Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso samagunya ahlukene, esabela igunya emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Loluhlelo, olufakwe eMthethweni, luklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lithole amandla anganqandwa, ukuqinisekisa idemokrati elinganiselwe nesebenzayo. Igatsha ngalinye lifeza indima ekhethekile nebalulekile ekusebenziseni imithetho eqinile, kusukela ekudalweni kwalo ukuze liqashelwe futhi lichazwe. Ukuqonda lezi zindima kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela ukubusa e-U.S. nendlela amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezivikelwa ngayo ngesimiso sokulawula nokulinganisela.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Lokwenza Umthetho

Igatsha lemithetho, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Congress, linomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokwenza imithetho. Liyindikimba ye-baobal eyakhiwa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli, ngalinye elinemisebenzi ehlukile namandla alinganisela izithakazelo zezwe nenani labantu. IziKhomishane azigcini nje ngokuhlela futhi zidlulisa umthetho kodwa futhi zengamela igatsha eliphethe, zilawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, futhi zimele izwi labantu.

Izakhiwo Namandla Omkhandlu

ISigele sinezikhombi eziyikhulu, ezimbili ezivela esifundazweni ngasinye, zisebenzisa amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha. Lokhu kumelelwa okulinganayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anezwi elilinganayo ekubekeni umthetho kahulumeni. Amandla esiGqeqekezi ahlanganisa ukuvuma noma ukwenqaba izivumelwano (ngevoti eyisithathu esibili), ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli njengamalungu eKhabhithi namajaji angokomthetho, futhi esebenza njengejaji ekuquleni okuqulwa. UMongameli weSigeqeqe uphula amavoti eSihlalo.

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-45], akhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili esekelwe kumphakathi wombuso. Leligumbi liseduze kakhulu nokhetho, namalungu amelela izifunda ezithile. Indlu inamandla akhethekile okusungula izikweleti zemali (intela nokusebenzisa) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. Indlu futhi ikhetha uMongameli uma i-Electoral College ihluleka ukuveza iningi.

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kumelwe udlule kuzo zombili izintambo ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuxoxisana, ukuvumelana, futhi ngokuvamile ukuvumelana okuningi. Lenqubo iwukwenza ngamabomu ukuqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa nokuvumelana okukhulu.

Inqubo Yokwenza Umthetho Ngokuningiliziwe

Uhambo lwemali ebhaliswe ngemithetho luyinkimbinkimbi, luhilela izigaba eziningi ezivivinya ukufaneleka nokusekelwa kwayo:

  • Imposiso neSingeniso: Yiliphi ilungu loMkhandlu lingabhala isikweleti, ngokuvamile ngomfakela ovela emaqenjini enzalo, ochwepheshe, noma oqoqayo. Lomthetho wengathwa noma ngayiphi indawo (ngaphandle kwemali yemali ekhokhelwayo, eqala eMzini).
  • [[NTL:0] Isenzo: Icala libhekiswa ekomitini ekhethekile − njengekomiti ye-Jidiary noma iKomiti yokuhlolwa (elapho izwa khona, i-countant, nevoti. Amakomiti angabulala isikweleti ngokungenzi (i-pigonho) noma ngokusiqhubekisa ngokubukeza. I-Substees ihlola izimo ze-projects futhi iqoqe ubufakazi.
  • Impikiswano neSichibiyelo: Uma ikomiti ivuma, imvume ihamba ihambe ihambe egumbini eligcwele lengxoxo. Imithetho eMzini neSigeqe iyahluka; indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yesikhathi (iKomiti yemithetho), kuyilapho iSigeqe sivumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo, engaholela ekubeni i-Denbuster. Iziphathi zingasebenzisa ama-banster ukuze zinqikaze ukuvota, zifuna ukuba ivoti yejamu (60 bashator) ukuze ziqede impikiswano.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Iningi elivamile egumbini ngalinye (218 eMzini, 51 eSigeqeni, kodwa 60 uma i-finbuster idlala) idlulisa isiphakamiso. Uma izinguqulo zehluka, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu kuzo zombili izindlu ivumelanisa umehluko. Umbiko wokugcina wengqungquthela kumelwe uvunyelwe yiwo womabili amagumbi.
  • I-Presidential Action: Isivumelwano sithunyelwa kuMongameli, onezinsuku eziyishumi (wandisa amaSonto) ukusayina umthetho, noma ukuwenza ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa. Iveto ingavinjelwa ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili kuzo zombili izindlu, yenze umthetho wemithetho naphezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli.

Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayidluliswanga ngokuxhamazela futhi ibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zemibono. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho, vakashela .Gov, inzuzo engokomthetho yokwaziswa kwe-guvertive.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lisebenzisa UMthetho

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States, lisebenza ngokuqapha nokunikeza imithetho kahulumeni. Leligatsha lihlanganisa uMongameli ophethe, iKhabhinethi, neminyango eminingi yezikhulu esebenzisa izimiso kanye nokuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni yansuku zonke. Indima kaMongameli idlulela ngalé kokugcinwa kokungagunyazi ukuhlanganisa ukuqondisa imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, ukuyala kwezempi, nokukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu.

UMongameli Nekhathene

UMongameli usebenza njengomphathi omkhulu, nomsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo wokunakekela ukuba "imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka." uMongameli umisa izinhloko zeminyango yezikhulu (umz., uHulumeni, uDefense, Treasure), owakha iKhabhinethi, indikimba yabaqondisi abasiza ukuma kwesimiso nokwenza. UMongameli usekela uMongameli futhi wangamele iSigele, kodwa ngokuvamile unendima ekwabelaneni kwemithetho kanye nasezabelweni ezikhethekile.

Iziqondiso eziphethe iziqondiso ezivela kuMongameli olawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Zinethonya lomthetho kodwa kumelwe zibekwe ezimisweni ezikhona noma kuMthetho-sisekelo. Iziqondiso zesikhulu zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo noma zibekwe umthetho nge-congress. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa i-Edroder 9066 ku-Japane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, isinyathelo kamuva esigxekwa futhi esibhekiswa ngokwengxenye ngokubukezwa kwemithetho.

Imishini Ephuthumayo Nesetshenziswa Kakhulu

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuncike eqoqweni elikhulu lezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngalinye elinezikhundla ezithile ezizimele.

  • ISikhumulo sobulungisa (DOJ): Iholwa uJenene we-Attorney, iDOJ imangalela uhulumeni, imelela ubugebengu be-U.S. ezindabeni ezingokomthetho, futhi yengamela i-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). I-DOJ iphoqelela imithetho yamalungelo abantu, iziqondiso ezilwa nokungagunyazwa kwe-ocester, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile.
  • Indawe yokhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS): Ihlolwe ngemva kuka-9/11, i-DHS iphatha ukuvikelwa komngcele, ukugcinwa kwezindawo, ukuthunyelwa kwenhlekelele (FEMA), nokusabela kwenhlekelele (CISA). Isecurity (CISA) umnyango wesithathu weKhabhinethi enkulu.
  • I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Inhlangano yokuqala ephenyayo, i-FBI ihlasela ubuphekula, ubugebengu obuyi-inthane, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, namacala amhlophe elanga. Isebenza ngaphansi kwe-DOJ kodwa ilondoloza inkululeko ethile.

Eminye iminyango, njenge-EPA Protection Agency (EPA) ne-Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC), ikhipha imithetho ephethe umthetho. Lamandla okuqondisa anikezwa yiKhomishane, ivumela izinhlangano ukuba zigcwalise imininingwane yemithetho ebanzi. Ukuze ubheke isakhiwo segatsha eliphethe, bheka iNdlu Yendawo Emhlophe.gov[.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki nangomthetho-mthetho. Iqanjwe yisimiso senkantolo yezikhulu zezikhulu, neNkantolo Ephakeme ephethe, leligatsha lixazulula izimpikiswano, limisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, futhi livikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kuhulumeni ophambani. Izinkantolo aziwenzi imithetho kodwa izincazelo zazo zingayihlela kakhulu indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo.

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal

Ijaji likahulumeni lihlanganisa amazinga amathathu ayinhloko:

  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda:[ izinkantolo eziqulwayo ezizwa amacala kahulumeni kuqala, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, umphakathi, nokuwiswa kwemali. Abahluleli bengamele ukuqulwa kwecala, izigila-jaji, nezenzo.
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa izikhalo:[ 13 izinkantolo ezibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesigodi. Isinqumo sazo sibopha phakathi kwendawo yazo kodwa singadluliswa eNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, enamajaji ayisishiyagalolunye amiselwe ukuphila. Izwa ingxenye encane yezicelo (izicelo ezicishe zibe yikhulu kwezingu 7 000 ngonyaka) futhi ngokuyinhloko igxila emacaleni ahilela imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zimane zilalele amacala ahilela uMthetho - sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, noma izingxabano phakathi kwemibuso noma izakhamuzi zemibuso ehlukene.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Namacala Ayizimpawu

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola ukuthi imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ziphula umthetho. Leligunya lamiswa icala eliphawulayo (1803 Marbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall agomela khona ukuthi "kuyisifundazwe somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Lesi simiso sivumela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ilahle izenzo zomthetho noma zobucukubhe eziphikisana noMthetho-mthetho, iwenze ube yi-cheme eqinile kwamanye amagatsha.

Amacala alandela acwengisisiwe ukubukezwa kokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, ukugumbuqela imithetho yombuso. Roe v. [[FLT][FLT]] [19773]] yamisa umthetho welungelo lokukhipha isisu, kamuva yagumbulwa Dobths v. Jackson's Health Organization [[FLT:]] [522] [20], ibonisa indlela izincazelo zokwahlulela eziveza ngayo. Ngezehholo leNkakhulu leNkantolo, ukuvakashela [FLT] [FT]

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Kubangela Ukulandisa

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siklanyelwe ukuba igatsha ngalinye linciphise amandla amanye, livimbele noma yiliphi ukuba lingabi namandla. Lokhu kudlala kunamandla futhi ngokuvamile kuyaphikisana, kodwa kulondoloza ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • I-Legislative Anchers kuBuphathi: ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali futhi unganqaba ukuvumela ukumiswa komongameli. Ingadlula umongameli we-veto ngevoti yama-3 amabili kuzo zombili izindlu. ISigele sigunyaza izivumelwano (ngangezi-3) ezimbili) nendlu ingasusa umongameli, umongameli, umongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zeze-“icebo, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nabasebenzi abadukisi.”
  • Inquzulwano eMthethweni: UMongameli angakhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa yi-Congress (nakuba kungenzeka). UMongameli futhi unamandla okubiza uMkhandlu ukuba ube seqenjini elikhethekile futhi uthonye umthetho ngokunxusa kanye nekheli le-Hulumeni le-Union.
  • Amasheke e-judicial Kuyo Yomibili: Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingekho ngokomthetho. Abahluleli bombuso omkhulu bakhonza ukuphila konke, bayivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, nakuba imiswe umongameli futhi iqinisekiswe iSigele.
  • Imidlalo e-International Inflications: Umphathi angamisa amajaji, kodwa iSigele siyawaqinisekisa, kodwa lokhu kwakha isheke ejajini. UKhongolo lungaveza futhi izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ezithathelwe indawo izahlulelo zeNkanto ePhakeme, futhi iNdlu ingaba abahluleli abahluleli abahlukene. UMongameli angathethelela uhulumeni, kulinganiswe ukufinyelela kwejaji lejaji.

Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elisebenza ngokuzihlukanisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhiphe umthetho ongekho emthethweni, uMkhandlu ungaphinde ubhale umthetho ukuze ukhulume ngezinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo, noma uMongameli anganikeza umyalo ophethe wokuphoqelela ukuchazwa kweNkantolo. Lokhu kuxoxisana okuqhubekayo kukhuthaza ukusabela nokulandisa.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Izimo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela lezi zimo ezisebenza ngayo. Ngo-2017, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhipha i-Odry Ephethe 13769 (“ukuvinjelwa kwezwe), eyavimbela ukufuduka emazweni amaningana amaSulumane. Izinkantolo zamaFreclarel zakhipha imiyalo evimbela lomyalo, icaphuna ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho kwe-Clausce nenqubo efanele. INkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela uhlelo olubukeziwe lohlelo ngo-2018, ikhombisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela njenge-cheke egunyani lesikhulu.

Esinye isibonelo ukujezisa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton ngo-1998. Indlu yavotela ukumjezisa ngenxa yokuqapha nokuphazamisa ubulungisa, kodwa iSigele samkhulula. Le nqubo yabonisa isheke legatsha lezenyusela-mthetho kumphathi, nakuba imfuneko yababetha-ntathu abasesigebengwini ibeka ibhande eliphezulu.

Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuba kuthathwe indawo ye Homeland Security v. Regents yaseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia ukuthi umzamo webaphathi wokuqeda iNdlela yokuthatha isinyathelo sokufinyela ubuntwana (DACA) wawuwubufuna ngokusemthethweni futhi uthatheka, ufune umphathi alandele izinqubo ezifanele zokuphatha. Lendaba iqokomisa indlela izinkantolo ezingaphoqelela ngayo umthetho ngokumelene nempathi yempathi yempathi yemithetho uma ihlonipha amalungelo esimiso.

Isizathu Sokuba Lesi Simiso Sibaluleke

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela kusekelwe ekubusweni kwe-U.S. bavimbela ubushiqela ngokusebenzisa igunya, bakhuthaza ukuqashelwa ngokufuna abadlali abaningi ukuba bavumelane, futhi bavikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zingenele ezicutshini eziningi. Izakhamuzi zizuza esimisweni lapho imithetho yenziwe khona ngabameleli abakhethiwe, iphoqelelwa umphathi ophethe, futhi ichazwe abahluleli abazibusayo (zonke) ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuqonda lezi zindima akuyona nje imfundo. Kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela nohulumeni, azenze izikhulu zibone icala futhi zihlanganyele enqubweni yentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwazi ukuthi izindleko zemali kumelwe zivele eMzini kukhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zithintane nabameleli bazo ngenqubo yentela. Ukwazisa ngokumiswa kokwahlulela kuqokomisa izikhawu ezinde zokhetho ngalunye.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe emagatsheni amathathu nasemisebenzini yawo, iUSA.gov inikeza i-guide emagatsheni kahulumeni.

Ngamafuphi, igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho ngamabomu ngenqubo ehilela kokubili izindlu zoMkhandlu noMongameli. Igatsha eliphethe limisa lemithetho ngethuluzi elikhulu lokuphatha eliholwa nguMongameli. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi libukeze ukusebenza kwalo komthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlola nokulinganisela, bakha isimiso esiqinile sokulinganisela amandla, bavikele inkululeko, futhi bavumelane nokushintsha izikhathi lapho behlonipha umthetho.