatha isimiso senkantolo sonke.

Zonke izinkantolo eziphakeme ziwumthetho ophakeme owenqatshelwa bonke abameli abasezweni labo futhi zinquma ukuthi ubani ongasebenzisa umthetho nalapho abameli bevunyelwa ngokwephula imithetho engokwezimiso, ngokuvamile ebekwa njengemithetho yenkantolo kahulumeni.

Indlela Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Ezihluke Ngayo Ezinkantolo Zesifunda

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba ngesimiso somthetho. Njengoba umthetho ophakeme wezwe, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. usungula isimiso sikahulumeni esinguhulumeni onamandla ahlanganyelwa phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bakahulumeni. Kokubili uhulumeni wezwe ngamunye nohulumeni wombuso banezimiso zabo siqu.

Impicabadala: Umehluko Oyinhloko

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso yigunya. Icala libhekisela ezinhlotsheni zamacala inkantolo ethile engawalalela futhi inqume. Lo mehluko oyinhloko unquma ukuthi isiphi isimiso senkantolo esizosingatha icala elithile.

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingawazwa amacala agunyazwe ngokuqondile uMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingalalela cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwecala olungagcinelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela.

Abakhi bamisa isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni esingalalela amacala kuphela ezimweni ezikhethekile. Njengoba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingalalela kuphela izinhlobo ezithile zamacala, eziningi zamacala ansuku zonke axoxwayo nezinkantolo ezisingatha izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izinhlobo zamacala eFederal vs. Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikaFederal zinemingcele elinganiselwe futhi zingalalela kuphela izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Izinkantolo zeFederal zilalela amacala aphakamisa "impikiswano engokomthetho" ehilela uHulumeni wase-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., noma eminye imithetho kahulumeni; kanye namacala ahilela "ukuphikwa kwesizwe," ayizingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu amabili angaveli esifundeni esisodwa noma ezweni, nalapho icala lihlangana khona nomnyango wemali omisiwe wezindleko. Ngokukhethekile, inkantolo zikahulumeni zilalela isigwebo somthetho, umbango, izakhamuzi, nokulahlekelwa yimali.

Izibonelo zamacala kahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • Amacala ahilela imithetho yobugebengu kahulumeni (ukuphanga ebhishi, ukuthumba, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa kukahulumeni)
  • Izinselele zomthetho - sisekelo zemithetho kahulumeni
  • Izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe
  • Izindaba ezihilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni
  • Izenzakalo Zokungatholi Imali
  • Amacala kaPaten nowabamkeli
  • Izindaba zokuthutha
  • Icala lomthetho we - Maritime

Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho ezingahileli imibuzo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuquliswa kwecala kobugebengu, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, amacala okuzitika, izimpikiswano zezivumelwano, ukulimaza komuntu siqu, nezingxabano zempahla.

Ivolumu yombhalo

Umehluko phakathi kwecala phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni uphawulekayo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zizwa cishe 98% yokuqulwa kwecala, zibonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilapho amaMelika amaningi eyosebenzelana khona nesimiso sokwahlulela. Izinkantolo ze-Federal, nakuba zibalulekile ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamacala, zisingatha ingxenye encane kakhulu yezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zesizwe.

Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela

Ngokungafani nesimiso sikahulumeni — lapho abahluleli bekhethwa khona uMongameli, beqinisekiswa uMkhandlu, futhi bekhonza ukuphila konke — ukukhetha kokwahlulela ngokwezinga likahulumeni kuyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi kungadida ngempela.

Nakuba abanye abahluleli benkantolo yombuso bemiswa, abaningi bakhethwa. Abahluleli abangaqashelwa bangabonakala ngabavoti ngezindlela ezintathu: (1) okhetho oluvela kubavoti, lapho abazobhapathizwa bememezela khona ukuthi bangene eqenjini; (2) okhethweni abangalisebenzisi isigaba sokhetho; noma (3) abathatha isikhathi esiphansi, lapho kuphela ohholi benquma ukuthi bangenza elinye igama yini.

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izimiso zokukhetha ezifanele (zibizwa futhi ngokuthi "Icebo LeMissouri") lapho abahluleli bemiswa khona kuqala ngokusekelwe ezimfanelweni futhi babhekene nokhetho olugcinwayo. Amanye amazwe amisa ababusi bawo noma izishaya-mthetho ukuba bamise amajaji abekwe amagama amisiwe noma kuze kube umhlalaphansi.

Inqubo Yokudlulisa Amacala Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ilungelo lokudlulisa icala liyisivikelo esiyisisekelo esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Uma omunye walabo abaqashwa enganelisekile ngesinqumo senkantolo ephansi, indaba ingathathwa ekudluliseleni icala. Nokho, kunemingcele ebalulekile kulelilungelo.

Ukulahlwa kwecala ecaleni lobugebengu akunakudluliswa umbuso ngenxa yeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu sesivikelo ezingozini ezimbili.

Uma umuntu enesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi isinqumo esakhishwa yijaji noma ijaji sasinephutha, angadlulisela lesi sinqumo enkantolo ekhipha icala. Nokho, inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ayibophekile ukulilalela leli cala. Ezizweni eziningi, kunelungelo lokudlulisa icala elilodwa, kodwa ukudlulisa ukudluliswa kwenkantolo ephakeme ngokuvamile kungumahluleli oqondile.

Izifunda zikahulumeni ezingama 47 nohulumeni uvumela okungenani isikhalo esisodwa sokwahlulela okulungile kusuka ekwahlulelweni kokugcina, okusho ukuthi inkantolo ethola isikhalo kumelwe inqume ukudluliswa kwecala ngemva kokuphoqwa futhi kuphikiswane ngokufanelekile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangali banethuba okungenani elilodwa lokuba inkantolo ephakeme ibukeze izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha.

Lokho Okubukezwa Izinkantolo Ezizohlolwa

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izinkantolo ezidlulisa icala azibuhloli amacala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, zihlola umlando ongokomthetho ovela enkantolo yamacala ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angenziwa yini athinta umphumela. Izinkantolo zamacala zigxila emibuzweni yomthetho kunokuba zigxile empikiswaneni yeqiniso.

Izizathu ezivamile zokucela zihlanganisa:

  • Iziyalezo ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji
  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo
  • Amaphutha ekusebenziseni umthetho
  • Ukuphulwa Umthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kokwahlulela noma ubandlululo
  • Imiklomelo eyeqile noma enganele

Imiphumela Engaba Khona Yokukhanga

Lapho inkantolo ibukeza icala, ingathi:

  • Afrith: Isekela isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo
  • landela emuva: uphendule isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo
  • I-Remand: Icala libuyiselwa emuva enkantolo equlweni lecala ukuze kuqhutshekiswe amacawa
  • [[I-FLT:0] guqula ingxenye yesinqumo senkantolo equliweyo kuyilapho usekela ezinye izingxenye

Isigwebo: Ukuqonda Igunya Lenkantolo

Igunya elivamile lenkantolo lokuzwa nelokunquma noma ukunquma udaba lomthetho kubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi "icala lalo" e-United States, igunya linikezwa inkantolo noma isimiso senkantolo ngomthetho-mthetho noma ngomthetho-mthetho. Inkantolo ifanele ukuzwa nokunquma kuphela amacala amacala amacala amacala abekwa yindaba afanele inkantolo.

Isinqumo esingokomthetho esenziwa inkantolo engenagunya elifanele sibhekwa njengesiyize futhi esingaboshelwanga kubaphathi. Lokhu kwenza ukubusa kube yindaba enqubweni ngayinye ("phambi kokuba inkantolo inqume izici zokuphikisana, kumelwe kuqala ithole ukuthi inegunya lokulalela icala.

Izinhlobo Zokulahlwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zingaba nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubusa:

  • Igunya lesihloko sombuso wezindaba:[ Igunya lokuzwa ezinye zezifo (isimo, isimo somphakathi, umkhaya, njll.)
  • igunya layo siqu: igunya phezu kwamalungu ahilelekile kulokhu.
  • Phezulu ye-Geographic Control: Igunya endaweni ethile yendawo
  • i-athomorigal:[ Igunya lokuzwa udaba okokuqala
  • Appellate quare: Igunya lokubukeza izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi
  • i-active : Inkantolo eyodwa kuphela ekwaziyo ukuzwa icala
  • Ukulawula ngokomthetho: inkantolo edlula enkantolo eyodwa elalela icala

Icala lezwe ngalinye linegunya kuphela emingceleni yezwe lalo.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezimiso Zezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ukuphikisana okubanzi, kusukela esifundazweni kuya kusifundazwe, kokubili inqubo nenqubo ngaphakathi kwezimiso zenkantolo kungenxa yokulondolozwa kwalawomandla azimele ezifundazweni ngoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. Lesisimo sikahulumeni sisho ukuthi umbuso ngamunye unenkululeko enkulu yokuhlela isimiso sawo senkantolo ngendlela esibona ifaneleka ngayo.

Isifundazwe ngasinye simise isimiso saso siqu senkantolo, esiye saholela ekuhlukahlukanisweni phakathi kwezimiso zenkantolo yombuso. Nakuba zonke izifundazwe zilandela izakhiwo ezintathu eziyisisekelo, amagama akhethekile, inhlangano, nezinqubo zingahluka kakhulu.

Ukungafani Kwamagama Nenhlangano Yenkantolo

Amagama ezinkantolo ayahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe. Lokho okubizwa omunye umbuso njengeNkantolo yeSifunda" kungabizwa ngokuthi "iNkantolo Yesifunda" noma "Inkantolo Yesifunda" kwesinye isifundazwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zinezinkantolo ezihlukene zezinhlobo zecala ezihlukene, kuyilapho ezinye zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamacala ezinkantolo ezihlangene.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda zinezinkantolo ezihlukene zobugebengu neziqu zamacala ezakhamuzi, kanti ezinye zinezinkantolo eziphethe zombili. Ezinye zinezinkantolo zesifunda, kuyilapho ezinye zihlela izinkantolo zazo zezokwahlulela ngezifunda ezingase zihlanganise izinombolo eziningi.

Ukungafani Kwezindlela Ezithile

Izinqubo zenkantolo yezwe nazo ziyahlukahluka. Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo yenqubo yomphakathi, inqubo yobugebengu, nobufakazi. Nakuba izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamukela imithetho efana neFederal Rules of Civil Procedure, ngokuvamile kuneminingi engafani ephawulekayo emicimbini enjengale:

  • Imithetho efingqiwe efingqiwe nezimiso zokulinganiselwa
  • Imithetho etholakalayo nokulinganiselwa
  • Ukuziqeqesha kokuhamba
  • Izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala
  • Izinqubo zokukhetha iJury
  • Iziqondiso nezinqumo zokujezisa

Ukungafani Ekusekeleni Nokuphatha

Omunye umehluko ukuthi izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi izinkantolo ezilawula imingcele elinganiselwe, zakhiwa futhi zaxhaswa ngemali njengengxenye kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni noma ohulumeni bendawo.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza njengengxenye kahulumeni wezwe zisengozini enkulu yokuba nesimiso esiyinhloko senkantolo nokwengamela, okukhuthaza ukufundiswa nokufana kwenqubo. Izinkantolo zendawo ezisebenza njengengxenye zohulumeni bendawo zivame ukuzibheka njengezingxenye zemiphakathi yendawo, kunokuba zibe amanxusa kahulumeni kahulumeni wombuso osebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ngokungakhethi.

Ukufinyelela Enkantolo YoMbuso Namalungelo Akho

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziklanyelwe ukuba zifinyeleleke kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinakho yini imali noma ulwazi lwazo olungokomthetho.

Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ilungelo kummeli. Unelungelo lokuba ummeli akumele ngezindleko zomphakathi uma umangalelwa ngecala noma ngephutha futhi ungenamali yokuqasha ummeli. Lelilungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabamangalelwa abangemthetho bayakwazi ukukhomba enkantolo enkantolo.

Nokho, ezindabeni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile alikho ilungelo lomthetho-mmeli omiswe inkantolo. Uma ukhetha ukungaqali ummeli, kumelwe wenze lonke ukucwaninga okungokomthetho, ulungise amaface, amafayela akho, futhi usebenzise ubufakazi bakho. Lokhu kungaba yinselele kubantu ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho, okuyisizathu esenza izinkantolo eziningi zinikeze imithombo yokusiza nosizo.

Imithombo Ezisizayo

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni ziye zasungula imithombo eminingi yosizo ukuze zisize abantu abazimelelayo (ababizwa "pro se" noma "ozimelela" izikhokhisi). Lemithombo ingahlanganisa:

  • Amawebhusayithi enkantolo anokwaziswa okungokomthetho namafomu
  • Izikhungo zokuzisiza enkantolo
  • Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho
  • Izinhlelo zommeli weprobo
  • Izinqubo ezicacisiwe zezinhlobo ezithile zamacala
  • Izingcweti zenkantolo ezinganikeza isiqondiso sesayensi yemvelo

Ama - flue Ahamba Endizeni Ne - Fee Waivers

Nokho, izinkantolo zivame ukuba nezinqubo zokukhipha noma zokunciphisa izindleko zabantu abangakwazi ukuthenga. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufinyelela ubulungisa akunqatshelwa ngenxa yokuhluleka ukukhokha izindleko zenkantolo kuphela.

Ukubaluleka Kwezinkantolo ZoMbuso Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Kusukela uthola ilayisense yokushayela (engayekiswa ngokuqulwa kwecala) kumthetho wokuphoqelelwa kwezivumelwano, isinqumo sokuxabana nomakhelwane, ukuvikelwa kwezingane, nokuphatha izindawo ngemva kokufa, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile.

Cabangela lezi zimo zansuku zonke lapho kungase kuhileleke khona izinkantolo zikahulumeni:

  • ukwephulwa kweTraffic:[ Uma uthola ithikithi elisheshayo, ungancintisana nalo enkantolo yombuso
  • Izimpikiswano zebhizinisi ezincane: izingxabano phakathi kwamabhizinisi zixazululwa enkantolo kahulumeni
  • Izindaba ezinamandla: Ukukhishwa nokugcinwa kwezimpikiswano kudlulela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni
  • Izinguquko zomkhaya:[ isehlukaniso, amalungiselelo okunakekela umntwana, nokutholwa konke kudinga ukuhileleka kwenkantolo kahulumeni
  • Isivikelo se-Consumer: Ingxabano namabhizinisi phezu kwemikhiqizo noma izinkonzo ezingasebenzi kahle
  • [[QURT:0] Ingozi yakho siqu:[ Uma ulimele engozini, ungafuna isinxephezelo enkantolo yezwe
  • Uhlelo lwentando yefa nokwethenjwa lunikezwa ngezinkantolo zesifundazwe ze-probate
  • Ukwahlulela okuphethe: Ukuqulwa kwecala okuningi kwenzeka ezinkantolo zikahulumeni

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela siyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani futhi kudinge ukusekelwa nengcebo eyanele.

Ukunqwabelana Kwezinkinga Nemivubukulo

Njengoba kuqulwa izigidi zamacala unyaka ngamunye, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukulwa nokuthweswa kwecala elinzima nezimali ezilinganiselwe. Amajaji enkantolo kahulumeni akhokhelwa kancane, abe nezisebenzi ezincane, futhi anakekele izimpahla ezinkulu kunabanye enkantolo. Lokhu kungaholela ekubambezeleni ukuqulwa kwecala futhi kubangele izinselele ekunikezeni ubulungisa ngesikhathi esifanele.

Inani Elandayo Labazimelelayo

Abantu abaningi baziveza emacaleni enkantolo, ikakhulukazi emacaleni omthetho wesizwe nawomkhaya. Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zasungula imithombo yokusiza abameleli abazimele, ngokuvamile laba bantu babhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ekulandeleni izinqubo zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi nasekuqondeni amalungelo nezibopho zabo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nendlela Yokusebenza Kwanamuhla

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzela ubuchwepheshe obusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwazo, kuhlanganise nemishini ye - electronic ehlela ama - video, i - video enikeza amacala ne - Internet ukuze kuqoshwe amarekhodi asenkantolo.

Ukulondoloza Inkululeko Yokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zilinganisele ukulandisa komphakathi nesidingo sokuzimela ekwahluleleni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zilungele ukuphindisela nokuxhaphaza okulwayo. Ngo-2021, izishayamthetho zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zihlasela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngomzamo wokwenza buthaka ukuzibusa kwazo futhi zihlanekezele imiphumela yokhetho lwesikhathi esizayo. Ukuvikela ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.

Indlela Yokusingatha Izinkantolo ZoMbuso ZaseNavigate

Uma kudingeka uxhumane nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma umehluleli, nawa amacebiso athile awusizo:

Ukuqonda Ukuthi Yiyiphi Inkantolo Enecala

Bheka ukuthi yiyiphi inkantolo enegunya phezu kwecala lakho elisekelwe ohlotsheni lwecala, isilinganiso sempikiswano, nendawo yendawo. Ukuhamba enkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni noma ekuthunjweni kwecala lakho, kubangele ukulibala nezindleko ezengeziwe.

Yazi Abafileyo

Izinqubo zenkantolo zihilela ukugcina isikhathi esiqinile. Ukungawutholi umsebenzi omisiwe kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kwelungelo lakho lokufuna ukuzimela noma ukuvikela.

Sebenzisa Imicebo Etholakalayo

Sebenzisa amawebhusayithi enkantolo, izikhungo zosizo, nezinhlangano zomthetho. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza amafomu, iziyalezo, nezincwadi zokwaziswa ukuze kusizwe abantu basebenzise indlela. Unganqikazi ukucela ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo, nakuba zingasakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho.

Cabangela Ukumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Nakuba unelungelo lokuzimelela, ukuba nommeli kungawathuthukisa kakhulu amathuba akho empumelelo, ikakhulukazi emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi. Uma ungenawo imali yommeli, hlola izindlela ezinjengosizo olungokomthetho, izinkonzo zeprobo, noma umbiko olinganiselwe lapho ummeli esiza khona ngezici ezithile zecala lakho.

Lungiselela Ngokuphelele

Kubalulekile ukuhlela izincwadi zakho, uqonde imithetho nezinqubo ezihlobene nayo, ulungiselele ofakazi bakho, futhi ulindele izimpikiswano ezingase zivele kwenye ingxenye.

Izindlela Zokukhokha Nezokukhokha Ezihloniphekayo Ezikhokhwa Enkantolo

Izinkantolo zinemithetho eqondile ephathelene nokuziphatha, ukugqoka nenqubo. Ukufika ngesikhathi, ugqoke ngendlela efanele, ucishe izinto zobuchwepheshe, ukhulume nejaji ngenhlonipho futhi ulandele yonke imithetho yasenkantolo.

Ikusasa Lezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ziguqula izenzakalo ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zomphakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe.

Izinkantolo ezixazulula izinkinga

Izigodi eziningi zandisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha izinkinga ezicatshangelwe ezicatshangelweni eziyisisekelo ezinengxenye ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, izinkantolo ezingomakad ’ ebona, nezinkantolo ezingenamakhaya zithatha isinyathelo sokwelapha, zixhumanisa asebehlanganyela ngenqubo yokwelapha nezinkonzo kunokuba zimane zikhiphe isijeziso.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Izinkantolo zifaka ezinye izindlela zesinqumo eziphikisanayo njengokukhipha izinqumo nokuzilungisa. Lezi zinqubo zingaxazulula izingxabano ngokushesha futhi zingabizi kakhulu kunemithetho engokwesiko, kuyilapho zinikeza amaqembu amandla okulawula umphumela.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze zithuthukise indlela yokusebenza.

Gxila Ekufinyeleleni Ekulungeni

Kunokuqashelwa okukhulayo "kwegebe lobulungisa""" umehluko phakathi kwezidingo ezingokomthetho ezihhaphayo neziphakathi kwabantu abathola izidingo kanye nemithombo ekhona yokuhlangabezana nalezozidingo. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni kanye nama-bar ahlela ukusungula izindlela ezintsha zokwandisa ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni kobulungisa, kuhlanganise nezinqubo ezenziwe lula, imikhumbi yekhulu lekhulu, nezindlela ezintsha zokuhambisa inkonzo.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziwumgogodla wesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, ukusingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho nokuthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Ukuqonda lokho okwenziwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni .(ukulawula kwazo, inqubo, izinqubo, nokubaluleka kwazo) izakhamuzi ukuba zilawule isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo futhi zihlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi nisebenza ejajini, niqulisa icala, nivikela amacala obugebengu, noma nje nizama ukuqonda indlela isimiso sethu somthetho esisebenza ngayo, ulwazi lwezinkantolo zikahulumeni lubalulekile.

Njengoba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqhubeka ziguqula izimo ukuze zibhekane nezinselele ezintsha namathuba, umsebenzi wazo oyisisekelo awushintshi: ukunikeza bonke ubulungisa obulungile, obufinyelelekayo nobuphumelelayo. Ngokusekela nokuqonda lezi zinhlangano ezibalulekile, sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho sihlala siyinto engokoqobo kubo bonke.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesimiso senkantolo yombuso wakho, vakashela ingosi yenkantolo esemthethweni yenkantolo yezwe lakho noma thintana ne- Center for State Courts, enikeza imithombo nokwaziswa ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezweni lonke. Ungathola futhi ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngokungafani kwezinkantolo zombuso nezikahulumeni ewebhusayithi yase-United States Courts.