Ukuwohloka Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuthunywa Kwesizwe Okukhulayo

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu akuselona usongo olukude; kulokhu kuyinhlekelele yemvelo eyenzeka kaningi, enzima, futhi engalindelekile. Kusukela ekuvuthukeni okungapheli kweziphepho ezihamba ngaphesheya kolwandle lwe-Atlantic neGulf kuya ezindaweni ezishaqisayo eziqeda amahektare amakhulu eNtshonalanga, i-United States ibhekene nenkathi yezenzakalo zezulu ezihlangene. Kulendawo ebandayo, i-National Guard iye yashintsha isuka emandleni ahlelekile enhlekelele kuya ekusabeleni kwenhlekelele. Isimo sayo somthetho wesisekelo esiyingqayizivele esingaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni lokulawula izifunda zezindawo zezwe negunya lezokuvikela izwe lonke. Ikhono le-gangezokulwa kwesimo sezulu esiphuthumayo, ukuhleleka ngokushesha, futhi kokubili kunezimo ezibandayo zempi.

Izibalo Eziwukungavumelani: Isidingo Esikhulayo Sokuba Yiqaphi

Imininingwane evela ku-National Guard Bureau yembula ukwanda okunzima kokusebenza okuphuthumayo. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, inani lezinsuku abalindi liye lasetshenziswa ekusabeleni kwenhlekelele ekhaya liye landa ngezenzakalo zenhlekelele eziyizigidi eziyinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu%. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-202020 kuphela, amasosha angaphezu kuka-40 000 aye avuselelwa isiphepho kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye futhi asabela ngomlilo okwenza ukwanda kwemithombo yemali. Lokhu kunyaka ka-1980 kuhlangene ngqo nenani elikhuphuka lezinhlekelele zezigidi zezigidi zeplanethi, i-National Oceanic ne-Aspheric Admini Admini Administration (NOA) manje ilandela isilinganiso sama-2 ngonyaka ka-2020, kusukela nje ngonyaka ka-1980. I-National Guards Kumelwe ukuba ihlele izinhlekelele ezihlangene, futhi izikhulu ezifuna ukuhlanganisa inhlekelele eziningi eziseqeqeqe.

Umyalo we-Dual-Status: I-Frameod engokomthetho nesebenzayo

Indima ye-National Guard ayiyona nje indima ehlangene yomthetho-sisekelo; iyinzuzo enzima. Abaphathi bempi bakhonza ababusi besifundazwe besendaweni engu-32, okusho ukuthi basebenza ngaphansi komyalo kahulumeni, bekhokhwa nguhulumeni, belokhu bengaphansi kokulawulwa umbusi. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi womthetho futhi baqondise inhlekelele imisebenzi esebenzayo elwisana nomthetho, futhi abakwazi ukusebenza ngaphansi kwesihloko sezempi esingu-10/8 se-Intelligenced. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuyenza, njengokuthutha noma ukusakaza iminikelo. Uma isilinganiso senhlekelele sidlula amandla ombuso, uMongameli angamisa igadale i-gade ngaphansi kweSihlokwana 10 ngaphansi kokulawula kwe-U. Akukho kulawula kwe-U. Umthetho wasenyakathobandezini (NORCOM). Lolumo oluphakathi lwezi lungenza ukuguqulwa kwezindawo phakathi kwezindawo ezingoko-ohulumeni phakathi kweze-20222, noma u-Greastrine.

Uhulumeni olawulayo: Ukuqondisa Ukusabela Okuyintethe

Ukuvumelana komyalo wama-state amabili kuvumela abalindi ukuba bazivumelanise nezilinganiso zenhlekelele ezihlukene. Ezikhukhuleni ezihlala endaweni noma ezivunguvungwini zasebusika, abagada bangahlala eSihlokeni sama-32, behlangene ngokuqondile nezinhlangano zombuso zendawo ezilawula izimo eziphuthumayo. Izinhlekelele ezidlula imithombo yendawo − njengeSiphepho uKatrina noma 20211 Pacific Northwest ubushushu buqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezifana nezindiza ezinophephela-heliphatpholiter, i-loricters, i-loacesss, nemishini yezokwelapha yokuthutha ingagadla ngaphandle kokulibala kwe-bungamela. Le gunya elinakekelwe liqiniswa ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho njenge-Emetacial Department Active Comment (EMAC), ezivumela ukuba kuboleke izikhulu zomgamgam, futhi i-onqali yesikhashana i-guedeltivess ukuze ithole lenzuzo yeze inzuzo yezezwezwe elingundamu, ngokuvamile ezithatha izinyanga zeze i-ivicine.

Izindawo Ezisebenzayo Ezinhlekeleleni Zesimo Sezulu

Ikhono le-National Guard lokufeza izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yokusabela enhlekeleleni lakhiwe esisekelweni semishini ekhethekile, ukuqeqeshwa okuhamba phambili, nemithetho yokuzilungiselela esheshayo. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sidwebe imithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile, ukuhlola okujulile kwembula ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nezinga lalemisebenzi.

Ukufuna Nokusindisa: Ukusuka Emadolobheni Kuya Ehlane

Kusekhona ukuphenya nokuhlengwa kwezindawo ezikude. Phakathi nezikhukhula eziyinhlekelele ezingu-2023 eVermont, izindiza zomkhosi zathumela izindiza emoyeni ezingaphezu kwekhulu zezakhamuzi ezilahliwe zisuka phezulu nasemazulwini nasezindaweni ezikude. ENtshonalanga, amaqembu okutakula aphezulu asebenzisa izindiza ezinophephela-mnyama ezihlotshisiwe ezimnyama nezinamaChooki ukuze zikhiphe abahambi nezakhamuzi ezisuka ezindaweni ezishisayo. Urban nokukhululwa (UR) kwamaqembu akhuphulwe amasosha aqeqeshiwe ekuwohlolweni kwezakhiwo, ukugeleza nokukhishwa kwezakhiwo, ukukhomba nokukhutshwa kwezakhiwo, nemisebenzi yeK-9 egcwele amandla angokomsebenzi ka-FEM. Imisebenzi yamasosha ezindiza izakhiwo zokuhlola inikeza isimo esiyingqayizivele: ukuhlola nokuhlenga, phakathi namahora ezindaweni ezihlala izinhlangano zezempi ngokuvamile, futhi izikhulu zeze zezengamele izikhulu zeze ngezikhathi eziningi zempi.

Ukusekela Kezokwelapha Nokusabela Kwezempilo Yomphakathi

Ngaphandle kokunakekela okungathi sína, i-Aard ifeza indima eyandayo empilweni yomphakathi phakathi nezinhlekelele zesimo sezulu. Inkathi yeSiphepho ivame ukubangela ukuqubuka kwezifo ezithwalwa amanzi njenge-leptosphosis ne Vibrio volnifitus, i-gademen enqanda i-Chovanys ihamba ngemishini yokuhlanza amanzi nemishini yokuhlanza indle. Izenzakalo zentuthu zentuthu zibangela izingcindezi zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasengozini; amagumbi empilo e-arecry stude asebenza emithola ezokwelapha ahlome i-atry smartry ehlome ehlomele ukwelapha isifuba, i-COPD, kanye nentuthu yentuthu. Phakathi nonyaka ka-202020 yenhlekelele yenhlekelele yezempatho yempi ikhubazeka yezelelwa inzuzo yomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi we-ofulejinga elikhona.

Izindlela Zokubhala Nezokuthuthukisa Imali

Enye yemisebenzi yabalindi engabonakali kahle kodwa ebucayi kakhulu yi-logists. Ngemva kokuba iSiphepho uMaria sesakaze iPuerto Rico ngo-2017, igada lamisa isikhungo sezentengiselwano esasakaza amashumi ezigidi zokudla namalitha amanzi emiphakathini ehlukene. Imishini yokuthutha yamabhakethe (izimoto zamaqhinga, i-atractic, nezindiza ze-atcan .) zihambisa izinto ezidayisa izakhiwo ezindaweni lapho isakhiwo sezentengiselwano sezentengiselwano siceke khona. Ikhono lazo “Izimboni zamuva ze-Mulbactal Mile” lisemgathelela lemisebenzi: Abagadikazi basebenzisa izimoto ezihambayo (njenge-Light Amperply Really Cargo, noma i-LARC) ukuze bathubele izimoto ukuze bathulule izimoto ezitolo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo, futhi basebenzise imishini eziphuthumayo.

Ukulungiswa Kwezakhiwo Nokuzinza Kwendawo Ezungezile

I-Debrip kucacile kumane kuyinyathelo lokuqala. Ingxenye ye-Gaard Corps yendlela yokusabela ephuthumayo yamabhuloho e-Engineers . I-repair ilungisa amabhuloho alimazayo, i-levees, futhi isuse amanzi angenayo. Ngemva kwezikhukhula zaseTennessee ezingu-2021, onjiniyela abasebenzisa imishini emikhulu yomhlaba ejikelezayo ukuze bavuse izakhiwo zasemaphandleni. Ikhono labo lokulungisa amabhuloho angenayo (ukusebenzisa amabhuloho anyuzayo anjengebhalobhuloho laseRibon Briji) lingavula indlela yokulungisa imigwaqo ehamba imvula phakathi kwamahora angu-24. Ezifundeni ezishisayo, amasosha asekela ukucishwa komlilo, asekela ukuvikelwa kwezindawo ezingokomoya ezingokongala, futhi asebenza ngokuvikela kwamanzi njengebhayisekile ebhakeshini eligcwele i-Chnjin. Izindawo eziphambili zokuvikela imikhumbi ezigcwele imvula zigcwele imikhumbi, izingozi ezigcwele njalo, futhi izindiza ezigcwele izindiza ezigcwele kakhulu, izindizayo, i

Ukuqeqeshwa, Ukufunda Nokushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ukuphumelela kwe-gader ekusabeleni enhlekeleleni yesimo sezulu kuxhomeke ekuqeqesheni okuqhubekayo okusekelwe ezibonelweni nasekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo. Lokhu akukona “ukuqeqeshwa kanye, ukusebenzisa unomphela”; kudinga ukushintshwa kwaminyaka yonke ukuze kuboniswe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusongela okusha, nezifundo ezifundwayo.

Ukulingisa Okungokoqobo Nokuvivinya Amalunga

Unyaka uphela, abagada bahlanganyela ekuzilolongeni okunjengo i-Vigilant Guard, uhlelo lwe-FEMA-sponser olulingisa izinhlekelele zenhlekelele. Lokhu kuvivinya manje kuhlanganisa izimo zesimo sezulu eziqondeneyo, njengezikhukhula zeminyaka eyikhulu ezenzeka kanye kanye kanye nesiphepho sonyaka nengozi yezezimboni. Northwester Guardian[[[[FT:3]] Ukuvivinya iZwe eWashington, ngokwesibonelo, ilingisa inqubo yeCascadia Subdia eyenzekayo emhlane elandelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okubanzi kwembulunga kanye ne-tsunamizom elingadinga ukusebenza ngaphandle kwezinsuku. Lokhu kucindezela ukuxhumana, imibiko yezokuxhumana, imibiko yezokuxhumana kanye nokusebenza ngokusebenza kwalezi zindlela zokuzishintshashintsha kwezindawo zezindawo ezisenkathi, njengoba kulandelwa izinqubo zokuqondisa ezingcono kakhulu.

Izimpahla Eziphambili Zokuqonda Nokwenza Isinqumo Esisekelwe Kudayiswa

Ubuchwepheshe bubonisa indlela i-Court elungiselela futhi isabela ngayo ezinhlekeleleni. I-National Guauter Bureau of Guauter ye-National Aucterial Medical (TTAM)] manje ihlanganisa izilinganiso ze-telemedicine eziphathekayo ezivumela amaqembu e-MQuediation ukuba athintane nodokotela abahlinzayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Ama-Drone ahlome ngekhamera eshisayo asetshenziselwa ukuphesha futhi asindise, ukudweba izindawo ezigcwele imigodi, nokucasha amabalaze ezindaweni ezishisayo emililweni. [[FLT:] I-Airfur’s SQQ9 - Prever [FLT] [FG3] i-applet , i-Aultrange org, i-AIffectives, i-modual afuna ukubonelela i-modural, futhi afuna ukuday'iesa, i-'icebo eliqinisekile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-'icebo eli

Amapayipi Okuqeqesha Akhethekile

Ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu zidinga amakhono ahlukene ngemisebenzi yokulwa, iQuert imise izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezinikezelwe. Izikhali zesizwe zoMkhosi woKubulala Imfutho-Civil Service Atting Toms (WMD-CST) manje ziqeqeshela kakhulu izenzakalo zezinto ezibonakalayo eziyingozi ezibangelwa izikhukhula nemililo. [[FLT:] CERFP [2] [CEN, Bhitem, Radiological, Nyuclear, Nyucleaise Revided Revision Force Imbation Irce)[Foctive Irces][Focted: 3] amayunives [FT] ukuhlomba okuhlobana nokusebenza kwe-HZMATS, okusebenza ngokubambisana kwezisebenzi ezinsebe zomlilo. Kusukela ekuthole lomphakathi, kungasiza ukulwa kwezisebenzi ezisethi ezisethi ezisebenzayo ezisekuphekuphekup.

Ukuxubana: Ibutho Eliningi Lamandla

Akukho ndawo eyodwa − ngisho ne-National Guard .Ingaphatha inhlekelele enkulu yesimo sezulu iyodwa. Ukusabela okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ebuhlotsheni obungahleliwe obungaqeda ukungezwani phakathi nesiyaluyalu senhlekeleleni.

I - FEMA Nonogada Besizwe: Isibonelo Sokusabela Okubumbeneyo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-National Guard and FEMA buye bavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuhlulekeni kweSiphepho uKatrina. Namuhla, i-FEMA ngayinye inendawo ye-FEMA ene- i-Defense Coordinitificing Officer [ esebenza njengendawo yokuqala yezicelo zempi. I-DCO isebenza phakathi kwe-FEMA's Field Field Office, iqinisekisa ukuthi izicelo zemithombo yezindawo zikahulumeni (njengemishini ye-onjiniyela esebenzayo noma ithumela) ihlelwe phakathi kwezabelo ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni. [i-Rotalm] isebenza njengezicelo ze-DORBM's Center yemisebenzi ye-Det Cooclective Office) elungiselelwe i-'injini ka-octive (injini ye-OPMA), izinhlangano ze-Areatmose, i-Aultmentssss idinga i-octived orgault, i-octived ye

Ukulawulwa KukaHulumeni Okuphuthumayo Nokubuswa Kwendawo

Ngezansi kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni, i-Couard isebenza ngesandla esiphakamile nezinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zikahulumeni (umz. CaloEs eCalifornia, Texas Division of Emergency Management) ukuze ihlele imisebenzi yayo ngezinto eziza kuqala zendawo. Amamenenja esifundazwe anikeza iQanda ngemibiko yesikhathi sangempela, ahlukanisa izindawo lapho ukungena emgwaqweni kulahlekile noma abantu abahlala khona kuqedwe khona. Ngokubuya, i-gade i-gade izikhulu zezokuxhumana nezikhulu eziphethe eziseqenjini eziseqenjini eziphuthumayo, eziqinisekisa imfuno yezempi ithunyelwa ezindaweni lapho izakhamuzi zingafinyelwe khona, kunokuba zichithe izimemezelo ezifihlwe yizi. Lokhu “impethu-pull” kunikeza ohulumeni bendawo ethile yokucela amasosha (isibonelo, amaqoqo ayisithupha, amagumbi amanzi, amapulaniyuzi, ama-platon amabili amabili anele anele anele anele anele kunokuba athole nje ukusekela inzuzo ezindawo ezivamile.

Izinhlangano Zokuzithandela Nokuphikisana Kwamahlelo Okungabodwa

Ukuthambekela okukhulayo kuwukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano zokuzithandela njenge- Team Rubicon kanye I-Cajun Navy [, izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingekho emthethweni ezinolwazi olukhethekile lwendawo. Abagadayo bavame ukuhambisa lamaqembu ezindawo zenhlekelele ukuze banikeze ukulondeka, ukukhushulelwa kwezokwelapha, nokukhushulwa okukhulu. Ngokungafani, izikhulu zezikhulu ze-logorics ezihlangene nezinhlangano ezizimele njenge-Walmart, Amazon, ne-Fex ekunikezeni izimpahla ezindlini ezihlala kugawulwa, ukwenza utheko lwezimo ezingokondla izinhlangano zezezezezezezezezezezezezezempi. [FLT:FFoctives, FFFFF] ngokushekela kwemisebe lwezempi oluphambili, izinhlelo eziphambili zempi ezingcono kakhulu. [injini zokusebenza eziphambili]

Izindleko Zomuntu: Impilo Yengqondo Nokuhlala Kwezisebenzi Eziqaphile

Izinkulungwane zabalindi abasebenzayo zibhekene nezindawo eziphindwayo ezicindezelayo ezisezindaweni zenhlekelele. Ukunqwabelana kwempilo yengqondo kula masosha ezakhamuzi, okumelwe alinganisele imisebenzi yempi nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni nemikhaya, kuyinkathazo eyandayo edinga ukunakekelwa kwezimiso zemvelo.

Ukukhathala Nosizi

Abaqaphi bavame ukubona imiphumela ebhubhisa kakhulu yabantu yezinhlekelele zesimo sezulu: izidumbu zezisulu zezulu, ukuphelelwa yithemba kwemikhaya eyalahlekelwa yikho konke emlilweni, ukucindezeleka kwabantwana abahlukaniswe nabazali phakathi nokuthutha. Ukukhathala okubangelwa ukukhathala [[ nokucindezeleka kwesikhathi esidlule kuqashelwa njengokuyingozi. Ukuhlola okungu 2022 okukhishwa [ku-[FLT:]] [izikhulu zempi zempi zezempi zempilo [[[[FLT]]] izikhulu zempi ezisabelayo, zathola ukuthi abagadiwe amaza ngenxa yemiphumela yenhlekelele bafaka umbiko wenhlekelele ezimpawu ezilingana nezindawo zokulwa. [FLT] Izenterightod proviencess provicessssss provicer [Flations] ngokushesha.[Flactives][Foult]

Ukubuyela Endleleni Ngenjongo: Imiphumela Emihle Yenkonzo

Naphezu kwezingozi, abagada abaningi bathola injongo ejulile emisebenzini yabo yokusabela ngenhlekelele. Ikhono lokusindisa ukuphila, ukwakha kabusha imiphakathi, nokuvikela omakhelwane babo ngokuvamile linciphisa ukucindezeleka komsebenzi. Ukuqeqesha uResilience (okusekelwe ezimisweni ezisekelwe ekulweni nokucabanga okuhle), okusekelwe ekuphenduleni izenzakalo zenhlekelele, ukufundisa ngezimiso ezithinta imizwelo, ukuqondisa kwezemizwelo, ukuhlanganisa kwe-athomo. i-Mastersiliener (MTRT) uhlelo, ekuqaleni olwasungulwa ukulwa kwempi yamasosha, luye lwavunyenyiselwa ekuphenduleni ngengozi, ukufundisa ngezindlela zokulawula imizwelo, ukudambisa imizwelo, nokuhlobana komphakathi. Amaqoqo alondoloza amandla aqinile kanye nomqondo okwazi ukuveza ukuncitshiswa kwesimilo, ukuhoza kwezimo zempilo ezinziwa kakhulu.

Ikusasa Lenhlekelele Yesimo Sezulu Liyaphumelela: Ukushintsha Nokulungiselela

Njengoba izazi zesimo sezulu zibikezela ukuthi ukufudumala okuqhubekayo nezingozi eziyingozi ezibhebhethekisayo phakathi kuka - 2050 nangaphezulu, i - National Guard kumelwe iguqule amakhono ayo, ubuhlobo, nemfundiso ukuze ihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezikhulayo.

Imishini ehlelwe kusengaphambili Namaqembu Asabela Ngokushesha

I-Guard isuka ku- “esenzeka futhi iphendulela” ekubekeni isakhiwo esifana no-Gulf Coast. ] inqwaba yezinqolobane eziphuthumayo [1] kuhlanganise nezimiso zamanzi zokuhlambulula, amagesi, kanye nezindawo zezokwelapha (izindawo zokulungisa isimo sezulu esibanzi) ezifana ne-Joulbe, i-Pacific Southeast, ne-Southeast. Lezi zimbobo zigcinwa ngamaqoqo anikezelwe futhi zingathunyelwa ngamahora ambalwa esixwayiso senhlekelele. Ngokufanayo, [FLD]][FLT] [FLT] [3] [RT] [RT] [osesss]) (onke) onjini bezokwelapha, nabezokuxhumana, futhi ziminyene, zime ezindaweni ezihleliwe ngezindawo eziphambili zezindiza ezilungele ukuthatha isivinini ukuze zikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo sokusebenza kwezezezezezezezezezezezezeze zempi yamasosha.""'iright propt.", "ipt]

Iziyalezo Ezishintsha Isimo Sezulu Ezidinga Amasosha

Iqaphela ukuthi izindawo zokuvikela izikhali ze-gada nezokusekela izindiza zivame ukuba ezindaweni zenhlekelele, ibutho lezempi lifaka imali enzisa lezi zindawo. Imisebenzi yokwakha entsha ihlanganisa izakhiwo eziphakeme ezisendaweni ezinezikhukhula, uphahla oluqiniswe ngenxa yokumelana neziphepho, kanye namandla elanga okuvikela ukuhluleka kwe-odrock. Ukufakwa kweMisesho yeMwezi ne-Water Sustatingment Program iqinisekisa ukuthi izisekelo zogada zingasebenza “njengeziqhingi ezingalawulekiyo” phakathi kwamandla aweziphethubeleli awe, inikeza indawo yokusabela kokuqala nesikhungo sokusabela. Lemikhanka yemisebenzi.

Igunya Elikhulisiwe Nokubambisana

Imizamo yokuqinisa impoqo impoqo yokunika i-gader amandla esimo sezulu. Amabhukwana anjenge-National Guide Stainship Progation Act ahlose ukwandisa ikhono logada lokusebenza nabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe ekuhlanganyeleni imisebenzi engcono kakhulu ekuqondiseni inhlekelele (umz., ukufunda ku-Japane Self-Demense Forcencess ye-tsunamis noma umqondisi we-Danish Home Guard’s production Act izingxoxo zasekhaya ziyaqhubeka ziveza [[FLT]] Fivits Corress Correstion Corress ngaphakathi kwabagatelm abaGagence abathum abathulile abathunyiweyo abathule besimo sezulu esiphelele, kodwa banciphene impone. Le ngxenye ye-gadiumber i-gent inganciphisa umthwalo se-kadensitimetimetimetive.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ekhulu Leminyaka Esimo Sezulu

Indima ye-National Guard ekushintsheni isimo sezulu sokulawula inhlekelele ayisona isabelo sesikhashana; umsebenzi owengeziwe ochaza ukusebenza kwenhlangano ekhulwini lama-21. Njengoba izwe libhekana neqiniso leplanethi efudumeleyo, eguquguqukayo, igada liyindawo ekwaziyo, egxilile, futhi esheshayo ukuvumelana. Abagcini bezwe lihlanganisa isimiso sokuzimela komphakathi, hhayi nje ukusabela ezidingweni kodwa ezidingweni zomakhelwane babo nezindawo zokuhlala. Imali eyenziwa namuhla ekuqeqesheni, empilweni, empilweni kwengqondo, nasekuhleleni okusheshayo izokuhlola ukuthi isimo sezulu siyoba kanjani ngaphambili. [F1] [F1] [F1] [FFod] [F]: [F1]