Isikhungo Sikamongameli: Isivumelwano Sikahulumeni

Iminyaka emine (noma eminye ekwizimo ezingavamile), i-United States ibona isiko elihloniphekile futhi elishesha kakhulu: ukuphatha isifungo somongameli. Lomkhosi omfushane kodwa ojulile awuwona umthetho. Umthetho ongokomthetho nongokomfanekiso owembula ukuthi kungani ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwamandla kuyinto engokomthetho. Isifungo, esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezwe sinjani, ukuhola kwesizwe kuhlala kuboshwe ngokomthetho futhi imishini kahulumeni iyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Ukuqonda ukujula kwalesisifungo kwembula ukuthi kungani lesifungo singesona nje isifungo esiwumthetho kodwa siyisivikelo esibalulekile sokuzinziswa kwentando yentando yeningi.

UMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza amazwi aqondile esifungo esiPhakathi II, isiqephu 1: "Ngiyafunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States." Lesi sigwebo esisodwa simisa umsebenzi oyinhloko kamongameli, hhayi eqenjini, noma ngisho nakumvoti kuphela, kodwa eMthethweni-sisekelo ngokwawo. Yilesi sithembiso esiyisisekelo esivumela uhulumeni ukuba usebenze ngokusemthethweni kusukela kanye esikhathini sokuqala sokuphatha okusha.

I - oya Njengeankile Engokomthetho Neyomthetho - sisekelo

Isisitho esingokomthetho sesifungo sobumongameli asinakuchazwa ngokudlulele. Ngokuthatha isifungo, umongameli ohlela ngokusemthethweni uthatha amagunya nemithwalo yemfanelo yehhovisi. Ngaphandle kwawo, akukho muntu ongasebenzisa igunya lobumongameli. UMthetho-sisekelo wenza lokhu kucace: "Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphathweni kwehhovisi lakhe, uzakuthatha lokhu okulandelayo i-Oath noma ukuqinisa." Lokhu kuveza umugqa ocacile ngokomthetho osuka esakhameleni kuya kumphathi omkhulu. Ngumyalo womthetho ovimbela noma igebe eliphethe, ngisho nakwesomzuzwana.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nabasunguli Bayo

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babezazi kahle izingozi zokushintsha umbuso ngokuphazima kweso noma ngokuphikisana nokushintsha kombuso. Babebone ukuwohloka kohulumeni emlandweni wonke, lapho ukufa kwenkosi noma ukudilizwa kombuso kungafaka khona isiphithiphithi esizweni. Ngokufaka isifungo encwadini yokusungula, bakha isimiso esaphoqelela wonke umongameli wesikhathi esizayo ukuba aqinisekise obala ukuzithoba kwabo emthethweni. Lokhu kwenza ukuba uGeorge Washington amise isibopho sokuqala ngo-1789. Ukuma edwaleni lweHholo laseFederal eNew York City, wanezela amazwi athi "So ngisize uNkulunkulu" ngemva kwesifungo, inqubo eye yaqhubeka ngenxa yabaholi abaningi abaholi abalandelayo, nakuba ingafuneki kumthetho womthetho. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kube nesibopho esibonakalayo, kokubili isizwe esibonakalayo, futhi kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi imibuso nezimiso ezisezweni ezintsha.

Isifungo sisebenza futhi njengesheke kubaphathi abaphathwe kabi. Ngokufuna ukuba umongameli afunge ukuthi "ukulondoloza, uvikele futhi uvikele" uMthetho-sisekelo, abasunguli basungula indinganiso engokomthetho okungahlulelwa kuyo izenzo zomongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphendulwa kwezenzo zobumongameli ngokuvamile kubhekisela esifungo njengobufakazi bokuthi umongameli uwephule umsebenzi wakhe oyisisekelo. Lokhu kulandisa kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuqiniseka komphakathi namanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Isifungo Nokudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla kungokunye kokufezwa okuvelele kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Isifungo siyinhloko yaleyo nqubo. Emini enkulu ngoJanuary 20 (njengoba yamiswa yiSichibiyelo sama-20), igama lomongameli ophumayo liphela futhi kuqale inkathi entsha. Isifungo sinikezwa ngokushesha ngaphambi noma ngalesosikhathi esiqondile, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ndawo engenamongameli. Lokhu kuguqukela okungenamongameli kuveze isisekelo okungathembekile emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ngisho nangezikhathi zezempi enkulu yezombangazwe, nenhlekelele yezomnotho. Isifungo sibonisa obala ukuthi ukuphatha okudala kulahle igunya nesinye esisha siye sakuthatha ngokomthetho. Lokhu kusobala, okugunya eligunyazwelwe umthetho omthetho kuvimbela ukuphikisana nokuzinzisa amandla okusekela wonke uhulumeni.

Ukudluliswa akuthathi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa isifungo siqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka okungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhetho olunengxabano lwango-1800 phakathi kukaJohn Adams noThomas Jefferson lwaxazulula ngokuthula ngoba zombili izinhlangothi zaziqonda ukuthi umkhosi wesifungo ekugcineni wawuzoxazulula indaba. Ngokufanayo, ngemva kokhetho oluphikiswayo luka-1876, uRutherford B. Hayes wafunga emkhosini wangasese ngosuku olungaphambi kokunikezelwa komphakathi ukuze aqinisekise ukuba uqhubeke.

Ukubhekana Nokusondela Phakathi Nezikhathi Zokuguquka Okungalindelekile

Isifungo sikamongameli siba nencazelo enkulu kakhulu phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe noma ezingalindelekile. Abasunguli babelindele ukuthi umongameli angase ahlukaniswe ngokuzumayo [1] Ngokufa, ukuyeka umsebenzi, noma ukuthatha isikhundla. ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, uClause 6 ekuqaleni yanikeza isikhulu soMkhandlu ukuba sithathe isikhundla njengomongameli ezimweni ezinjalo, futhi iSichibiyelo sama-25 kamuva sayilungisa lenqubo. Kodwa esimweni ngasinye, umlandeli kumelwe athathe isifungo ngaphambi kokuba asebenzise amandla kamongameli.

Isihlwathi Ngemva Kokubulawa Noma Kokumiswa

Lapho uMongameli uWilliam Henry Harrison efa ngo-1841 ngemva kwenyanga eyodwa nje esehhovisi, kwakunempikiswano engokomthetho ngokuthi uMongameli uJohn Tyler waba umongameli noma umongameli ophethe. uTyler wathatha isifungo sokuthatha isikhundla ngokushesha, kanjalo wamisa isibonelo sokuthi isekela likamongameli Spiro Agre, hhayi nje inqaba. Lesi sibonelo siye salandelwa kusukela ngo-1965. Lapho uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln ebulawa ngo-1865, uAndrew Johnson wathatha isifungo phakathi namahora ambalwa, eqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wesikhathi sempi impela ungaqhubeka nemisebenzi yawo. Ngokufanayo, ukulahla kukaMongameli umongameli weSigembuliswa uSpilo u-Agro ngokusha ngo-19791, futhi uMongameli uRichard Nixon ngo-1971, wasungula inqubo yokulandelana, futhi wathatha isifungo njengomongameli wokuqala, futhi umongameli wesizwe.

Inkathi yanamuhla iye yavivinywa futhi amalungiselelo eSichibiyelo sama-25. Lapho uMongameli uRonald Reagan edutshulwa ngo-1981, uMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush akacelanga ukubuyiselwa ukuze athathe amagunya okwesikhashana, kodwa iWhite House ikulungele ukwenza kanjalo. Ukuba khona kwemfuneko yesifungo kuqinisekise ukuthi noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphiwo, ngisho nesesikhashana, sizobekwa ngokomthetho. Ngonyaka ka-200a no-200. Umongameli uGeorge W. Bush wadlulisela amandla kuMongameli uDick Cheney ngokwenqubo yenqubo yezokwelapha, kanti uChey wathatha isifungo njengomongameli wezomthetho. Lezi zenzakalo ezifaka ubufakazi zibonisa indlela isifungo esibonisa ngayo ukuthi isihluthulelo sikhona.

Isichibiyelo Se - 25 Nendima Ye - Oath

ISichibiyelo se-25 sabekwa phambili ngo-1967, sacacisa inqubo yokulandelana komongameli nokukhubazeka. Ingxenye 1 iqinisekisa ukuthi isekela likamongameli liba umongameli lapho umongameli esuswa, ebulawa, noma eshiywa. Ingxenye 2 inikeza ukugcwalisa ikheli elingumongameli. Izigaba 3 no-4 zekheli lesikhashana. Kuzo zonke izimo, umlandeli kumelwe enze isifungo somongameli ngaphambi kokuba asebenzise noma iziphi imibuso. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho umongameli engakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi ethile, umongameli osebenza uboshelwa ngokwemithetho yesikhashana yizibopho ezifanayo. Isifungo sisebenza njengesehlolo sesikhashana kunoma iziphi izibopho ezisebenzayo, sibakhumbuza ukuthi igunya labo kumelwe lithathwe futhi lilinganiselwe nguMthetho - sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo se-25 sasetshenziswa okokuqala ngo- 1985 lapho uMongameli Reagan ehlinzwa, futhi uMongameli Bush ongumsizi wasebenza njengomongameli cishe amahora ayisishiyagalombili. UBush wafunga emcimbini omfushane eWhite House. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuthi ukulungisa kusebenza ngendlela ehlongozwayo nokuthi isifungo siyinqubo egunyaza ngisho nokudluliswa kwesikhashana. Ukucaca okunikezwa isifungo kuvimbela noma yimuphi umgomo onegunya kunoma imuphi umzuzu − ukucatshangelwa okunenselele kokulondeka kwesizwe kanye nokuhlangana kwezizwe zonke.

Imvunulo Nemifanekiso

Ngalé kwenkonzo yalo engokomthetho, isifungo sobumongameli siwumkhuba onamandla wasobala. Umkhosi wokumisa, kuhlanganise nesifungo, uthathwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane eSizwe futhi ubukwa izigidi emhlabeni wonke. Ukuphindwa kwasobala kwesifungo kuhlanganisa umongameli hhayi nje kuphela noMthetho-sisekelo kodwa futhi nabantu baseMelika. Umzuzwana wobunye obuhlanganyelwe, nakuba umholi omusha ethembisa ukukhonza isizwe sonke.

Indawo Nesiko

Omongameli abaningi bafunga isifungo e-Capitol, eWest Front yase-U.S., ebhekene ne-National Mall. Le ndawo ifanekisela ukuthulula uhulumeni kubantu. UMahluleli omkhulu wase-United States uvame ukunikeza isifungo, uqinisa ukuzimela kwejaji. IBhayibheli ngokuvamile elisetshenziselwa lomkhosi linencazelo engokomlando; ngokwesibonelo, uAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elivela eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi uBarack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibheli likaLincoln. Lezi zinqumo zihlolela umongameli omusha ukuba asekele umlando wesizwe nemihlatshelo yabaholi besikhathi esidlule. Ngisho isikhathi esivamile esikaJanuwari 20 .

Ukulandisa Komphakathi Nezimpawu Zembulunga Yonke

Lomkhosi wezifungo uqinisekisa izakhamuzi ukuthi uhulumeni wazo uhlala uqinile. Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, njengangemva komzamo wokubulala noma ukukhetha okuphikisanayo, umphakathi ubona ushintsho olucacile, olunokuthula. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa kwamehlo kusiza izimakethe ezizolile, kugcine ukuhleleka, futhi kubonise izitha zangaphandle ukuthi i-United States ngeke yehle iphazamiseke. Isifungo futhi sibonisa izisebenzi zezempi nowesizwe ukuthi iqoqo lomyalo lingokomthetho futhi kumelwe balalele umphathi omusha ophethe inhloko. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi nokushiyana ngokushesha, njengokushiya umongameli uNixon, lapho ukufusha kwen yenhlamba kaMongameli we-Mongameli u-Freddiercer Reverd Remored ukuthemba komphakathi.

I - oath in phractice: Izicelo Zanamuhla

Kulelikhulu lama-21, isifungo somongameli siseyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka, njengoba izinselele zisuka. Ukusongela kwe-cybersecurity, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, izinhlekelele zemvelo, nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe konke kuvivinya ukuqina kukahulumeni. Isifungo sinikeza iphuzu elihlala likhona: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zinjani, umongameli uboshelwa ngamazwi afanayo ashiwo iWashington. Lokhu kuqhubeka kokuzinikela kusiza igatsha eliphethe ukuba lisebenzise izinselele ezintsha phakathi komthetho.

Ukuhlela Ukulinganisela Nokuphumelela

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unezinhloso zokuqhubekela phambili kwe-Profession (COG) ekhetha abameleli bakamongameli nomongameli, kanye namalungu ekhabethe nezinye izikhulu eziyinhloko. Umthetho we-Presidential Frandsion ka 1947 umisa uhlu lokulandelana ngemva komongameli: uMsunguli weNdlu, uMphathi weSishayamthetho weSishayamthetho, futhi umqondisi wekhathemende ohlela ukudalwa. Umlandeli ngamunye kumelwe afaneleke ukuba abe umongameli (isakhamuzi esingokwemvelo, okungenani iminyaka engu-35 ubudala, futhi abe isakhamuzi iminyaka engu-14 ubudala) futhi athathe isifungo sesikhundla ngaphambi kokuba athathe amagunya e-presi. La masuzuma aqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nesenzakalo esiyinhlekelele sokuthi abaholi abaningi abaholi abaphethe umthetho ongokomthetho.

Isifungo sifeza indima futhi ekufushanisweni kwenhlalayenza yesizwe futhi sisingatha ukwaziswa okungahlelwanga. Umongameli uphathiswe izimfihlo ezijulile zesizwe kusukela ngesikhathi kuthathwa isifungo. Umphakathi wezobuhlakani, wezempi, nowemibutho yezinhlangano zonke zincike eqinisweni lokuthi umongameli ufungile ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, okuhlanganisa umsebenzi wokuvikela izwe. Lokhu kuphathiswa kuvuselelwa ngegunya ngalinye ngesithembiso.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nezici Eziyingqayizivele

Nakuba amazwe amaningi enezifungo zomthetho-mthetho ngabaholi bawo, inguqulo yase-U.S. ihlukile ekugxileni kwawo eMthethweni ngokwawo kunabantu noma enkosini. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi omkhulu waseCanada ufunga ukwethembeka kumbusi, kuyilapho uMongameli waseFrance efunga ukuthi "yawuhlonipha futhi aqinisekise inhlonipho ngoMthetho-sisekelo."U.S. ifuna ukuba umongameli afune "ukulondoloza, uvikele futhi avikele" uMthetho-sisekelo, ugcizelela umsebenzi osebenzayo. Lo mbhalo unikeza isifungo esiqinile somthetho: umongameli odelela ngamabomu uMthetho-sisekelo angashiwo ukuthi uyephula isifungo sawo, anikeze izizathu zokungagunyazi nokususa. Lenqubo yokulandisa ibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni umthetho.

Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa nesimiso sentando yeningi esisha sase - United States. imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi ihlanganisa isifungo esifanayo somthetho - sisekelo ezincwadini zawo zokusungula, eqaphela indima yaso ekushintsheni imingcele.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, isifungo somongameli asigonyiwe ekuxabaniseni. Imibuzo iye yaphakama ngokuthi umongameli angasuswa yini ngenxa yokwephula isifungo, kanye nokufezeka kwesifungo. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi isifungo asigunyazwanga ngokwaso; kumelwe sihlanganiswe nemithetho ethile noma ukungayifuni. Abanye bagomela ukuthi isifungo sidala isibopho esingokomthetho esingacatshangelwa izinkantolo. Lezimpikiswano ziqokomisa ukuthi lesi sifungo siyinkulumo enenjongo, kodwa amandla aso ekugcineni axhomeke esimisweni sezombangazwe esisisekelayo.

Enye inselele ingukwenqaba kukamongameli ozayo ukwamukela isifungo. UMthetho-sisekelo awuchazi ukuthi kwenzekani uma umongameli wokhetho encipha. Ngokwesiko, ukwenqaba okunjalo kungabonakala njengokuyeka, futhi umongameli ongumsizi angathatha isikhundla. Nokho, lesi simo asikaze sibonwe futhi sihlongoze ukuqina kwalesi simiso. Isifungo sidinga futhi ukuvunywa obala, ngakho umongameli ozama ukuthatha isifungo ngasese ngaphandle kofakazi angabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho.

Ekugcineni, isifungo singaba umthombo wempikiswano yezombangazwe lapho omongameli bechaza imisebenzi yabo ngokwehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uAndrew Jackson edume ngokumelene nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, kubikwa ukuthi uthi, "uJohn Marshall wenze isinqumo sakhe; manje makazivumele ukuba asiqikelele." Abagxeki baphikisa lesi sifungo sakhe sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Muva nje, abefundisi baye basebenzisa izinkulumo zokusayina ukuze babonise ukuthi bangase baphoqelele imithetho ethile, baphakamise imibuzo ethile ngokwethembeka eMthethweni. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi lesifungo asibenzi sinqumo ngokuzenzekelayo sifeze isibopho esimelwe amagatsha ezombangazwe abambelele kuso ngesodwa, ngokhetho, nangokungahlongoza.

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yesicathulo

Isifungo sobumongameli siyisifungo esilula esikhohlisayo esinemiphumela enzima. Siyisihluthulelo esingokomthetho esivula umongameli, ingcina engokomfanekiso ehlanganisa ukushintshana, nomngcele womthetho-sisekelo ochaza imingcele yamandla aphethe. Kusukela ekusungulweni kuze kube namuhla, isifungo siye saqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mongameli (‘okhethwe, ophakanyisiweyo, noma osetshenziswayo) onegunya ngaphandle kokuzithoba kuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo. Lemfuneko iqinisekise ukuqhubekela phambili kukahulumeni ngokubulala, ukuwa, izimpi, izinhlekelele zezomnotho, nokhetho lwengxabano. Silokhu singesinye sezivikeli ezibaluleke kakhulu eMelika yentando yeningi, umusho omfushane ohambisana nobukhulu besibopho sesizwe sokubusa komthetho.

Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha, isifungo sizoqhubeka sisebenza njengesiqalo sawo wonke abaphathi. Amazwi ayo awashintshi, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kushintsha kushintsha nomongameli ngamunye nenhlekelele ngayinye. Ukuqhubekela phambili kukahulumeni akuxhomekile ezimisweni ezingokomthetho nasemalungiselelweni angokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nasezibophekeni zomuntu siqu zomholi ngamunye esithembisweni asenzayo. Ngalendlela, isifungo sikamongameli siyisiko nethuluzi eliphilayo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni we-United States uyohlala njalo, noma yini ezayo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando nokubaluleka okungokomthetho kwesifungo sobumongameli, bheka Isiqondiso somthetho-mthetho wezwe esiqondiswe eSikhungweni se-Atigit II kanye nencwadi yezenqolobane zesizwe yeSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo [. Ukuqonda okwengeziwe esiGuqulweni se-25 sokuHlulwelwa kwemithetho kutholakala ku- [[FLT:]] Inhlangano yolwazi eSikoleni soMthetho we-Cornell [FLT]].