Igatsha Eliphethe: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokuklanywa Kwezakhiwo

Igatsha Eliphethe, elamiswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., limelela ingalo ephoqelelwayo kahulumeni kahulumeni. Ngokungafani ne-Legislative Branch, edala umthetho, noma i-Reaudicity Brants, eliwuchazayo, iSebe Eliphetheyo libekwa icala lokusebenzisa nokusebenzisa isizwe i’ imithetho. Lomthwalo wemfanelo wesisekelo wenza uMongameli nethuluzi eliphethe ukuba kusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwenqubo. Abahleli be-Constitution basungula ngamabomu isikhulu esiphethe i-̬ umongameli oyedwa kunomphathi wesizwe u-&812; uqinisekisa amandla, ukugcinwa, ukuphatha, nokulandisa.

Umthetho-sisekelo ufaka amandla okubusa kuMongameli, kodwa futhi umisa ithuluzi elikhulu elihlanganisa uMongameli oyisekela, iKhabhinethi, izinhlangano ezizimele, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Zonke lezi zakhi zakha isimiso sokuqondisa esikhulu esithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasekuthuthweni kwezempilo nasekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zalesi simiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela eklanywe ngayo, esetshenziswa futhi ethuthukisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

UMongameli Njengomphathi: Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

UMongameli unesikhundla esikhethekile ekubuseni kwaseMelika, esebenza kanye kanye njengenhloko kahulumeni, inhloko kahulumeni, nomphathi-mphathi. Lenhlanganisela yezindima inikeza uMongameli ithonya elingavamile ekuqondiseni kwesimiso, kodwa futhi iphoqelela imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho ephawulekayo. UMongameli i-̱ amagunya angokomthetho ahlelwa eSiphakami II, kuyilapho amandla ngokwethukela aye asungulwa ngesandulela, izihambeli zezomthetho, kanye nomkhuba wezombangazwe.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Nemithetho Yawo Enzima

UMthetho-sisekelo unika uMongameli amandla amaningana acacile aphumele kuwo wonke amagumbi. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla eveto, anikeza uMongameli indima eqondile enqubweni yomthetho. Ngokwenqaba ukusayina umthetho emthethweni, uMongameli angavimba umthetho ophikisana nezimiso zabo eziphambili. UKhongolo-mthetho ungakhipha i-veto neningi eliyizi-350 kuzo zombili izisekelo, kodwa lo mnyango kunzima ukuwufinyelela, ukwenza icebo elinamandla lokuhlela.

Igunya lokumisa elinye ithuluzi elibucayi. UMongameli u-message u-comperiatate compact, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, nezinkulungwane zezinye izikhulu. Lesimiso sokumisa isimo seminyaka eminingi, ngezinye izikhathi amashumi eminyaka, ngemva kokushiya umongameli. Ukumiswa kokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi, kunemiphumela ehlala njalo ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli bakahulumeni bakhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke. Umongameli oyedwa angabuyisela i-jacardiary kahulumeni ngezindlela ezithonya ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kanye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho yezizukulwane.

Isivumelwano samandla sivumela uMongameli ukuba axoxe ngezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukuhlawuliswa yizigele ezimbili-ntathu. Abameli baye baphendukela kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho, ukuba baqhube isimiso sangaphandle ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Lokhu kushintsha kubonisa ukuqina okukhulayo kobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke nezinselele ezisebenzayo zokuvikela ukusekela iSigele esihlanganisa amazwe.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Iziqondiso eziphethe ziphakathi kwamathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu amandla obupresidente. Leziziqondiso ziphethe ithonya lomthetho ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, nakuba kumelwe zisekelwe egunyeni elikhona noma emandleni omthetho-sisekelo. Abaholi abasukela kuGeorge Washington kuya kulokhu basebenzise iziyalezo zokuqondisa izikhundla ze-operaccounting ukuze balawule izisebenzi zikahulumeni, umsebenzi wenhlangano oqondile, nokumisa izinqumo eziphambili. Iziqondiso zokulawula zingashintshwa ngomongameli abalandelayo, okubenza babe yithuluzi eliqinile kunemithetho kodwa futhi zivumele ushintsho olusheshayo lwesimiso.

Ngaphandle kweziqondiso zezikhulu, abaPhathiswa bakhipha umsebenzi wobumongameli, izimemezelo, neziqondiso zesizwe. Ithuluzi ngalinye lifeza injongo ehlukile. UMongameli i-tranda iyafana neyamagunya aphethe kodwa ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindabeni zokuphatha ezivamile. Izimemezelo ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ngokwesiko kodwa zingathwala isisindo esingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi uma zihlobene nokuhwebelana. Iziqondiso zokhuseleko zibusa imisebenzi ehlelwa ngokwezigaba kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlakanipha, okusebenza kakhulu ngaphandle kombono womphakathi kodwa kunemiphumela emikhulu yenqubo yakwamanye amazwe.

IKhabhinethi Nezinhlangano Zokuhlola: Igatsha Eliphethe Liyasebenza

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango ephethe yeshumi nanhlanu, ngayinye inomthwalo wemfanelo wesimiso esihlukile. Unobhala woMbuso ulawula ubuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe, unobhala wezokuvikela wengamela ibutho lezempi, unobhala wezempilo neMinyango Yobuntu uqondisa izinhlelo zezempilo, njalonjalo. Laba baholi bamiswa uMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe yiSigele, futhi bakhonza kuMongameli i-̱ injabulo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uMongameli angasusa onobhalane be-Compricity nganoma isiphi isikhathi, aqinisekise ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala zikhona.

Indima Yezinhlangano Nezimemezelo Ezizimele

Akuzona zonke izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe izikhulu eziwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngokuqondile komongameli. Izinhlangano ezizimele njenge Federal Reserve, i-Secureties and Exchange Commission, ne-Federal Communications Commission zisebenza ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzibusa ezivela eWhite House. Lezi zinkampani ziqondiswa yizisebenzi ezinamakhomishane amalungu azo asebenzisa izintambo ezimisiwe futhi angasuswa ngenxa yesizathu. Lesakhiwo sivikela imisebenzi ethile encintisweni yezombangazwe, ivumela ukuba ubuchwepheshe nokuqhubekela phambili kwemithetho phakathi kwezindawo.

Ukukhona kwezinhlangano ezizimele kudala i-Apright Court eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kweGaza Eliphetheyo. Abameli bangathonya lezinhlangano ngokuhlela nangokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela, kodwa abakwazi ukulawula ngokuqondile imisebenzi yabo yosuku nosuku. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokulandisa kwezombangazwe nobuchwepheshe kuyisici esichaza umthetho wokuphatha kwaseMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme ilinganisele ngokuphindaphindiwe esigabeni sokususwa kwamandla kamongameli, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezifana [[FLT: 0]] Inkululeko yoMsonkozo we - Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversity Oversity Board noMthetho no-Umthetho. Confecial Protection Proviced Bureagement [[FLT].]

Umholi Wezomthetho Wasekhaya: Isu Lokumisa Nokushaya Indiva

UMongameli ufeza indima eyinhloko ekumiseni uhlelo lwezimiso zasekhaya. Unyaka ngamunye, uMongameli unikeza ikheli le-State of the Union, echaza izinto eziza kuqala nemigomo yezimiso. Ikheli lisebenza kokubili njengemfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo neqophelo lezombangazwe, livumela uMongameli ukuba ahlele izindaba zesizwe futhi asekele umphakathi. UMongameli ufaka isihlongozo sohlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke kuKhomishane, okuthi ekugcineni kulawule amandla esikhwamayo, isiphakamiso semali sihlele izimpikiswano zezwe futhi afake isisekelo se-internation.

Indima Kamongameli Empilweni, Ezemfundo, Nasemikhankasweni Yezomnotho

Kumthetho wezempilo, abaMongameli baye basunduza izinguquko ezinkulu njenge-Affordcable Care Act ngaphansi kukaMongameli Obama, i-Medicare yezokwelapha ezigunyazwa nguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush, kanye nezinyathelo zempilo ezihlukahlukene ze-bipartisan. UMongameli i̱ ikhono lokuthonya isimiso sempilo lidlulela ngalé komthetho ukuze lihlanganise izenzo zokulawula, iziyalezo zezikhulu, nesiqondiso sokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, iziNkampathi zeMedicare neMedicaid Services, inxusa lezenyu eMnyango wezempilo ne-Hulumente, iziqondiso ezilawula indlela izikhungo zezempilo ezilawulwa ngayo, ezithinta ngokuqondile ukufinyelela kwesineke nokufinyelela kwezisebenzi nezokuzisekela ukuziphatha.

Isimiso semfundo ngokufanayo sibonakalisa ukubeka umongameli. Umnyango wemfundo unikeza abafundi umnyango womthetho wokufundisa, uphoqelela imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni, futhi unika izintela ezifundazweni nasezikoleni. Omongameli baye basebenzisa inyathelo lokuqondisa ekulungiseni izikweleti zomfundi, ukushintsha iziqondiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi isikole siphoqelelwe, futhi bakhuthaza izinhlelo ezikhethwayo. Lezizenzo zibonisa indlela iGabhu Eliphetheyo elingahlela ngayo inqubo ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho omusha.

Isimiso sezomnotho mhlawumbe siyindawo ebonakalayo kakhulu yethonya lomongameli. UMongameli usebenza ne-Council of Economic Advisers, uMnyango Wezimali, neHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezezimali ukuze kusungulwe iziphakamiso zezomnotho. UMongameli umisa isihlalo se-Federal Reserve Board, nakuba i-Fed isebenza ngokuzimele ekumiseni isimiso semali. Imithetho yentela, isimiso sezentengiselwano, nezezisekelo zempahla kuchitha konke kungena kuMongameli ̱ imbulunga yethonya, ingaphansi kokuvunyelwa kwe-mension nenhloli yezehlulelo.

I-Piolic yangaphandle nokulondeka kwesizwe: Umongameli njengoMphathi-i-Chief

UMongameli i-̱ imibuso yakwamanye amazwe ibanzi futhi iye yanda ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nomlando waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo ubiza uMongameli ngokuthi uMphathi-iNkulumbuso wamabutho ahlomile, indima ethwala umthwalo omkhulu. Omongameli baye bayala ukungenela kwezempi, amabutho athunyelwe kwelinye izwe, futhi bagunyaza ukuhlasela ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano sombuso. ISigqi seMpi sango- 1973 sazama ukucindezela uMongameli i-̱ ikhono lokubeka amabutho empini, kodwa okusebenza, omongameli baye balondoloza isilinganiso esikhulu ezindabeni zempi.

I - Diplomacy, Izivumelwano Zezizwe Zonke

Imibuso eqinile yenza uMongameli akwazi ukuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano, nokumisa amanxusa. UMongameli unquma ukuthi isiphi isinqumo esiqashelwa ngokomthetho ohulumeni base-United States, isinqumo esinemiphumela emikhulu yezezwe nezombangazwe. Isivumelwano siyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela uMnyango Wezwe, iSishaya-Nsimu seSikhungo seNhlala - okulondeka, futhi ngokuvamile umphakathi wobuhlakani. Uma sekuxoxisana, izivumelwano zidinga ukuqiniswa kwegebeze, kodwa abaMongameli bangangena ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu eziphethe umthetho wezizwe zonke ngaphandle kwemvume yeSishayamthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zezikhulu kuye kwakhula kakhulu, kubonakalisa izidingo ezisebenzayo zezingxoxo zanamuhla.

Imisebenzi Ehlanzekile, I - Treasury Policy, Nezentengiselwano Zezwe

Isijeziso sezomnotho sesiyithuluzi eliyinhloko lenkambiso yangaphandle. UMongameli angabeka izijeziso kohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, izinhlangano, noma abantu ngabanye ngemithetho egunya eligunyazwe yi-International Emergency Economic Powers Act. Ukungagunyazwa kusetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkathazo eziningi, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu, ukwanda kwezikhali zenuzi, ubuphekula, nokuntengantenga. Inkambiso yezohwebo ihlanganisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, njengoba uMongameli kumelwe asebenzise izingcindezelo zezombangazwe zasekhaya, izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke, kanye negunya elinikezwa yi-Congressmestress ngaphansi kwegunya lokukhuthaza ezohwebo.

Ukusebenzisa Isimiso: Ukusuka Emthetho Kuya Ekuziphatheni

Uma nje i-Congress idlulisa umthetho, iSebe eliphetheyo lithatha umsebenzi onzima wokusetshenziswa. Le nqubo ihilela ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokuqondiswa kwemithetho okuqhubekayo. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zinikeza imithetho eguqula ulimi olubanzi lwemithetho lube izimfuneko eziqondile. I-Administrative Proceduct Act ilawula le nqubo, ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zikhiphe imithetho ehlongozwayo, zimukele izinkulumo zasobala, futhi zikhiphe imithetho yokugcina ehambisana nencazelo ecaciswe kahle. Le nqubo yokubusa iyindlela ikhona lapho ikhona, futhi ngokuvamile ibangela impikiswano ebalulekile.

Inqubo Yokuqondisa Nethonya Layo

Imithetho iphethe ithonya eliqondile emabhizinisini, kubantu ngabanye, nakohulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceasha Air Act, igunyaza i-Evironmental Protection Agency ukuba imise izindinganiso zokukhipha igesi ezingcolisileyo. Izindinganiso ezithile ze-EPA zikhetha ukunquma ukuthi imboni okumelwe ifake embonini ekwazini ekulawuleni ukungcola, isivikelo sempilo esinaso amaMelika, nendlela imibuso elawula ngayo izinhlelo zawo zokuthuthukisa izinga lomoya. UMongameli uthonya lenqubo ngokumisa izinhloko zezinhlangano, ukubukezwa kwemithetho ehlongoniswa yi-Hhovisi ye-Diar and Regatation Affairs, kanye negunya lokulawula noma lokuguqula imithetho ekhona.

Isimiso sokuqondisa siye sakhula kakhulu kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule. Imithetho yemithetho yamaFederal manje inezinkulungwane zamakhasi abusa yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni kokudla kuya ezimakethe zezimali. Omongameli babo bobabili baye bazama ukulawula inqubo yokuqondisa. Iziqondiso ezilawulayo ezidinga ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko ezinkulu ziye zabekwa kusukela ekuqondiseni kwemithetho emikhulu, futhi omongameli abalandelayo baye banezela izimfuneko ezengeziwe zokwenaba, ukuthembeka kwezesayensi, nokubambisana.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukulinganisela Amandla Okubusa

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baklama isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekubuseni uhulumeni kahulumeni. Igatsha eliphethe i-Guadeutive libuswa yikho kokubili iSishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo. ISishaya-mthetho silawula uhlelo lwemali, singaphoqelela ubufakazi ngama-poenna, futhi sinamandla okukhipha uMongameli. Izinkantolo zibukeza izenzo eziphethe zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho futhi zingabulala imithetho edlula igunya lomthetho.

Ukuphatha Kwenhlangano Namandla Okuthenga

I-Congregationalional umqondisi oyisici esigxekayo samandla ombuso. AmaKomiti kokubili eNdlu yendlu neSigele aphatha ukuqulwa, amabhukwana okucela, nokuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. I-Hulumeni Government Accompasument Office ihlola futhi iphenye i-Congress ’ isicelo. I-Congregational Ballegial Ballet inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuzimele kukaMongameli i-̱ izihlolo zemali kanye nezindleko zomthetho ohlolwe. Le nkonzo iqinisekisa ukuthi i-Hulumente ihlala inecala kubameleli abameleli abakhethiwe babantu.

Amandla esikhwama semali mhlawumbe yi-Congress ’ ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu. Akukho mali engasetshenziswa kuBeki bezimali ngaphandle kokuhlelwa yi-Congress. Lokhu kunikeza iKhomishane amandla amakhulu phezu kwezindawo eziphambili zamagatsha. Omongameli bangacela imali elungiselelwe izinhlelo ezithile, kodwa ekugcineni amaKhomishane anquma ukuthi imali engakanani yokunikeza nangaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Abagibeli be-Appropria bangavimbela ukuthatha inqubo yesikhulu ezindabeni ezithile, kusukela ekubekeni umthetho wendawo ezungezile kuya kwezempini.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yokuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuqondisa

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele yamandla aphakeme. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa imingcele ebalulekile egunyeni likamongameli emacaleni anjenge intsha ephansi ye-Stown Sheep & Lamp; Tube., eshaya uMongameli Truman #817; ukuhlasela izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea, kanye [[FLTL:2] ne-United States v. Nixon, okwakufuna ukuba uMongameli u-Profesteriaunta Nixon aphendule amakhasethi eWater. Muva nje, iNkakhulu ikhulume ngemibuzo yezomthetho yokuthutha, ukuhleleka kweze, ukulawula i-okhesaldern.

Ukusungulwa Kwamandla Omongameli Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Amandla obumongameli aye akhula kakhulu kusukela ekusungulweni kwenkathi. Ukukhula kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, ukuvela kwe-United States njengombuso omkhulu wembulunga yonke, kanye nokwanda kobunzima bezinselele zasekhaya nezezizwe zonke konke kuye kwanezela kulomkhuba. Umongameli wanamuhla akafananga nesikhundla esiphansi esibonwa abakhiqizi bezakhiwo. Izisebenzi ze House eWhite House ziye zakhula kusukela kumabhalane ambalwa kuya enhlanganweni enkulu enamakhulukhulu abalawuli bezesimiso, ochwepheshe bezimiso kanye nochwepheshe bezokuxhumana.

Ukwanda kwamandla okulawula kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomthetho-sisekelo wokulinganisela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umongameli usenamandla kakhulu, udlula uMkhandlu futhi ugxilisa izikhundla eWhite House. Abalweli baphikisa ngokuthi umqondisi onamandla udingekile ukuze abhekane nezimfuno zokubusa kwanamuhla nokuthi ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela kuyaqhubeka kusebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Lezimpikiswano ziqhubekeka njengoba indawo yezombangazwe iqhubeka ikhona.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobuholi Obuphethe

Indima kaMongameli ne-Hulumeni Ephethe isimiso sokuqondisa ihlala ibalulekile kuhulumeni waseMelika. Ngemibuso engokomthetho, igunya lomthetho-mthetho, nobuholi bezombangazwe, uMongameli uhlela isimiso sasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ngezindlela ezithinta wonke umuntu waseMelika. IBream Ephethe i-̱ ikhono lokumisa imithetho, iziqondiso, nokusabela ezinkingeni liyenza ibe isakhiwo esibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sombuso. Ukuqonda indlela umongameli esebenza ngayo ngaphakathi komthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze kube nesabelo esilwazini sobuzwe nempumelelo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla aphethe ahlala enecala. Umthetho ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali futhi ungalawula, izinkantolo zibukeza izenzo zomthetho, futhi umphakathi ubeka omongameli ukuba balandise ngokhetho. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa phakathi kwegunya nokulandisa komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kuchaza idemokrati. UMongameli neGabhu eliphethe i-Grademic iyaqhubeka ifeza indima ephambili enqubweni yokuqondisa, kodwa bayokwenza kanjalo ngaphakathi kwesimiso esiklanyelwe ukulondoloza inkululeko, ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala, nokugcinwa kokwehlukana kwemibuso eye yasekela iRepublic ekhona amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola incazelo engokomthetho yeNdlu yabamhlophe yeHhovisi Legatsha eliphetheyo, hlaziya umthetho-sisekelo ]; umbhalo weSiphakamiso II eSigodlweni seNational Archives[, bese uhlola iHhovisi le-Arevolution Government Auntacy ’ incazelo yendima yayo yokwengamela [[. Lemithombo inikeza isizinda esinegunya ehlelweni, amandla, nokulinganiselwa kweGabhu eliphethe esimisweni somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-America.