Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni wase-United States yinjini eguqula izinhloso zomthetho zibe isenzo esibonakalayo. Nakuba izimpikiswano ze-Congress futhi zidlulisa izikweleti, futhi ikomiti ephethe ichaza umthetho, igatsha eliphethe liqinisekisa ukusebenza komthetho ngosuku nosuku. Leli thuluzi elikhulu, elihlanganisa izigidi zezisebenzi ezingohulumeni, izisebenzi zempi, nenhlangano ebanzi yezinhlangano, libekwa umthetho wemithetho esemthethweni, umsebenzi omkhulu: ukuthatha iziqondiso ezivamile zomthetho nokuziguqula zibe imithetho eqondile, izinkonzo, izinkonzo, nemiphumele. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ocace kakhulu ngezimiso, imidlalo, abadlali, izimiso zezezomthetho, nezimiso eziqondisa igatsha eliphethe umthetho, ukusuka emsebenzini womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wombuso owenziwa ngokusemthethweni.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Anegunya

Ipulani yegatsha eliphethe itholakala eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ngokungafani nemibuso eqondile, ebaliwe yeSiphakamiso I, iSiphakamiso II sifushane futhi sibuye sibekwe obala. Isigaba ISibeka amandla okuphatha kuMongameli oyedwa, umklamo owenziwa yi-Framers ukuqinisekisa amandla, ukulandisa, nokunquma kuhulumeni. Lokhu kubekwa kwegunya kwakuyimpendulo eqondile ebuthakani bezihloko ze-Confederation, eyayingenaso isikhulu esiqinile sokuqinisekisa imithetho yesizwe.

Ingxenye III yeSiphakamiso II inesiqondiso esibaluleke kakhulu sokumiswa komthetho: uMongameli "uzokuqaphela ukuba uMthetho ufezwe ngokwethembeka." Lokhu kuCanir Care Claus kuyisisekelo somthetho-mgaqo-siseko wazo zonke izenzo zomphathi. Kuphoqelela ukuba uMongameli anikeze amandla angenakugwenywa kuMongameli ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo idluliswa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ibekwe ngokholo oluhle. Lamazwi abonakala elula achazwa izazi nezinkantolo ukunika uMongameli igunya elibalulekile phezu kwayo yonke i-patrolitimen. Kusho amandla okuqondisa abangaphansi, ukuchaza imithetho emiswayo ngokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo kwesimiso sikahulumeni esizweni sonke.

UMthetho-sisekelo futhi unika uMongameli amandla okumisa izikhulu eziyinhloko ze-United States, njengonobhala bamaKhabhinethi namajaji kahulumeni, nakuba lo mbuso ungaphansi "komsizi nemvume" yeSigele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angase afune umbono, ngokubhala, wesikhulu esiphethe noma isiphi isici esihlobene nemisebenzi yabo. Lelilungiselelo elilula laqala ukufakwa esimisweni sanamuhla seKhabhinethi, lapho uMongameli emisa khona izinhloko zeminyango yesikhulu yeseluleko nezimiso. Ihhovisi likaMongameli lingasenelisa amandla eVescaele, enika uMongameli "inkulu" amandla omphathi wesikhundla", amazwi aqondwayo ukuhlanganisa wonke amandla ombuso ombuso, isihloko sesikhundla esisemkhampathini.

Ukuze kuqondwe ngokujule kakhulu umbhalo wokuqala kanye nencazelo yawo, Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbhalo ogcwele weSiphakamiso II.

UMongameli Njengomphathi Oyinhloko

Omongameli banamuhla banendima eqhubekayo futhi evame ukuba namandla enqubweni yomthetho, bebanikeza isiqu se-"Chief Legislator" leli thonya lisebenza kokubili ngaphambi nangemva kokuba i-Congress idlulise umthetho, ubumba okuqukethwe, ubukhulu, futhi ekugcineni ukwenziwa komthetho kahulumeni.

Ukumiswa Kwe - Agenda NoMbuso We - Union

Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ngokuvamile iqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti sisayinwe. UMongameli uhlela uhlelo lwemithetho ngekheli laminyaka yonke le-Union of the Union, isihlongozo sokuhlela imali esibekwe kuKhongolo-mthetho, kanye nezihlongozo zomthetho ezithile ezibekwe yiWhite House. Le zincwadi zibonisa izinto eziza kuqala zezokuphatha futhi zinikeze ipulani yenkulumo-mpikiswano yesizwe, ukuchaza indawo yonke yezinketho zezimiso ezisebenzayo. Uhlelo, ikakhulukazi, luyithuluzi elinamandla, njengoba lisikisela ukuthi ukuxhasa wonke amazinga ezinhlelo zikahulumeni, kumisa imithombo ekhona ngokuphumelelayo yohlelo lwemithetho ekhona ngonyaka ozayo.

Amandla E - Veto Nendlela Yawo Efanele

Uma nje isivumelwano sidlulisa umthetho, uMongameli usebenzisa umbuso we-veto, ukuhlola okukhulu egatsheni lemithetho. UMongameli angasayina incwadi esemthethweni, ewukhipha, noma ayivumele ukuba ibe yisigqebhezana ngaphandle kwethuluzi elibi; i-veto iwumthetho owenzelwe ukukhokhela i-Congress, engawukhipha nge-quarter, engawulawula kuphela nge-35 minute ephezulu emagumbini omahhalali. Lomgoqoko wesimende uwenza ungabi yithuluzi elibi kakhulu. I-veto ayisona nje isigqeqeqephu esinelisayo; i-rock. Usongo nje lweveto ingaphoqelela ukuba iqhube umthetho ukuba ihlangane nomthetho womphathi ukuze ifike edesikisweni. Uhlobo oluthile, uhlobo lwemali olukhethekile lwe-dvetoto, uma ithatha i-paldensitime ngenkathi ye-dengu ye-10 futhi ibulala, ingaba imvume engcono kakhulu, ingaba i---enziswe.

Ukusayina Izinkulumo Nencazelo Ephethe

Ithuluzi eliphikisana kakhulu nobumongameli banamuhla yisimemezelo sokusayina. Lapho kusayina umthetho umthetho, uMongameli anganikeza incwadi echaza indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho, ngokuvamile ebonisa indlela igatsha eliphetheyo elihlose ngayo ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo akhethekile. Amanye amaphuzu asayinayo aphakamisa ukuphikisa komthetho-sisekelo, aqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe ukuba zingasebenzisi amalungiselelo abheka ukugqekezelwa kwegunya lobuphathi. Nakuba lamazwi engabopheki ezinkantolo, asebenza njengesiqondiso esiqondile se-computer commental comment. Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi akha umgqa wangaphakathi we-itemon, bewushaya indiva umthetho njengobhaliwe. Abameleli bawabheka njengokusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kokuchaza umthetho-Cestical nokwenza "ukunakekela" ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngendlela yomthetho womthetho womthetho.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi eliqondile kakhulu lokulungisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yiziqondiso eziphethe. Iziqondiso zezikhulu ezikhishwa nguMongameli kuhulumeni onethonya lomthetho. Kumelwe zibekwe egunyeni elikhona noma eMthethweni ngokwawo. Iziqondiso eziqondisayo zisetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, ukucacisa izimiso, nokuqondisa izinto eziza kuqala. Izibonelo ezifana no-Umthetho olawulayo 9981, okuthiwa kwawephula amabutho ahlomile, kanye noMthetho-Edetiption 9066, owagunyaza i-Japane America i-internactalmentmentment nemiphumela yaleli thuluzi. Umongameli we-crigistratial projectda ne-odio zifeza imisebenzi efanayo, ukuqondisa isenzo senhlangano ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwezimiso ezisemthethweni.

Imishini Kahulumeni: IKhabhinethi Nezinhlangano Zokuhlola

UMongameli angase abe umholi wegatsha eliphethe, kodwa umsebenzi wangempela wokusebenzisa umthetho wenziwa ngeqoqo elikhulu leminyango, izinhlangano, imishini, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lesi sifunda sokuphatha siyimishini kahulumeni ehlala njalo, enomthwalo wokwephula umthetho ngosuku ngalunye. Ukuqonda isimo sale mishini kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi nqubo yenziwa kanjani into engokoqobo.

Izinhlangano Eziqondisayo

Kukhona iminyango engu-15 ephethe, ngayinye iholwa unobhala (ngaphandle koMnyango Wobulungisa, oholwa yi-Attorney General) oyilungu leKhabinethi kaMongameli. Leminyango mikhulu, iqondiswa imisebenzi enemithwalo yemfanelo ebanzi yomphakathi waseMelika. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Isethulo sokhuselo: ihlela imithetho ehlobene nokulondeka kwesizwe nemisebenzi yezempi.
  • ISikhumulo Sezempilo Nezenkonzo Zobuntu (HHS): Abafundisi iMedicare, iMedicaid, i-Affordicure Care Act, ne-Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  • Izindawo ze Homeland Security (DHS): imithetho ye-Erticess yokufuduka, ilawula ukulondeka komngcele, futhi ihlanganisa ukusabela ngenhlekelele nge-FEMA.
  • [[INDAWO:0] ISivumelwano se-Ethermeter: iqoqa izintela nge-IRS, iphatha izimali zikahulumeni, futhi isebenzise izijeziso zezomnotho.

Umnyango ngamunye uyinhlangano ephethe enezikhundla eziphambili zezombangazwe futhi izisebenzi ezisebenzayo zomphakathi zifeza imisebenzi eyinhloko yalenhlangano.

Izinkonzo Nezimemezelo Ezizimele

Ngalé kweminyango engu-15 ephethe, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele zifeza indima enkulu ekufezeni i-Ecology Protection Agency. Imisebenzi enjenge-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), i-Federal Reserve, ne-Central Intelligency Agency (C) ngokuvamile ihlala ngaphakathi egatsheni kodwa isebenza ngesilinganiso esikhulu sokuzimela ekulawuleni komongameli ngokuqondile. Ama-amalungu ayo aqondiswa ibhodi noma i-aseaccompation futhi angasuswa kuphela nguMongameli ngenxa yezizathu (ezinje ziphumelela noma ezimele). Lesi sakhiwo siklanywe ukuba sibavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, sibavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekulawuleni kobuchwepheshe nomthetho wezobuchwepheshe kanye ne-onqandawo.

Izinhlangano Zikahulumeni

Eminye imisebenzi kahulumeni yenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, njenge-Postal Service, i-Amtrak, ne-Tennessee Valley Authority (TENCE (VA). Lezinhlangano zisebenza njengamabhizinisi azimele kodwa zilawulwa uhulumeni. Zinezinga eliphakeme lokuzilawula futhi zikhokhelwa ngezimali ezikhokhelwayo zezisebenzi kunokuba zikhokhelwe unyaka ngamunye, zivunyelwe ukuba zinikeze izinkonzo zebhizinisi elifana kakhulu nalapho zisakhonza umsebenzi wasobala.

Inkonzo Yasembusweni Nesimiso Semali

Umgogodla wokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi umnyango kahulumeni. I-Pendleton Act ka-1883 yamisa isimiso esisekelwe ekuqasheni nasekukhushuleni, esikhundleni se "isigebengu" lapho imisebenzi kahulumeni yanikezwa khona njengesekela lezombangazwe. Namuhla, iHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezisebenzi (OPM) lengamele ukuqashwa nohlelo lwezigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezenza umsebenzi wansuku zonke kahulumeni. Lo chwepheshe, ongelona ilungu lezisebenzi uhloselwe ukulondoloza ukuqhubekeka nobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezindawo zezezombangazwe, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquki nangokufaneleyo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izikhundla ze-White House.

Umshini Wokwenza Umshini: Indlela Izinhlangano Ezikhangisayo Eziwuvumela Ngayo Umthetho Ophoqelelwe

Kuningi kakhulu kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokusebenzisa umthetho omkhulu ukusungulwa kwezimiso ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukwenza umthetho. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, uvame ukumisa imigomo nezimiso kodwa ushiyela imininingwane eqondile ekhonweni. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ka- 1946 imisa uhlelo lwalenqubo, inikeza inqubo ye-quassi-lectivesration yezinhlangano ukuze zakhe imithetho enamandla agcwele nomphumela womthetho.

Le nqubo iqala ngezigaba eziningana eziyinhloko:

  1. [[NTL:0] Igunya lomfundisi:[ UKhongolo-mfuno ludlulisa umthetho, njengo-Ceaty Air Act, utshela i-EPA ukuba isungule i-National Ambient Sea Sety Serity Sce (NAAQS) ukuze ivikele impilo yomphakathi.
  2. Umthetho ocacisweyo: Inhlangano ihlola umagazini futhi ihlele umthetho ohlongozwayo. Ikhipha leli saziso sokwenza umthetho osukiwe (NPRM) ku Féderal Register[. Lesaziso kumelwe sihlanganise igunya lenhlangano lomthetho, umbhalo womthetho ohlongoziwe, nencazelo eningiliziwe yenjongo yayo kanye nencazelo yayo.
  3. Phendula iPublic Comment I-APA igunyaza inkathi "yophawulo nenkulumo", evame ukuthatha izinsuku ezingu - 30 kuya ku-90. Noma yiliphi ilungu lomphakathi, kuhlanganise nabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, ama-asethi ezohwebo, namaqembu ezithakazelo zomphakathi, lingathumela izitatimende ezibhaliwe. Inhlangano idingeka ngokomthetho ukuba ifunde, ucabangele, futhi iphendule emazwini abalulekile.
  4. Umthetho oPhakathi: Ngemva kokubukeza ukukhulumela komphakathi, inhlangano yenza ukubukeza futhi ikhiphe umthetho wokugcina . U Faceral Register[ nomthetho [[FLT]] [FLT] [Izishayamthetho zeFederal Repagement [CFR] . Umthetho wokugcina uhlanganisa isiqalo esichaza ukuphendula kwenhlangano nesisekelo esingokomthetho somphumela wokugcina. Uma usukhishicilelwe, umthetho unamandla omthetho. Ukwehluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nezinhlebo noma ezinye izijezo.

Isinyathelo esibucayi kule nqubo ukubukezwa kweHhovisi Lemininingwane ne-Reguara (OIRA). Libekwe ngaphakathi kwe-White House Office of Management and Balation, i-OIRA ihlola iziqondiso ezibalulekile nezingokokugcina ezivela kwizinhlangano eziphethe. I-OIRA iqinisekisa umthetho uvumelana nezinto eziza kuqala zikaMongameli futhi ifuna izindleko eziqinile zokuhlaziya, ihlola ukuthi izinzuzo zomthetho zithethelela izindleko zayo. [[FLT: 0]] Iwebhusayithi ye-OIRA ehlolwayor elungiselelweni lenqubo yokubukeza. Lokhu kuhlola okuphakathi kokuhlola kungoko kungokonganisa kungokongamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu umongameli asebenzela ukuqondisa isifunda.

Ukuphoqelelwa, Ukuhlakanipha, Nokulahlwa Kwesimiso

Ukumisa imithetho kuyingxenye yomsebenzi. Ukusebenzisa imithetho kudinga nokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho futhi ezimweni eziningi, isimiso sangaphakathi sobulungisa.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuhambisana Nokumangalelwa

Amanxusa azimele angakwazi ukuphenya noma ukuphoqelela wonke ukwephulwa komthetho. Kumelwe ahlele izinto eziza kuqala. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokwahlulela komshushisi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezobulungisa (DOJ) unganquma ukugxila ebugebengwini bobudlova belanga obumhlophe ngonyaka onikeziwe, noma i-SEC ingabeka phambili emacaleni angaphambili angenwayo ngenxa yokukhohlakala okuncane. Lokhu kungumsebenzi odingekile wegatsha eliphethe elimele elimelwe linike imithombo elinganiselwe, kodwa lingase futhi libe umthombo wempikiswano yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi lapho uMongameli eqondisa ukunqabela ukugcinwa kwezinye izindawo.

Ukunqatshelwa Kwesimiso Sokuphatha

Izinhlangano eziningi zinezimiso zazo zangaphakathi zenkantolo zokumisa izimpikiswano eziqubuka ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo. I-Social Security Administration (SA) inesimiso esikhulu saBahluleli boMthetho (ALJ) abazwa izikhalo ezivela kubantu benqatshelwa izinzuzo. IHhovisi Lezokuqondisa lamanxusa e-Immigation Review (EIR) yezokwengamela izinkantolo zokufuduka lapho abahluleli benquma ukuthi abangebona abamele bangayidingiswa yini. I-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) icela ukubekela izivumelwano zezebhizinisi ezingekho ngokomthetho. Le komiti inikeza i-ofisi ekhethekile nencazelo (incazelo) yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokushesha kunezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni. Inqubo iqondiswa yizinhlelo ze-APAUdiodiactive, isiqinisekiso sokulalela, ukuzwa kwendaba, nesinqumo esisekelwe erekhodini.

Indima Yezinhloli Ezizinhloli

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isibopho sokulandisa phakathi kwegatsha elikhulu ngokwalo, inkampani ngayinye enkulu ineHhovisi le-Inspector General (OIG). Lezi zinja ezizimele zihlola izinsolo zokukhwabanisa, udoti, ukuxhaphaza, nokuphatha kabi phakathi kwenhlangano yazo. Zikhipha imibiko yomphakathi futhi zingakhomba amacala obugebengu kuMnyango woMahluleli. Umsebenzi wazo unikeza ukuqondisa okusuka ngaphakathi, uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayisebenzi nje kuphela kodwa ukuthi uhulumeni ngokwawo usebenza ngokwethembeka nangempumelelo.

Ama - check, Ukulinganisela, Nokulandisa

Amandla amakhulu egatsha eliphethe okumisa umthetho alawulwa isimiso esiqinile sokwengamela kwamanye amagatsha amabili kahulumeni nayizimiso ezingokomthetho ezithuthukisa ukuba sobala.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

ISishaya-mthetho asisona isibukeli esingenzi lutho ngemva kokudlulisa umthetho.

  • [ Izindlebe nama-Subpoena: amakomiti oMkhandlu athatha ukuqulwa ukuze abuze izikhulu eziphethe ngezenzo zawo. Bangaphonsa amapeya ukuze baphoqelele ubufakazi nokukhiqizwa kwamaphepha.
  • Amandla entengo: ulawula ukuxhasa imali yenhlangano yegatsha ngalinye eliphethe igatsha. Ingasebenzisa izindleko zokukhipha isigwebo ukuze ikhokhe, ijezise, noma ivimbele isenzo senhlangano. Ingavala iziqondiso ezithile ngokubopha umgibeli we-approprias.
  • Ihhovisi likahulumeni lokulandisa (GAO): i-GAO iyinhlangano ezimele, engenayo ingxenye esebenzela i-Congress. Ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi ikhipha imibono engokomthetho mayelana nezenzo zegatsha eliphethe. Imibiko yayo inethonya elikhulu futhi yakha isisekelo sezehlulelo eziningi.
  • I-Congregational Baccol Baccol Bacculture Office (CBO): ihlaziya ithonya lokuhlelwa kwemithetho nezimiso ezihlongozwayo, inikeza iSishaya-mthetho ukuhlaziya okuzimele izindleko nezinzuzo zesenzo sokuphatha.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ijaji likahulumeni lisebenza njengendlela yokuvimbela egxekayo, liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zegatsha eliphethe azilidluli igunya lomthetho-mthetho noma lomthetho. Abantu ngabanye, izinkampani, nezindawo zingamangalela inxusa ukuba libeke inselele yenqubo ethile noma yokuphoqelela. Izinkantolo zihlola izenzo zezinhlangano ngaphansi kwe-APA, ezizivumela ukuba zibeke eceleni izenzo ezithi "izezezeze futhi zixazulule" noma "ezeqinisweni elingekho emthethweni osemthethweni owengeziwe" noma "ezeqiniswe kakhulu"

Iminyaka eminingi, izinkantolo zasebenzisa imfundiso [[[FLT:] ICHEVron, eyafuna ukuba abahluleli balandele incazelo enengqondo ye-aunt yomthetho owawudidane. Nokho, ngo-2024, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasula [ ICHEVron [ezecala] [[FLT]]] [[FLT:]] esenzeka ngokomthetho [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Bright Enterpects v. Raimdo [. Lokhu kuguqula okukhulu ukubeka umthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho ngokucace ngendawo, kunokuba izinhlangano. Lokhu kulindeleke ukuba kube lula ukubekela izinhlelo izinhlelo zeze enkantolo, ukunciphisa amandla okuphatha iziphathi eziphathisweni ze-buthensigroultrynstives.[5] [ieting:[F]

Izisekelo Zokuvula Izithombe Ze - “readatement ”

Imithetho eminingana ifuna ukuba igatsha eliphethe lisebenze obala, elinikeza ukuphathwa umphakathi:

  • Inkululeko yomthetho wolwazi (FOIA): Ivumela noma ubani ukuba acele amarekhodi avela kwizinhlangano zikahulumeni, iphoqelela ukuba sobala ekwenzeni isinqumo sikahulumeni.
  • Umthetho we-Federal Advisory Committee Office (FACA): udinga ukuba amakomiti omphakathi namalungu angaphandle kukahulumeni alinganiswe futhi abe nemihlangano evuliwe.
  • Uhulumeni e-Act yeSunshine: udinga ukuba imihlangano yezinhlangano ezinamalungu amaningi (njenge-SEC noma FTC) ivulekelwe umphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ukumiswa kwemithetho kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, eshukumisayo, nelandela kakhulu ebanzi edlulela ngalé komkhosi wokusayinwa eWhite House. Kuhilela umdanso obucayi phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, umlamuleli ngenkonzo yobuphekula futhi elawulwa ukwakheka okuqinile kwemithetho, iziqondiso, nezimiso. Igatsha eliphethe aliyona impoqo yokuphoqelela ukumiswa kwesivumelwano; lingumchazi okhuthele, umqondisi, umlaleli, umsunguli wemithetho, nomenzi wezimiso. Ukuqonda lenqubo kudingekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela engokoqobo e-United States. Isimiso sixhomeke ekulinganisweni kokuthobela, ukulandisa, ukulandisa nokuhlanganyela komphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iziqondiso zemithetho zihunyushelwe phambili, ziphumelela, zisebenza kahle, futhi zifeza umsebenzi womthetho womthetho.