Table of Contents

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala singesinye sesivikelo esiyisisekelo kakhulu sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sisebenza njengesisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Lelungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo lithi "Ikhorathi ngeke yenze mthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yemisebe yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Ukuqonda ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni neSiphendulo sokuqala kubalulekile kuzakhamuzi zonke ezifisa ukusebenzisa amalungelo azo omthetho kuyilapho ziqaphela imingcele esemthethweni evikela ukulondeka komphakathi ngokuthula nokuhleleka.

Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Sokuqala: Izivikelo Nezimiso Zomthetho

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sihlanganisa inkululeko ehlukene emihlanu ehlangene ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo oluqinile lokuziveza nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. lezi sivikelo zihlanganisa inkululeko yenkolo, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokukhipha imibiko, ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Inkululeko ngayinye ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi ovulekile lapho imiqondo ingaphakanyiswa khona futhi ixabane.

Injongo Eyisisekelo Yokubonakaliswa Kwamahhala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza wonke umuntu ohlala e-United States ilungelo lokuzwa zonke izinhlangothi zezindaba nokuzenzela izahlulelo ngalezozindaba ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni noma ukulinganiselwa. Lesi sivikelo sihlanganisa nangaphezulu kakhulu kokuxhumana okulula. Sihlanganisa amazwi akhulunywayo, inkulumo elotshiwe, inkulumo engokomfanekiso, nokuphikisa okunokuthula. Ububanzi balesivikelo bubonisa ukuqonda kwabasunguli ukuthi umphakathi okhululekile ufuna izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuthola imibono ehlukahlukene nekhono lokuveza imibono ephambene ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni.

Ekujuleni kwayo, iSichibiyelo sokuqala seFree Spee Claus senqabela uhulumeni ukuba ucindezele noma uphoqelele ukuvumelana nemibono ethile, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni akanawo amandla okuvimbela ukukhulumela ngenxa yesigijimi sakhe, imibono yakhe, indaba yakhe, noma okuqukethwe yiso. Lesi simiso sisho ukuhlola okuyisisekelo mayelana namandla kahulumeni futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi azinakuqeda ukugxeka noma ukuvimbela imibono engathandeki ngenxa nje yokuthi azivumelani nawo.

Imingcele Kahulumeni: Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela kuphela imingcele kahulumeni ekukhulumeni futhi asivimbeli imingcele yokukhuluma ebekwe abantu ngabanye noma amabhizinisi. Lomehluko ubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe lapho kusetshenziswa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Izinkampani zangasese, kuhlanganise namapulatifomu ezokuxhumana, zingamisa ezazo izinqubo ezizifanele kanye nenkulumo elinganiselayo emapulatifomuni azo ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngoba azizona abadlali bakahulumeni.

Ngenxa yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, ilungelo lomthetho ngokomthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala lokukhuluma nenkululeko yokucabanga lisebenza kohulumeni bendawo, futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zenqatshelwe ukuqondisa noma ukubeka imingcele yenkulumo noma enye inkulumo esekelwe ekuquketheni noma embonweni wayo. Lokhu kunwetshwa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho avikelwe kuzo zonke izigaba zegunya likahulumeni.

Isisekelo sokuqukethwe vs. Ukuqukethwe-Neuttics

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukanisa eMthethweni weSichibiyelo sokuqala ihlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwemingcele esekelwe kokuqukethwe nokungangeni lutho enkulumweni. Lomehluko unquma izinga lezinkantolo ezihlolayo elisebenza lapho zihlola ukuthi imingcele kahulumeni iphula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Imingcele Esekelwe Kulokhu

Imithetho esekelwe ekuqukethe ilawula ukukhuluma okusekelwe entweni yayo, kuyilapho imithetho equkethe okungahlanganisiwe ngokuvamile ilawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma, futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima ekuvikeleni imingcele esekelwe ekujuleni, njengoba ingaphansi kokucubungula okuqinile. Ngaphansi kokucubungula ngokuqinile, imithetho eqondisa inkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe noma eqondeni, kumelwe ihlolwe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze ifeze izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo.

Umthetho wokukhuluma usekelwe ngokuqukethwe uma umthetho usebenza enkulumweni ethile ngenxa yesihloko esixoxweyo noma umqondo noma umyalezo oshiwoyo. Lezi zinhlobo zemingcele ngokunganaki ziwumthetho ngoba zibheke imibiko ethile noma imibono, ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuhlola kukahulumeni nobandlululo. Ukubheka izinto ngendlela ehlukile kwenzeka uma umthetho uvumela umbono othile kodwa ulinganisela omunye endabeni efanayo, futhi imithetho enjalo ivame ukuhlolwa ngokucubungula.

Imithetho engathathi hlangothi yokuqukethwe

Izimiso zokungathathi hlangothi zibukezwa ngaphansi kohlelo lokuhlola okuphakathi, okusho ukuthi zisengozini kakhulu yokusinda enkingeni. Lezimiso zigxila endleleni, isikhathi, noma indawo yokukhuluma kunokuba ziveze umyalezo ngokwawo. Uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo ngesikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma evikelekile, uma imingcele ifanelekile ngaphandle kokubhekisela ekuquketheni kwenkulumo ehleliwe, ukuthi ihlotshaniselwe ukunikeza isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni, futhi ishiye eminye imishini evulekile yokuxhumana ngokwaziswa.

Uhulumeni ngokuvamile angalinganisela isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma, uma imingcele ingavumelani nalokho inkulumo ekushoyo futhi ishiye abantu benezindlela ezanele zokuveza imibono yabo, futhi ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni angavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemibhobho ezindaweni zokuhlala ebusuku, ulinganise yonke imiboniso evimbela ukumiswa kwemizi yabantu. Lemigoqo ibhekwa njengenengqondo ngoba ifeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi nasekuvikeleni izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi ngaphandle kokuhlasela imiyalezo ethile noma imibono ethile.

Izinhlobo Zenkulumo Engavikelwanga

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esikhulu, akuzona zonke izinkulumo ezithola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezingezona izivikelo zokuQothulela Isinqumo Sokuqala ngenxa yenani lazo elilinganiselwe lezenhlalo kanye namathuba okulimala.

Indlela Ewumqondo Yokuvimbela Inkulumo

Indlela eyisisekelo yokusebenzisa izimiso ezisekelwe ekutholweni kwenkulumo isuka ku-Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, lapho iNkantolo yaqinisekisa khona ukuthi kukhona izigaba ezithile zenkulumo ezichazwe kahle nezilinganiselwe kakhulu ezingeyona ingxenye ebalulekile yokuchazwa kwemibono, futhi zingezezinga elincane kakhulu lezenhlalo njengenyathelo elithatha iqiniso ukuze uhulumeni avimbele lawomazwi futhi ajezise labo abawakhulumayo ngaphandle kokuphakamisa noma yiziphi izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izinhlobo zenkulumo ezinikezwa isivikelo esincane noma ezingavikelwanga iSichibiyelo Sokuqala zihlanganisa ukuhlazisa, ukukhwabanisa, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane, inkulumo ewundab'umthetho, inkulumo ebangela izenzo eziwukwephula umthetho eziseduze, inkulumo ephula umthetho wempahla, izinsongo zeqiniso, nenkulumo yezentengiselwano njengezokukhangisa. Ngasinye salezizigaba siye sachazwa ngokucophelela emashumini eminyaka eSivikelo SeNkathi Eziphakeme ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo seSiphendulo Sokuqala sihlala silinganiselwe futhi sichazwa kahle.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Inkululeko yokukhuluma nezindaba azivumeli isimo ukuba senqabe ukusetshenziswa kwegunya lokuphoqelela noma lokwephula umthetho ngaphandle uma ukubuswa okunjalo kuqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka kukhuthaza noma kuveze isenzo esinjalo. Lendinganiso, esungulwe eBrandenburg v. Ohio, imelela isivikelo esiphawulekayo senkulumo yezombangazwe nesigaba sokubusa kuyilapho ivumela uhulumeni ukuba uvimbele inkulumo eyingozi ngokushesha ekuphepheni komphakathi.

Ukudlulisa − "oqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ngokunokwenzeka ukhuthaza noma uveza isenzo esinjalo""""azivikelekile ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izici eziyinhloko zalokhu kuhlola zidinga ukuhloselwe ukubangela isenzo sokwephula umthetho esiseduze kanye nokwenzeka ukuthi isenzo esinjalo singenzeka ngempela. Ukunqandwa kokuphulwa komthetho, ngisho noma kucasulwa noma kuphikiswana, kuhlala kunesici esivikelelwe ngaphansi kwalendinganiso.

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Ukulahlwa kuhilela izinkulumo ezithile ezingamanga eziyiqiniso mayelana nomuntu odluliselwa ngamazwi (umnyundeli) noma ngokubhala (i-libel), futhi njengokusho kwenhlabo, izici zokuhlambalaza zixhomeke emthethweni kahulumeni ofanele kanye nesibonelo seNkantolo ePhakamileyo senkululeko yokukhuluma. Nokho, nakuba izinkulumo ezihlanjalazayo zibhekwa njengezingavikelekile, iNkantolo iqaphele imingcele yeSichibiyelo sokuqala enecala emaphutheni ahlanjalazayo, futhi ezimweni lapho lamazwi akhuluma ngesikhulu noma isibalo, iqembu elinyundelayo kumelwe libonise ukuthi isikhulumi sisebenza nge "izenzo zonya," okuwukuthi, ulwazi lokuthi inkulumo yayiyinkulumo ingamanga noma inganakwanga, noma inganakwa yiqiniso laso noma ukuqambanga.

Akukho ukungezwani okuvamile kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala samazwi amanga. Kunalokho, ngokwesiko, amanga ayavikelwa, ngaphandle kokunyenyiswa okulinganiselwe njengokuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, ukukhangisa okungamanga, ukuqamba amanga, nokuqamba amanga phakathi nohulumeni ongokomthetho oqhubekayo, futhi ngisho nokuqamba amanga ngamabomu ngohulumeni kuvikelwe ngokugcwele. Lokhu kuvikelwa kwamazwi amanga kubonisa ukuqaphela kweNkantolo ukuthi amanye amanga awagwemeki empikiswaneni yasobala nanokuthi ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ujezise zonke izinkulumo ezingamanga kungadala izingozi ezingamukeleki zokucusumbula.

Ububi Nezithombe Ezingcolile Zezingane

KuMiller v. California (1973), iNkantolo Ephakeme yahlela indinganiso emithathu yezokulandisa okumelwe ihlangabezane nayo ukuze ibhekwe njengehlazo elingokomthetho: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu ovamile, usebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi wamanje, uyothola ukuthi umsebenzi, othathwa njengengqikithi, unxusa "isithakazelo esijulile" (isithakazelo esingaphezu kwesifanele sobulili); kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi ubonisa noma uchaza, ngendlela ehlazisayo, ukuziphatha kobulili; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi, uthathwa njengelungu eliphelele, awunayo incazelo engathi sína, engokobuciko, engokwezombangazwe, noma inzuzo engokwesayensi.

Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane zimelela isigaba esihlukile senkulumo engavikelekile enezindinganiso ezihlukile zomthetho. Umthetho unikeza ukuthi inkulumo ayivikelekile uma "ibonisa" izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eminingi futhi "ukwenza izenzo zobulili noma ukubukisa ngokungcolile izitho zabo zobulili". Ngokungafani nezithombe ezingcolile, izingane ezingcolile akudingeki ukuba zihlangane novavanyo lwe-Miller ukuze zenqatshelwe, zibonise isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvikeleni izingane ekuxhashazweni.

Usongo Lwangempela Namazwi Alwayo

Izigaba eziyinhloko zenkulumo engavikelekile ukuthukuthelisana, ukuhlambalaza, ukukhohlisa, izithombe ezingcolile, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana, amazwi okulwa, nezinsongo. Izinsongo zeqiniso zihilela izinkulumo lapho umuntu onengqondo engachaza khona ukuthi ukukhulumisana kuyindlela engathi sína yokuveza ubudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu elithile. Lamazwi awavikelekile ngoba abangela ukwesaba futhi angaphazamisa ukuphila kwalabo abasongelwayo.

Imfundiso yokulwa, nakuba isaqashelwa njengeqembu lenkulumo engavikelekile, iye yasetshenziswa ngokulambisa emashumini eminyaka amuva. amazwi okulwa achazwa njengenhlamba yohlobo olungase lubangele ukulwa okungokomzimba futhi angase ajeziswe, nakuba ukukhulumela okuvamile ezindabeni zezombangazwe, ezenkolo, noma zezenhlalo kungase kungajeziswa, ngisho noma abanye abantu becasulwa kakhulu kangangokuba befuna ukulwa. Izinkantolo bezingabaza ukusekela imingcele engokomthetho, ziqaphela ukuthi lokhu kuphikisana kungasetshenziswa kabi kalula ukuze kuvinjelwe inkulumo engathandeki.

Ukukhohlisa Nokukhuluma Kuhambisana Nokuziphatha Kwesigebengu

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala singenzi phutha elisobala lenkulumo engamanga noma ekhohlisayo, izinhlobo ezithile zamazwi okukhohlisa aziphumeleli, futhi ngokuvamile uhulumeni ungabeka isibopho sokukhangisa okungamanga noma ezikhulumweni ezizenza ngenhloso zihlanekezelwe ukuze zithole imali noma ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo ezizuzisayo (njengomsebenzi).

INkantolo Ephakeme yabeka iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ayisivikeli isithi "inkulumo noma ukubhala okusetshenziswa njengengxenye eyisisekelo yokuziphatha ngokwephula umthetho osemthethweni wobugebengu," futhi isicelo somphangi sokukhomba ngempondo ukuthi unikeza imali yakho asiyona inkulumo evikelekile, noma ukuphanga, uzungu lobugebengu, noma ukuncenga ukuba wenze ubugebengu obuthile. Lezi zinkulumo azinakuvinjelwa ngoba zisemthebeni wobugebengu kunokuba zinikele ekunikezeni inkulumo yasobala noma ukuphana ngemibono.

Imibandela Ekhethekile Negunya Likahulumeni

Izinga leSichibiyelo Sokuqala lingahlukahluka kuye ngomongo lapho inkulumo iqala khona kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwesikhulumi nohulumeni. Izinqumo ezithile zivumela imithetho kahulumeni emikhulu yokukhuluma kunokuba ivunyelwe emphakathini ovamile.

Impahla Kahulumeni Nezindawo Zomphakathi

Inkulumo ezindaweni ezizinzile zikahulumeni nasemapaki (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-fourms angokwesiko") ivikelekile ekucindezelweni uhulumeni njengasendaweni yesikhulumi. Lemida yesizwe iye yasetshenziselwa ngaphambili ukuhlangana nokwenkulumo yomphakathi, futhi uhulumeni ubhekene nezithiyo ezingokomthetho lapho uzama ukuvimbela inkulumo kulezindawo.

Nokho, inkulumo ezweni likahulumeni noma ezakhiweni zikahulumeni ngokuvamile ingaba ilinganiselwe, uma uhulumeni engacaluli ngesisekelo sombono wenkulumo. Izinga lesivikelo lixhomeke ekutheni impahla kahulumeni ihlelwe njengomphakathi ovamile yini, i-fourum ekhethiwe, umphakathi olinganiselwe, noma indawo engekho emphakathini.

Izikole Nezilungiselelo Zemfundo

Lapho uHulumeni efundisa esikoleni sabancane ngebanga leshumi nambili, bavunyelwa ukuba bavimbele inkulumo yabafundi ezimweni ezithile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi izikole zinesithakazelo esikhethekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nasekuthuthukiseni izinhloso zemfundo ezithethelela imingcele ethile emazwini abafundi abengeke avunyelwe kwezinye izimo.

Abafundi abaqalayo, abaphezulu, nabafunda esikoleni esiphakeme bangase balayiswe ngokusho izinto eziyingozi kakhulu ekuphazamiseni inqubo yemfundo noma ukusebenzisa ingcaca esikoleni. Nokho, abafundi abalahlekelwa yizo zonke izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho lapho bengena ezikhungweni zesikole. Izinkantolo zilinganisela amalungelo abafundi aphezulu eSichibiyelo sokuQonda ezithakazelweni ezingokomthetho zezemfundo ngesisekelo secala.

Kunjalo nangenkulumo yabafundi abafunda eyunivesithi yomphakathi, okungenani uma inkulumo ingeyona ingxenye yezingxoxo zekilasi noma izabelo zekilasi. Ikholiji kanye neyunivesithi ngokuvamile kuthola isivikelo esikhulu kuneSichibiyelo Sokuqala sabafundi uK-12, okubonisa ukuvuthwa kwabo okukhulu nendima yemfundo ephakeme njengethengiso lemibono.

Izisebenzi Zikahulumeni

Ngokwesibonelo, izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingaxoshwa ngenxa yokusho izinto eziphazamisa ukusebenza kahle komqashi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula uhlelo lokuhlola inkulumo yezisebenzi zikahulumeni elinganisela amalungelo ezisebenzi njengomphakathi ukuba akhulume ngezindaba zomphakathi ezikhathaza umphakathi njengomqashi ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle emsebenzini nasekulondolozeni ukuthembela komphakathi emikhankasweni kahulumeni.

Izisebenzi zomphakathi ziyakwazi ukuvikela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala lapho zikhuluma njengezakhamuzi ezizimele ezindabeni zomphakathi, kodwa zingabhekana nesiyalo lapho inkulumo yazo ibekwa phambili emisebenzini yazo engokomthetho noma lapho iphazamisa imisebenzi yomsebenzi. Lokhu kuhlola kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zicabangele ukuthi isisebenzi sikhuluma njengesakhamuzi yini noma njengezisebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkulumo ikhuluma ngendaba yomphakathi, nokuthi izithakazelo zikahulumeni emsebenzini zingaphezu kwezithakazelo zezisebenzi zokukhuluma.

Ibutho Lezempi Nejele

Ngokuqondene nezempi wase-United States, uhulumeni unamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuvimbela ukukhuluma kwezikhulu zempi, ngisho noma umngcele onjalo ungaba yize kumuntu ongabufanele, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa lesi simiso lapho iNkantolo iphethe ibutho yayiwu "umphakathi okhethekile emphakathini wabantu abangabuswanga," odinga iziqondiso eziqinile. Izimfuneko eziyingqayizivele zokuyala kwezempi nesidingo sokubambisana kuthethelela imingcele yenkulumo yezempi engavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho engokomphakathini.

Uma uhulumeni esebenza njengomqondisi wamajele, unamandla amakhulu okulinganisela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kweziboshwa, futhi ngokuyinhloko noma yimuphi umngcele ohlobana "ngesizathu esihlobene nezindaba ezingokomthetho" uyasebenza. Lendinganiso ehloniphekile ibonisa ukukhathazeka okuphawulekayo kokulondeka nezinselele zokuqondisa ezihilelekile ezikhungweni zokuqondisa.

Izivikelo Zenkulumo Yezentengiselwano

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano − ukucindezeleka okuhlobene nentengiselwano yezomnotho nokukhangisa − iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa esigabeni esiphansi kunenkulumo yezombangazwe noma yobuciko. Indlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokukhuluma yezentengiselwano iye yaqala ngokuphawulekayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemfundiso Yentengiselwano Yokukhuluma

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano, inkulumo esho ukubhalwa kwenjongo yokuveza inzuzo, cishe yayingenaso iSichibiyelo sokuqala kwaze kwaba cishe eminyakeni engu-50 edlule, futhi kusukela phakathi nawo-1970, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yaqala ukubeka imingcele ekhonweni likahulumeni lokunqabela, ukuvimbela, noma ukuphoqelela inkulumo yezentengiselwano ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi inkulumo yezentengiselwano ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekuziseni izinqumo zabathengi nasekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi wezomnotho.

Ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano kungase kuvinjelwe ngezindlela lapho enye inkulumo ingenakuthi uma isithakazelo esiqinile sikahulumeni sithuthukile, futhi imingcele enjalo isekela isithakazelo kanye nokungabi banzi. Uhulumeni unenkululeko enkulu yokulawula inkulumo yezentengiselwano kunenkulumo yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi uma inkulumo yezentengiselwano ingamanga noma idukisa.

Ukuhlolwa KwaseHudson Ephakathi

Central Hudson umisa ukuhlolwa kwengxenye ezine ukuze athole ukuthi imingcele enkulumweni yezentengiselwano iphula iSichibiyelo sokuqala: Ingabe inkulumo yezentengiselwano ehambisana nalendaba ihilela umsebenzi ongokomthetho? Ingabe iyadukisa? Ingabe uhulumeni uye wamisa isithakazelo "esingalawuleki" ekusekeleni umthetho? Ingabe umthetho "ukuqhubekela phambili" isithakazelo sikahulumeni? Ingabe lomthetho ukhulu kunalokho okudingekile ekufezeni leso sithakazelo?

Izimemezelo ezingamanga noma ezikhohlisayo azivikeli iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, zivumela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zivikele abathengi emikhubeni yezentengiselwano yokukhohlisa ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Inkululeko yaleli phephandaba inikeza izingxenyana isivikelo esiqondile ezintathelini nasezinhlanganweni zezindaba, iqaphela indima ebalulekile efezwa imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Chofoza Inkululeko Nokubona Izindawo Ngohulumeni Ngokubona Okuqondile

Ilungelo lokukhuluma nelungelo lokunyathelisa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala liye lahunyushwa kabanzi ukuze kuvikelwe abantu nomphakathi emizamweni kahulumeni yokuvimbela imibono nokwaziswa, kanye nokunqabela uhulumeni ukuba ahlole izincwadi, omagazini, amaphephandaba kanye nezobuciko, amabhayisikobho, umculo nezinto zokwakha kuyi - Internet.

Izinqumo zamuva nje zenkantolo ziye zagcizelela isivikelo sezindaba kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Umahluleli wase-U.S. wathi imithetho efuna izinhlangano zezokuxhumana ukuba zingaqoqi ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokuba izikhulu zezeNsitho zigunyaze ukukhululwa kwazo ngokusemthethweni ziphikisana neSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ziphawula ukuthi "Labo abafaka iSichibiyelo Sokuqala bakholelwa ukuthi ukulondeka kwesizwe kudinga iphephandaba elikhululekile nabantu abanolwazi nokuthi ukulondeka okunjalo kusengozini yokucindezelwa uhulumeni kwenkulumo yezombangazwe."

Imingcele Ezivikelweni Zemishini

Nakuba inkululeko yokunyathelisa inamandla, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asisikhululi intatheli yephephandaba ngesibopho sokuphendula inkantolo enkulu egadile futhi iphendule imibuzo ehlobene nophenyo lobugebengu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asilinikezi intatheli ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi bomthetho - sisekelo lwesivumelwano sokuthi yenza ukuba kufihle amaqiniso ahlobene nokuphenywa kwecala noma ukufihla ukuziphatha kobugebengu komthombo walo noma ubufakazi balo.

Uhulumeni unegunya elithile elithe xaxa lokuvimbela ukusakazwa kwenkulumo emsakazweni nakuthelevishini. Leligunya elingeziwe lisuka endimeni kahulumeni ekusakazeni izinhlobonhlobo zomsakazo nezici eziyingqayizivele zemithombo yezindaba, nakuba lemingcele inganwebi ukunyathelisa imithombo yezindaba, ithelevishini yekheli, noma ukuxhumana nge-inthanethi.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili zenkolo: ISimemezelo sikaClaus, esivimbela uhulumeni ukuba amise inkolo engokomthetho noma athande inkolo eyodwa ngaphezu kwezinye, ne - Free Execreence Claus, evikela amalungelo abantu okuqhuba inkolo yabo ekhethiwe ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

Ukumiswa kukaClaus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuthonyeni noma ekuthuthukiseni inkolo, kudinga ukuba uhulumeni angathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zenkolo.

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene ukuze zinqume ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni siphula iSinyathelo sikaClaus, zicabangela izici ezinjengokuthi lesisenzo sinenjongo yezwe yini, ukuthi sinomthelela waso oyinhloko noma sivimbela inkolo, nokuthi sibangela uhulumeni oweqisayo ominyaniswa inkolo. Ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu kuhlola kuye kwaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kuyaqhubeka kubangela impikiswano ebalulekile.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

IFree Exenice Claus ivikela amalungelo abantu okubambelela ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo nokuthatha isinyathelo kulezo zinkolelo, nakuba isivikelo sokuziphatha okungokwenkolo singesiphelele. Uhulumeni ungabeka imithetho engathathi hlangothi ebanzi yokungathathi hlangothi okuthi uma kulindelekile umkhuba onzima ongokwenkolo, kodwa imithetho ehlasela ngokuqondile ukuziphatha okungokwenkolo noma engahileli ukungathathi hlangothi futhi ngokuvamile isebenza ngokucubungula ubuso.

Lapho uhulumeni ethwesa kakhulu izinkonzo ezingokwenkolo, kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthwalo ufeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo futhi usebenzisa izindlela ezivimbela kakhulu zokuthuthukisa lesosithakazelo.

Ilungelo Lomhlangano Onokuthula Nesicelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli nje kuphela ukubonakaliswa komuntu ngamunye kodwa futhi sivikela izenzo ezihlangene ngokuhlangana ngokuthula nangokunxusa uhulumeni.

Amalungelo Omhlangano Anokuthula

Nokho, unelungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula futhi ubhikishe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, lelilungelo linemithetho ephathelene nesikhathi, indawo, nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi. Uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele enengqondo lapho, lapho, futhi kanjani imihlangano, kodwa lemingcele kumelwe ingathathi hlangothi futhi ishiye imikhondo evulekile efanelekile yokuxhumana.

Ungabuthana obala ukuze ubonise imibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni uma ukubhikisha kuhlala kunokuthula, ezinye izindawo zidinga imvume yokumelana nokuphepha nokuhleleka okukhulu, futhi ukuvimbela izimoto noma ukubangela ubudlova kungaholela ekuboshweni naphezu kwamalungelo okuvukela.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa

Isicelo sivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi okuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukuqulisana amafomu, nokufuna izinguquko ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Leli lungelo lihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi, kusukela ekubhaleni izincwadi kuya kwabameleli abakhethiwe kuya ekuhleleni izingcingo ezinxuseni nasekuhlanganyeleni ezikhathini zomphakathi ezihlongozwayo ngemithetho.

Lesi sicelo esingokomthetho sisebenza njengenqubo ebalulekile yokulandisa ngentando yeningi, siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingawazwa futhi zifune ukuxazulula izikhalo. Njengamanye amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, imvume ayiphelele, kodwa imingcele kahulumeni yokucela umsebenzi ibhekene nokucubungula okuphawulekayo komthetho - sisekelo.

Zonda Inkulumo Nezenzo Ezicasulayo

Esinye sezici eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala sihilela isivikelo esinikezwa inkulumo ecasulayo, enenzondo, noma ewumthetho - sisekelo waseMelika ohlukile kulendaba uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye eziningi ezibusa ngentando yeningi.

Akukho Mgebengu Oyekwayo Ukuba Nenzondo

Akukho okuhlukile kwento okuthiwa inkulumo yenzondo. Inkulumo yenzondo ayihlukile ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkulumo eveza ubuhlanga, ubulili, noma eminye imibono egcwele ubuzwe ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, ngisho noma inkulumo enjalo icasula kakhulu kubantu abaningi.

Izinsongo zobandlululo azinakuvinjelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kanye nezinye izinsongo, futhi ukukhulumela komuntu siqu ukuchapha kobuhlanga kungase kujeziswe kanye namanye amazwi okulwa, kodwa inkulumo enjalo ingase ingajeziswa ngokukhethekile ngoba iwubandlululo, ithanda ubulili, noma imelene nenkolo ethile. uhulumeni angase ajezise izinsongo noma amazwi okulwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqukethe, kodwa ayinakukhipha izijeziso ezengeziwe ngenxa nje yokuthi inkulumo iveza imibono enenzondo.

Ngisho nokuzijabulisa, inhlamba, "ukuzonda inkulumo" (inkulumo ethandwayo ngezinhlanga ezithile, izinkolo, indlela yobulili, nokunye okunjalo), ukuhlambalaza (imidlalo ecasulayo engokwenkolo yabantu), nemidlalo ye-video enobudlova kuvikelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lesivikelo esikhulu sibonisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni akumelwe asebenze njengomthathi-mgomo wemibono eyamukelekayo nengamukeleki.

Ukukhuluma Ngezinombolo Nokusebenzisa I - Internet

Ukuphakama kwe - Internet nokuxhumana ngemishini kuye kwaletha izinselele ezintsha nemibuzo yomthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zadlulisela izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuyi - Internet lapho zilwisana nezimpikiswano eziyingqayizivele eziphakanyiswa ama - computer.

Izivikelo Zokukhuluma Nge - Internet

Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi i - Internet iwumkhakha obalulekile enkulumweni yeningi nokuthi inkulumo etholakala kuyi - Internet ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esifanayo naleso esishiwo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i - Internet.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakwenqaba ukubeka imingcele ekhethekile enkulumweni ye - Internet esekelwe ezinkingeni zokuvikela noma zokuvimbela izinto eziyingozi.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinsalela Zangasese

I-Facebook kanye neminye imithombo yezokuxhumana ingalawula noma ibeke imingcele yokukhuluma emapulatifomuni ngoba ziyizinhlangano ezizimele. Lesi simiso siye saba baluleke kakhulu njengoba amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana ephenduke izikhungo eziyinhloko zenkulumo yeningi. Nakuba la mapulatifomu enganikeza izinkulumo zawo zenkonzo ngokulinganisela futhi aqikelele ukuba zisetshenziswe, awaboshelwe izintengiselwano zokuqala zeSichibiyelo ngoba azizona izinkampani ezizimele kunokuba abadlali bakahulumeni.

Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi uhulumeni angalawula kanjani ukulinganisela kwemicikilisho yezezokuxhumana ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala somphakathi. Lezi zimpikiswano zihilela imibuzo enzima mayelana nesimo samaplatifomu amanani kanye nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokuvikela inkulumo yomsebenzisi kanye nokuhlonipha ukuhlakanipha komhleli wesiteji.

Ukulinganisela Ukuhlolwa Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izimiso ezihlukahlukene zesayensi ukuze zihlaziye lokho okushiwo yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, izinga lokuhlolisisa lixhomeke ohlotsheni lwenkulumo ehilelekile nasesimweni somthetho kahulumeni.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabeka imithetho ekhuluma ngezisulu esekelwe ekuhloleni kwayo okuqinile kokwahlulela. Ngokuhlolisisa, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi imingcele ifeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo futhi ihloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingabekezeli kangako.

Lendinganiso efuna okukhulu ibonisa umbono wokuthi imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe ayivumelani nemithetho yenkulumo. Uhulumeni awuvamile ukuphumelela ekuhlangabezaneni nalomthwalo, osebenza njengesivikelo esinamandla ekucushweni kokuhlolwa nobandlululo lwemibono.

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi

Imingcele yokuqukethwe okungathathi hlangothi kanye nezigaba ezithile zenkulumo, njengenkulumo yezentengiselwano, zihlolwa kancane. Uma umthetho ulawula inkulumo evikelekile kuphela, inkantolo ingasebenzisa ukuhlola okuphakathi, okungenayo imfuneko ethatha kancane, kodwa ifuna uhulumeni ukubonisa ukuthi umthetho uvumelana nesithakazelo esiqinile sikahulumeni.

Lendinganiso ephakathi yenza uhulumeni abe nekhono lokulawula inkulumo lapho imingcele ingasekelwe esigijimini esidluliselwayo futhi isiza ezithakazelweni ezibalulekile zikahulumeni ezingahlobene nokuvimbela ukukhulumela.

Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal

Uma umthetho ulawula inkulumo engavikelekile kuphela, ungase ungatholi ukucusumbulwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala noma indinganiso yokubukeza okunengqondo. Ngaphansi kokubukeza okunengqondo, uhulumeni udinga kuphela ukubonisa ukuthi imingcele ihlobene ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni, indinganiso okulula ukuyanelisa.

Izinselele ZeSichibiyelo Sokuqala Samanje

Umthetho Wesichibiyelo Sokuqala uyaqhubeka uguquka njengoba izinkantolo zibhekana nobuchwepheshe obusha, inqubo eshintshayo yezenhlalo, nezinsongo ezintsha zokuveza inkululeko.

Ukuvumelana Nenkulumo Engochwepheshe

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zakhuluma ngezinga uhulumeni angalawula ngalo ukukhuluma ngochwepheshe abagunyaziwe. iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States yanquma ukuthi imingcele yokukhuluma ngochwepheshe ingase ibangele ukuhlolisiswa okuqinile kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, futhi ohulumeni babhekene nemingcele eqinile engokomthetho lapho beqondisa lokho ochwepheshe abagunyaziwe abangakusho kumakhasimende, benqaba imizamo yokuphatha leyomingcele njengesimiso sokuziphatha nje.

Inkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi ochwepheshe abagunyaziwe balondoloza izivikelo ezigcwele zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ngisho nalapho besebenza phakathi kwemisebenzi elawulwayo. Lesimiso silinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokulinganisela lokho odokotela, abameli, abelaphi, nabanye ochwepheshe abangakusho kumakhasimende abo, ngisho nalapho uhulumeni ekholelwa ukuthi imingcele enjalo ingasiza empilweni yomphakathi noma ekulondekeni.

Ukuzama Imali Nenkulumo Yezombangazwe

Imithetho yemali kwezombangazwe inikeza izinselele eziqhubekayo zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi izindleko zezombangazwe neminikelo kuhilela inkulumo ngoba kusiza ukukhulumela okungokombangazwe, kodwa ukuphikisana kuyaqhubeka ngesilinganiso esifanele somthetho kahulumeni.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo kwabantu abacebile nezinhlangano kuhlanekezela izinqubo zentando yeningi futhi kuvumela imingcele kahulumeni. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele enjalo ilinganisela inkulumo yezombangazwe ngokungenangqondo nokuthi ikhambi lokukhuluma esingavumelani nayo liwukukhuluma okwengeziwe, aliphoqeleli ukuthulisa. Lezizimpikiswano zibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngobuhlobo phakathi kwamandla ezomnotho, ithonya lezombangazwe, kanye nenkululeko.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga kuyi-inthanethi kuye kwabangela ukuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo sokulwa nokwaziswa okunganembile. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalahla ukukhipha isiGcinisi sokuQonda sokuqala ngezinkulumo ezingamanga. Lokhu kubangela ukungezwani phakathi kwezifiso zokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwamanga alimazayo nemithetho evimbela uhulumeni ukulawula ikhono lokukhuluma lisekelwe eqinisweni noma ekuqambeni kwayo.

Uhulumeni ungasingatha izinkulumo ezingamanga ngokuqondile, njengokukhwabanisa, ukukhangisa okungamanga, nokuhlambalaza, kodwa ngeke ubeke imingcele ebanzi enkulumweni engamanga ngaphandle kokuphazamisa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo nezibonelo zezwe zangempela

Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezingokoqobo kuyasiza ekucaciseni ukulinganisela phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni.

Ukuphikisa Nezivumo Zezombangazwe

Izakhamuzi zivame ukusebenzisa amalungelo azo okuHlaziya ISichibiyelo sokuqala ngokubhikisha kwezombangazwe nangokubhikisha. Ukugxekwa kukahulumeni, ukunganeliseki kwezombangazwe, nokusekela imibono engathandeki abantu abangase bayithole ingathandeki noma ukumelana nesimiso somphakathi, kuvame ukuvikelwa njalo yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Uhulumeni ungase ubeke isikhathi esinengqondo, indawo, nezindlela ezilinganiselwe ekubhikisheni, njengokufuna imvume yokubhikisha okukhulu noma ukunqabela ukuphikisa okuvimbela ukufinyelela kwemoto ephuthumayo. Nokho, lemingcele kumelwe isetshenziswe ngendlela engaphakathi futhi ayinakusetshenziswa ekucindezeleni imibono ethile noma imiyalezo.

Ukubonakaliswa Okungokwenkolo Ezikhathini Zomphakathi

Abantu benkolo namaqembu anelungelo lokuveza izinkolelo zabo ezimisweni zomphakathi nasekuhlanganyeleni emikhubeni yenkolo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni kumelwe agweme izenzo ezisekela inkolo noma ezinikeza inhlonipho engcono kunenkulumo engokwenkolo kunokukhuluma okungokwenkolo.

Ukubonakaliswa Kobuciko Nokukhuluma Ngezinsimbi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela amazwi obuciko nezobuciko, kuhlanganise nezincwadi abanye abazithola zicasula, zingcolile, noma zihlambalaza.

Yizinto ezihlangabezana nencazelo ewubala engokomthetho yechilo elingcolile ezingaphandle kwesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, futhi izinkantolo ziye zakuchaza ngokuncane lokhu okungadingekile ukuze zigweme ukuvimbela imisebenzi ngokubaluleka okungathi sína kobuciko, kwezobuculi, kwezombangazwe, noma kwezesayensi.

Inkulumo Engokomfanekiso

Ukushisa ifulege noma ukugqoka ithuluzi elimnyama lokulungisa isichibiyelo sesiphendulo se-First. Inkulumo − ugesi ohloselwe ukudlulisela umyalezo othile — ukwamukela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo uma injongo yokudlulisela umyalezo ikhona futhi amathuba okuba izilaleli ziqonde umyalezo.

Uhulumeni angase alawule inkulumo engokomfanekiso lapho kunesithakazelo esibalulekile sokuvimbela isigijimi futhi lo mthetho uvimbela ubaluleke kakhulu ukuze uqhube lesosithakazelo.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Inkantolo ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni iSichibiyelo Sokuqala nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uhlonipha imingcele engokomthetho enegunya lakhe lokubeka imingcele.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Nokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Izinkantolo zingaqeda imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ngisho nalapho imingcele enjalo isekelwa abantu noma ifeza imigomo abaningi abayibheka njengebalulekile.

Le nqubo yokulwela ukubusa ibonisa ukuqonda ukuthi kunamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo okuvikela abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane kuhulumeni abaphanjwe, kuhlanganise nokuphamba okusekelwa izici ezinkulu zentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo engathandwa ngokuqondile ngoba inkulumo ethandwayo ayidingi sivikelo.

Izincazelo Ezishintshayo

Kusukela ngawo-1920, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukufunda iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngobubanzi, futhi lomkhuba wanda kakhulu ngawo-1960, futhi namuhla, isivikelo esingokomthetho esinikezwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinamandla kunanini ngaphambili emlandweni wethu. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa ukushintsha ukuqonda indima yenkululeko yokukhuluma emphakathini wentando yeningi nezingozi zokucusumbula kukahulumeni.

Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilungisa imfundiso yesiMithende Sokuqala njengoba zibhekana nobuchwepheshe obusha, izinguquko zezenhlalo, nezinsongo ezintsha zokuveza inkululeko.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Nokulinganiselwa

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma, asiyiqedi yonke imiphumela yenkulumo noma izikhulumi ezikhululekile zomthwalo wemfanelo wamazwi azo.

Imiphumela Yangasese Yokukhuluma

Abaqashi bangadubula izisebenzi ukuze zikhulume okuphula imithetho yenkampani noma kulimaze ibhizinisi, iziteshi zezokuxhumana zingavimbela abasebenzisa imibandela yenkonzo ephula umthetho, futhi abantu ngabanye bangabhekana nokungamukeleki noma ukugxekwa ngenxa yokuveza imibono engathandwa abantu.

Isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sokungahloli sisebenza kuphela emithethweni kahulumeni evimbela inkulumo, hhayi ekuphenduleni komuntu siqu lapho kukhulunywa.

Ukukhuluma Ngokwabantu

Abakhulumeli bangabhekana necala lokuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlaselwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukubangela ngenhloso ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, nezinye iziphazamiso, ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izinkantolo zilinganisela isithakazelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kwezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile, njengokuvikela idumela namathuba okuzifihla, lapho zihlaziya izinkulumo zomphakathi ezisekelwe enkulumweni. Izindinganiso ezithile ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi ungubani futhi ukuthi ungumuntu ongumuntu ongumuntu obala noma umuntu wangasese yini.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Engokomthetho Nengokwenhlalo

Ngaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho, izikhulumi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuveza isimilo nezenhlalo. Iqiniso lokuthi inkulumo ivikelwe ngomthetho-sisekelo alisho ukuthi kuwukuhlakanipha, ukuziphatha, noma inzuzo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi emphakathini wentando yeningi zinemithwalo yemfanelo yokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yokholo oluhle, ukufuna iqiniso, nokucabangela ithonya lamazwi azo kwabanye.

Lemithwalo yemfanelo engokokuziphatha ayinakuphoqelelwa ngokomthetho ngokucusumbulwa kukahulumeni ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa ihlala iwumkhuba obalulekile osiza ekulondolozeni inkulumo yasobala enempilo nesiko lentando yeningi.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Nokuqhathaniswa

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kunikeza umongo womthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala SaseMelika futhi kuqokomisa ukukhetha okuhilelekile ekulinganiseleni ukukhulumela ngokukhululekile kwezinye izindinganiso.

Ukuphindisela Inkulumo Ngenzondo

Amazwe amaningi entando yeningi anqabela inkulumo yenzondo futhi abeka izijeziso zobugebengu ngenxa yokuveza inzondo ngamaqembu avikelwe.

Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika udla ngokulahla imingcele enjalo, uvikela ngisho nenkulumo enenzondo nehlazo ngaphandle kokuba ivele ngaphandle kwezinsongo zeqiniso noma ishukumisele esenzweni sokungabi namthetho esiseduze. Lendlela ibeka izinkulumo ezikhululekile kwezinye izindinganiso futhi iveza ukungaqiniseki ngekhono likahulumeni lokulawula inkulumo esekelwe ekucasuleni kwayo ngaphandle kokuthatha iqhaza ekukhetheni imibono.

Izindinganiso Zokuvukela

Umthetho wokuvukela uhlukahluka kakhulu emazweni, amanye amazwe anikeza isivikelo esikhulu sedumela kunokuba umthetho waseMelika ukuvumela. iUnited States ifuna ukuba izibalo zomphakathi zibonise ububi bangempela ezicabeni zokuhlambalaza, okwenza kube nzima ngezazi zezombangazwe nangababusi ukuba balawule izaba ezidumile.

Lendinganiso efuna okukhulu ibonisa isahlulelo sokuthi impikiswano eqinile ngezibalo zomphakathi ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yentando yeningi futhi ingozi yokuzibeka indiva ngenxa yokuhlanjalazwa idlula ukulimala kwabantu ngabanye. Amanye amazwe ashaya lokhu kulinganisela ngokuhlukile, anikeza isivikelo esikhulu sedumela ngisho nalapho kuhileleke izibalo zomphakathi.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Amalungelo Akho

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amalungelo azo okuQothulela Isinqumo zingathola imithombo eminingi nezinhlangano ezinikezelwe ekuvikeleni ukukhulumela mahhala.

Imithombo Engokomthetho

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i Foundation for Indivial Rights and Expression (FIRE), ne-Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) zinikeza ukwaziswa ngamalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala futhi zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho kubantu amalungelo abo aye ephulwa. Lezinhlangano zihlanganyela ekumiseni nasekuvikeleni izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Imithombo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinto ezivela eHhovisi Lenkantolo yase-U.S. naseMtatsheni Womthetho, inikeza ukwaziswa okufundisayo ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo nangesimiso sokwahlulela.

Amathuba Okufundisa

Le mizamo yemfundo iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyaziqonda izivikelo zazo zomthetho futhi zingawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo azo.

Ukuhlanganyela kule ngcebo nokuhlanganyela ekufundiseni umphakathi kusiza ekulondolozeni isiko lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyaziqonda futhi ziyazazisa izivikelo Zokuqala ZeSichibiyelo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwezinqandelo Zokuqala

ISichibiyelo sokuqala simelela isibopho esiyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni okulinganisela amazwi, iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingakhuluma ngokukhululekile, zisebenzise inkolo yazo ekhethiwe, zihlanganise ngokuthula, futhi zinxuse ushintsho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni.

Ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi kwesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni kudinga ukuqaphela ububanzi besivikelo somthetho - sisekelo kanye nokuhlukana okuncane okuvumela uhulumeni ukuba abeke imingcele ezigabani ezithile zenkulumo elimazayo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi umphakathi ushintsha, umthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala uyaqhubeka ukhula ngencazelo yokwahlulela nenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi. Ukulondoloza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kudinga ukuqapha ngokuphambana nohulumeni, ukuzinikela ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo, nokuqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela inkulumo esiphikisana nayo kubalulekile ekuvikeleni inkulumo esiyazisayo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni neSichibiyelo Sokuqala ekugcineni buveza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nesimo sentando yeningi, indima yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, nemingcele efanele yamandla kahulumeni. Ngokuqonda lezisivikelo nokusebenzisa amalungelo ethu ngendlela efanele, sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuveza inkululeko kuhlala kuyisisekelo semibuso yentando yeningi yaseMelika ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yomphakathi, vakashela i- American Libersion Union , i-United States Courts imithombo yemfundo, i-[FLT] i-Constitution Center [, kanye i-Factory for Ilungelo ne-General Diction . Lezinhlangano zinikeza imithombo ewusizo yokuqonda nokuvikela inkululeko yokuqala emphakathini wamanje.