Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba ISichibiyelo Somthetho Sidinge Uhulumeni Athathe Isinyathelo

Imithetho-sisekelo iyisisekelo esiphezulu esingokomthetho sanoma yisiphi isizwe, sichaza isimo sikahulumeni namalungelo ezakhamuzi. Nokho akuwona amabhukwana angaguquguquki; kumelwe avumelane nezindinganiso zezenhlalo, izinto ezingokwezombangazwe, kanye nezinselele ezivelayo. Uhulumeni — ohlanganisa i-producement, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela — ufeza indima eyinhloko, ebanzi kule nqubo. Ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo lunzima ngamabomu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa ukuvumelana kubonisa ukuvuleka okukhulu nokuhlala kunokuthatha izifiso zezombangazwe ezithatha indawo engcono. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisiza ngayo ekulungiseni umthetho-mthetho wentando yeningi kuyadingeka ekuqondeni ukuqina nokufaneleka kwezimiso zentando yentando yeningi.

Kuyintando yeningi emisiwe, indima kahulumeni ayikona ukuphoqa izinguquko ngasikhathi sinye kodwa ukuqale, ukuzenza zilula, futhi zizenze zibe semthethweni ngezinqubo ezigunyaziwe. Lezizinqubo zihluka kakhulu emazweni kodwa zihlanganyela izimiso ezifanayo: izingobo zokwehla kwemithetho, imishini nezilinganiso, futhi ngokuvamile incishiswa yizinhlangano zesizwe noma abantu ngokuqondile. Lesihloko sihlola i-wistogion, umphathi, ikomiti yokwahlulela, nemisebenzi yethukela efeza ekushintsheni imithetho-mthetho, nezibonelo ezingokomfanekiso ezivela emhlabeni wonke.

Indima Yesisekelo Segatsha Elingokomthetho Ekuhlomiseleni Izinqumo

Igatsha lemithetho — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphalamende, ingqungquthela, noma umbuthano wesizwe — ngokuvamile iyinjini eyinhloko yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kubonisa isimiso esakhethwa abameleli, njengesibopho esiqondile kukhetho, okufanele kube yiso esihlongoza izinguquko eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho. Lenqubo ngokuvamile iqala ngokubhalwa kwephepha noma isinqumo esichaza amagama aqondile alolu hlelo oluhlongoziwe.

Izimfuneko Ezivelele Nezokungathathi - hlangothi

Ukuze kuvinjelwe izinguquko ezisheshayo noma ezihlukanisayo, imithetho-mthetho eminingi idinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kuleyondlu yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ufuna ukuba abantu abangamashumi amathathu aphindwe kabili eNdlu yabameleli naseSikhungweni sokumisa ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya udinga amalungu amaningi akhona ayizingxenye ezimbili-ntathu futhi avote kuzo zombili izindlu zePhalamende ukuze alungiseke kakhulu. Le mithetho ye-sethinamestrial ifuna ukuba kube nesivumelwano esihlangene kanye nesengxenye enqamule, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho kuphela ngokusekela kwezombangazwe okubanzi lungaqhubeka.

Izimiso ze-Badameral zinezela olunye ungqimba: ngisho noma elinye igumbi livumela ukuhlongozwa, elinye indlu kumelwe futhi lidlule ngesilinganiso esifanayo esivelele. Amanye amazwe, njengaseJalimane, adinga amavoti amabili-mithathu kokubili eBundestag nase Bundestrat (emelela izifunda). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili izithakazelo zesizwe nezezifunda zicatshangelwa kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwemishini

Nakuba isishaya-mthetho siyisihlongozo esivame kakhulu, eminye imithetho-mthetho ivumela abanye abadlali ukuba baqale ukulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, eBrazil, ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamalungu ondlu, uMongameli, noma ngaphezulu kwengxenye yezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. ESwitzerland, inyathelo elithandwayo lingamisa ukubukezwa okuphelele komthetho-sisekelo uma kusayiniwe izakhamuzi ezingu - 100 000. Noma kunjalo, kulezi zimo, igatsha lemithetho yemithetho lidlala ngokwesiko isango noma indima elula — ukubukeza isiphakamiso, ukuphatha izindaba, nokuvota ngaphambi kokuba liqhubekele ekuhlolweni.

Indima yesishaya-mthetho asiyona nje i-procedropulation; iyavala. AmaKomiti ahlola okuhlongozwayo, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe buzwakala, futhi kuba nempikiswano yomphakathi. Lo msebenzi wokwehlisa imingcele usiza ekucwengisiseni ulimi futhi ulindele imiphumela engalindelekile. Izazi zangaphandle nochwepheshe bomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile banikeza ukuhlaziywa kokuqondisa izishaya umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congregational Research Service Services ichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuhlaziywa kwezimo ezihlongozwayo, i-akethensi ehloliweyo, i-encwadi engafinyelelwa ku-'untelliationss. [.

Indima Yomphathi: Ukusuka Ebuthweni Kuya Ekubeni Onqumayo

Igatsha eliphethe — ngokuvamile umongameli, undunankulu, noma umphathi wesifundazwe — lingase libe nezindima ezihlukahlukene ekulungiseni umthetho - sisekelo, kuye ngokuthi kuklanywe umthetho - sisekelo wezwe.

Isignesha Kamongameli Namandla KaVeto

E-United States, uMongameli akanandima engokomthetho ekulungiseni noma ekumiseni ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho. Nokho, uMongameli angathonya lenqubo ngokukhipha umthetho we-dvocation, amise iziphakamiso zemithetho, futhi asebenzise “ipulpulti.” Ngokungathi kakhulu, amanye amazwe afuna ukuba agunyaze noma akhiphe ukumiswa kwesivumelwano ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, eFrance, uMongameli kumelwe adlulise i-antentement ePhalamende ngemva kokuba evunyelwe yi-adenderum noma i-Congresspors (ilungu lokuhlala kuzo zombili izindlu). Kwamanye amazwe ase-Latin American, umongameli angakhipha ukumiswa komthetho, kodwa indlu ye-mthetho ingakhipha i-parn.

Ukubiza Izingxenye Ezikhethekile Nezimpondo Ezikhethekile

Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, umphathi (ikhabethe) angathonya inqubo yokulungisa ngokunquma ukuthi uzoletha nini isiphakamiso sokuvota, noma ngokubiza isiqephu esikhethekile sephalamende. Okubaluleke kakhulu, abaqondisi ngokuvamile banamandla okubiza i-parententeum engokomthetho ngokuqondile. E-Ireland, uhulumeni unquma ukubamba i-metapendium ngemva kokuhlelwa kwesivumelwano sokulungisa izivumelwano ngokudluliswa yizombili izindlu zama-Oiruachtas. E-Australia, iNkulumbuso ne-Campriciom wamisa usuku lokukhomba i-arendex ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwepalamende. Lesinqumo singathinta ukubopha kwasobala kanye nesikhathi sokhetho, okungase kuthonyezele umphumela.

Eminye imithetho engokomthetho inikeza umqondisi indima eqondile: eNingizimu Afrika, uMongameli angase abhekisele isimemezelo sokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo eNkantolo yoMthetho - sisekelo ngesinqumo esiphathelene nokusebenza kwayo ngomthetho - sisekelo ngaphambi kokusayina.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela: Ukusekela Umthetho - sisekelo Ngokungaguquguquki

Izinkantolo zokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi izinkantolo eziphakeme noma izinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-mthetho, zingabavikeli ababalulekile benqubo yokulungisa. Indima yabo akukona ukuvimbela zonke izinguquko kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zokulungisa ziyalandelwa nokuthi isici sokulungisa asikona okonakeleyo komsuka ongenakulungiseka womthetho-sisekelo — ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi “isimo se-bastom” noma“ isigqebhezana.”

Ukubukeza Okungokwesayensi Nesinqumo Sengxabano

Okokuqala, izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi ama-pads agunyaziwe afezwe kahle yini. Ingabe amavoti abalwa ngokufanelekile? Ingabe i-salmu edingekayo yayikhona? Ingabe ukulungisa kwadluliselwa kuzo zombili izindlu? ENdiya, iNkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwe-procedential. Ngokwesibonelo, e [Fluct:0] Kavanadamati [icala] [icala] elidingekayo [19773]), kuyilapho iNkantolo imisa imfundiso eyisisekelo, futhi ibeke phansi izindinganiso ze-procracture ye-mendments. Ngokufanayo, iNkathi ye-Profederal Constitution Councialmentations ihlola ukuthi i-Antentivement i-ance ihlelwe eSigabeni soMthetho-Statu, okudinga izingxenye ezimbili ezise-3 kwezingu-3 zo-Brendsmeadad.

Imingcele Ebalulekile: I - cone Engabizwa Ngamagama

Ngaphandle kwenqubo, izinkantolo eziningi zisebenzisa ukubukeza okungalawuleki — ukunquma ukuthi ukulungisa kululaza yini izimiso eziyisisekelo ezifana nentando yeningi, ukubusa umthetho, isithunzi somuntu, noma uhulumeni. I-German Sicle Law imemezela ngokucacile ukuthi ukulungisa okuthinta ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Länder, isimiso sokuthatha i-Länder ekwahluleleni umthetho, noma izimiso ezibekwe kwiZihlokwana 1 no-20 (isithunzi somuntu, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, umthetho womthetho) akunakwenzeka. Imfundiso eyisisekelo yaseNdiya, eyasungulwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, iphethe ukuthi iPhalamende lingenakuqeda izici zayo ezibalulekile, njengokubukeza komthetho, ukubusa kwezwe, noma ukubusa kwezwe.

Izinkantolo zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni ahlukene phakathi nenqubo yokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umphathi wesikhulu nomphathi wesishaya-mthetho bengavumelani nokufaneleka kwevoti yokuvota, ijaji lingase licelwe ukuba lichaze umthetho-sisekelo. Lendima yokuqondisa iqinisa umqondo wokuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo alusona nje isenzo sezombangazwe kodwa luyisenzo esingokomthetho, uma ungaphansi komthetho ophakeme.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokuqhubekayo ekubukezweni komthetho- sisekelo wokulungisa, project inikeza i-memorial eqhathanisayo yemithetho elungisayo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezindima zokwahlulela.

Ukuhlanzwa: IPhasika Eliphansi Noma Elihlaselwe Ifa Elivamile

Lapho nje ukulungiswa okuhlongozwayo kususa izithiyo zomthetho nezokuqondisa (nanoma ikuphi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela), kumelwe kwamukelwe yizifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma abantu ngokuqondile. indima kahulumeni ekuhlanzweni kwempahla ngokuvamile eyomxhumanisi nowesigebengu, kodwa futhi ingahilela ukuthonya kwezombangazwe.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Noma Imihlangano

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, uhulumeni omkhulu awulungiseki izinguquko zodwa; izinhlangano ezihlangene zomhlaba zinesinqumo esinqumayo. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., izinguquko kumele zigunyazwe yizi-pactimeous ezintathu (38) zikahulumeni wesifundazwe noma ngemihlangano ezindaweni ezintathu ezinesine, njengoba i-Congress inquma. Uhulumeni — lapha, ohulumeni — ufeza indima eyinhloko: izinqumo zabo zomthetho-mthetho nevoti e-antement. Uhulumeni wezwe ungekwazi ukuphoqelela ukuba ku-ravize; le nqubo ihlelwe ngokufanayo i-trativedment.

Amanye amazwe adinga ukuhlawuliswa ngomhlangano okhethekile kunomthetho wesishaya-mthetho ovamile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-mthetho we-Australia udinga i-assendum (uvoti eqondile yabantu) esifundeni ngasinye, hhayi nje ukuvunyelwa kwephalamende. Uhulumeni, kokubili amazinga ombuso nombuso, unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela i-mendemu, ukusakaza ulwazi, nokubala. Lokhu kuguqula amandla athile kuhulumeni kuya kuvoti ngokuqondile.

Iziphethu Zesizwe

Ezifundazweni ezihlangene njenge-Ireland, iSwitzerland, neDenmark, ukuhlawuliswa kwezindawo cishe njalo kuhilela i-arhente. Uhulumeni — ngokuvamile igatsha eliphetheyo — umisa usuku, unika imithombo yemithombo yokwaziswa yomphakathi, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwevoti. Nokho, uhulumeni angase futhi anikeze umkhankaso omkhulu wokulwa noma ukubuyiselwa kokwaziswa. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukuhileleka okunjalo kukahulumeni kungawususa umphumela ongekho hlangothi kanye nokulawula kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wase-Ireland wafaka umkhankaso we-20181870ndam ukuze athathe i-endex (umthetho) ukuze aphinde athole i-Expressurence (imperation) yomthetho).

Izindawo zokuvota ziyahlukahluka: i - Ireland idinga amavoti amaningi, kuyilapho iDenmark idinga amavoti amaningi kanye nokuvunyelwa okuvela okungenani kwamaphesenti angu - 40 okhetho. Lezi zikhawu zinezela enye indima kahulumeni — ziqinisekisa ukuthi levoti ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezivumelanayo.

Indima Engabhalwanga: Impikiswano Yezombangazwe Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezingokomthetho zomthetho - sisekelo, indima kahulumeni ekushintsheni umthetho - sisekelo ihlanganisa nokwakha ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe nokuhlanganyela umphakathi. Izinguquko eziphumelelayo azivamile ukuphumelela ngaphandle kokusekela okukhulu, futhi ohulumeni ngokuvamile benza umzamo omkhulu ekudingidaneni, ekuyekeni, nasekuxoxeni nomphakathi.

Isakhiwo Esingokomthetho Nempi Yezombangazwe

Ezimisweni zephalamende ezimelela ngokulinganayo, akukho mbutho ovame ukulawula inombolo ezimbili-mithathu. Uhulumeni — okusho umfelandawonye obusayo — kumelwe axhumane namaqembu ophikisayo ukuze aqinisekise ukugcinwa okukhulu okufunekayo. Lokhu kungahilela ukudayisa: iqembu lingasekela ukubuyiselwa komthetho-mfantu ekushintsheni ukuvunyelwa kwezimiso noma izikhundla zokukhonza. EBelgium, ukuncishiswa komthetho-mthethwe-mfantu kudinga inani eliyizi-3 ezimbili emagumbini womabili, futhi linikeze izikhundla zezombangazwe ezihlukene, ngokuvamile kuvela izinqikelelo zezindawo ezihlukene zezombangazwe ezihlangene ezihilela uhulumeni nazo zonke izigaba ezinkulu zentando yeningi.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi Nokuhileleka Komphakathi

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zanamuhla azivamile ukubhalwa ngemva kweminyango evaliweyo. Ohulumeni bavame ukuqulela izikhalo zomphakathi, bamema ukuzithoba okuvela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, futhi bashicilela ukubuyiselwa komthetho wokukhipha izimemezelo ukuze baphawule. Nokho, lendima yokuzifunela inzuzo ithuthukisa ukufaneleka futhi ingathuthukisa izinga lalenguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika uhileleke kakhulu emphakathini womphakathi ekuhlolweni komthetho-sisekelo ka-19969, owawungalungiswanga ukuqedwa kodwa okwakuwumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo omusha. Nokho, izinqubo zokulungisa izici ezithiyo zisetshenziswa ekulungiseni izinqubo ezinkulu emazweni anjengeColombia neKenya.

Uhulumeni futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa umphakathi ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Emazweni amaningi, abaqondisi abasemthethweni bayanyatheliswa, izimpikiswano ziyasakazwa, futhi izikole zihlanganisa isihloko sale ngxoxo nangemva kwesikole. Lendima yemfundo ibalulekile uma ukulungisa kunqunywa nge-parenteum, ngoba isiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zeziphendulo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezigunyazwe Uhulumeni

Ukuhlola izindaba ezingokoqobo zibonisa indlela ohulumeni abaye baqondisa ngayo inqubo yokulungisa — ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela elula, ngezinye izikhathi enempikiswano.

E - United States: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Nangalé Kwaso

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (iSiphendu Samalungelo) zahlongozwa yiSishaya-mthetho sokuqala ngo-1789 futhi zagunyazwa yizifundazwe yizifundazwe ngo-1791. Uhulumeni — isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni esisanda kumiswa — wafeza indima eyinhloko ekuhleleni nasekubekeni lezi zinguquko, ezaziyimpendulo esabelweni esiphathelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Umphathi (umPresidenti George Washington) wasekela umzamo kodwa akazange ahlanganyele ngokusemthethweni kulesi siphakamiso. Lokhu kwamisa isibonelo sendima kahulumeni ebekelwe ukunqanda ukunqanda ukumiswa kwemithetho, kanye nomthetho womthetho njengesicelo esiyinhloko sesikhulu senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Kamuva ukulungisa, njengokuthi i - 13th (ukuqeda ubugqila) kanye nele - 19 (impoqo yabesifazane), kwaqhutshwa izinhlangano zezenhlalo kodwa kwadinga ukuthathwa kukahulumeni: ukuhlangana ngezikhulu ezinkulu, isignesha somongameli (nakuba kwakungeyona okudingwa umthetho), kanye nokunqandwa kwezwe. Indima kahulumeni yayikushisekela ukusekela — uMongameli uLincoln wasekela i-13, futhi uMongameli uWilson wacindezela iSishaya - sisekelo se - 19 (nakuba kungadingemthetho).

ENdiya: ISichibiyelo Sama - 42 Nemiphumela Yaso

Phakathi ne-Emergency (1975-191977), uhulumeni weNkulumbuso uIndida Gandhi waphoqelela iSichibiyelo sama-42, esenze izinguquko ezinkulu eMthethweni womthetho we-India, kuhlanganise nokuncishiswa kokwahlulela kanye namandla ombuso anwetshiwe. Uhulumeni wasebenzisa ukuphumelela kwakhe okukhulu ePhalamende ukudlulisa ukunqanda ukuphikisana okuncane noma ukuphikisa. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yagadla izingxenye zayo uMenerva Mills [, eqinisekisa ukuthi imfundiso eyisisekelo inqabela ukuqedwa kwezicimo ezibalulekile zomthetho womthetho. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukushukuma kwegunya nokwehlulelo.

IJalimane: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwenkolo Nezinqumo Zomthetho Eziyisisekelo

Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kweJalimane ngo-1990, uhulumeni walungisa uMthetho oMkhulu ukuze uhlanganise i-Länder (izifunda) entsha nokulungisa amalungiselelo kahulumeni. IBoundstag neBundestrat, kanye nezinkulu ezimbili ezidingekayo, yadlulisa izinguquko eziningana. Isikhulu (i-Chanceller Helmut Kohl) safeza indima eyinhloko ekulondolozeni ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe phakathi kweMpuma neNtshona. INkantolo ye-Federal Constitution ayizange izixazulule lezi zinkinga, njengoba zazivumelana nezimiso zoMthetho oMkhulu. Lokhu kubonisa indlela isenzo sikahulumeni esihlanganisa ngayo uhulumeni esingavuselela ngayo umthetho ezimpilweni ezinkulu zezehlakalo.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuncane Kwamandla Nezimiso

Indima kahulumeni ekushintsheni umthetho-sisekelo ifana neyokuqala, umqondisi wesango, umxhumanisi, nomnakekeli. Igatsha lemithetho lihlela ukulungisa ngokufuna izimiso ezinkulu kakhulu eziyekelelwe. Isikhulu singathonya, sithonye, sishintshe, kodwa amandla aso avinjelwe yimishini nemishini. Ikomiti yemithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili inqubo kanye nezici zezimiso zesimiso somthetho-sisekelo zihlonipha izimiso zesisekelo. Ngaphandle kwalezizindima ezingokomthetho, ohulumeni kumelwe bakhe ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe, bafake umbiko obala, futhi banikeze ukwaziswa okusobala, ikakhulukazi uma i-ratzition ibhekisela kumthetho we-geome noma izishaya-mthetho.

Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo akuyona imithetho evamile; kubonisa ukukhetha okuyisisekelo kakhulu komphakathi. Indima kahulumeni iwukusiza lezi zinqumo ngaphandle kokuzilawula, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa ukusekela okubanzi nokuhlala njalo. Uma noma iliphi igatsha liphamba — njengoba kuboniswa eNdiya phakathi noMcimbi noma kunezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho we-Hungary ezigxekwa yi-Venice Commission — ukufaneleka kwenqubo yokulungisa kuyalulaza. Intando yeningi engcono incike ekusebenziseni izibalo ezilinganiselwe zemithetho yezomthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ngalinye lisebenzisa indima yalo engokomthetho elawulwayo kanye nokulandisa.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ngokuqhathaniswa ekujuleni, inikeza i-Constitute Project inikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe emithethweni engu 194. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKhomishane yeVennice [[[[FLT:]] ye-Councilty of Europe inikeza imibono engokomthetho-mfakela ezinhlanganweni ezifundazweni ezingamalungu, isebenza njengensizakhokhwa ewusizo ekuqondeni imisebenzi engcono kakhulu.