Umlando: Inhlekelele Yokungavumelani

Ngokulandela iNguquko yaseMelika, imibuso emisha ezimele eyayisebenza ngaphansi kweZihlokwana ze-Confederation, uhlelo olwabonakala lungenanzuzo ngokudabukisayo. Uhulumeni ophethe wawungenawo amandla okukhokha intela, ulawule intengiselwano yesifundazwe, noma usebenzise imithetho yayo. UShays’s Regiversion ngo-1786 yadalula ukuwohloka kweriphabliki, inxusa likahulumeni wesizwe onamandla aqinile. IConstitution of 1787 yaveza incwadi entsha ebusayo, kodwa ukumiswa kwayo kwakuhluke kakhulu kwezeze. Abaphikisa, ababaziwa ngokuthi i-Anti-Fédalist, baphikisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongoniswayo unamandla amakhulu kakhulu egunyezwe eliphethe futhi ungenamthetho welungelo lokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Kwakukulesisimo esibucayi lapho uAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay baqala khona ukubhala uchungechunge lwezindaba ezingu-85 ngaphansi kwesiqu segama elingu-"publius" elikhishwa phakathi kukaOctober 1787 noAugust 1788 emaphephandabeni aseNew York, lezizintatheli ezazihloselwe ukuthonya umbono womphakathi nokuvikela umphakathi, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni esiyinhloko saseNew York. I-Federalist Papers yanikeza isisekelo sefilosofi esiqinile nesiwusizo soMthetho-sisekelo, ichaza isakhiwo sawo, ithethelela imibuso yawo, futhi ikhuluma ngokwesaba kwalabo ababeyibona njengesongelo lokuvikela inkululeko.

Ukwakhiwa Nomthombo Wesinkwa

Izincwadi zakhiqizwa ngejubane eliphawulekayo, ngokuvamile zivela ngosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili ngemva kokubhalwa. UHamilton, owathatha isiqalo somsebenzi, wabhala izihloko eziningi kakhulu .(55). UMadison wanikela ngamashumi amabili nanhlanu, futhi uJay wabhala ezinhlanu. Kamuva ulwazi luye lwacacisa ukukhishwa okuqondile kwezincwadi eziningi eziphikiswanayo, kodwa izwi elihlangene lika “Publius” lihlala liyisivumelwano sokubambisana kwabo okuseduze. Indaba ngayinye yafaka ukuphikiswa okuthile noma isici esithile soMthetho-sisekelo ohlongoziwe, kusukela ekuklameni kwesikhulu esinentshiseko esiyinhloko esiya eqeshiswe eqenjini leSigeqeshweni nasegatsheni lezahlulele.

Umbangi Wezokuhlobana No. 10: Ukulawula Ubudlova Bokusabela

Mhlawumbe okushiwo kabanzi kuzo zonke izincwadi, Federalist No. 10, eyabhalwa nguJames Madison, ikhuluma ngengozi yeqembu elikhona − amaqembu ahlanganiswe yisithakazelo esifanayo emalungelweni ezinye izakhamuzi noma amaqembu alungile. Abalwa noFederali baphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu ingaba nonya nokuthi umphakathi omncane, ohlangeneyo kuphela ongakwazi ukulondoloza inkululeko. UMadison waphendula lomqondo ekhanda layo. Waphikisa ukuthi irepublic enkulu, ngokuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezithakazelo kanye nezimpi, ingenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma yisiphi isiphi isigaba ukuba inzuzo nesiphi na esinye esikhona esikhona sizuze iningi futhi sicindezele abanye.

Madison wabhala: “ ithonya labaholi abadumile lingase livuthe amalangabi phakathi kwe-Estates yabo, kodwa lingeke likwazi ukusakaza umlilo ovamile phakathi kweminye i-Erastu. Lokhu kuqonda [1] ukuthi ubukhulu nokuhlukahlukahluka kwe-United States kungasebenza njengesivikelo ekubushiqela, futhi kuwumthelela ohlukile emfundisweni yezombangazwe. Yanikeza ukulunga okunamandla kwesimiso sombuso lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni, futhi ihlala iyitshe eliyikhotha lika-Americanfidist.

Umhleli Wezindela No. 51: Amasheke, Ukulinganisela, Nezimiso Zikahulumeni

KuFederalist No. 51, uMadison wachaza indlela amandla kahulumeni alinganiselwe ngayo. Indima edumile kakhulu yalendaba ithatha umklamo womthetho-sisekelo: isiqu sesifiso kumelwe yenziwe sokulwa nesifiso sokuvelela. Lendaba ichaza ukuthi ukuze kuvinjelwe noma igatsha elinye ukuba libe namandla kakhulu, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza igatsha ngalinye ngezindlela zokumelana nokungenela kwabanye. I-General, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela kunikezwa amandla angenayo. [ [[FLT] ichaza ukuthi ukuze kuvinje indima kamongameli we-ve ne-Indlu ye-kakhulu ekuhleleni izigaba ezimisiweyo, futhi ngalinye lingahlola ezinye.

Madison wachaza futhi isidingo sokulondeka okumbaxambili ukuze kutholakale inkululeko: ukuhlukana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, nokuhlukaniswa kwamagunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni ngokwawo. Lesimiso esinemisebe yezokuhlola nokulinganisa siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho noma ingxenye eyodwa kahulumeni yonakele, ezinye zingavimbela izenzo zayo. Izimiso ezibekwe kuNo. 51 zisekelwe esimisweni somthetho futhi zikhonjiwe njalo ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Umbangi Wesifunda No. 78: Ukuzibusa KweSikhungo Sobuculi

I-Federalist Hamilton u-Hamilton u- 78 i-mbhalwe oyinhloko ngendima yejaji eqenjini lomthetho-sisekelo. Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi ijaji laliyigatsha eliyingozi kakhulu ngoba lalingenakho ukulawula isikhwama noma inkemba, lalingasebenzisa isahlulelo kuphela. Ukuvikela ukuzimela kwalo, uHamilton wasekela ukuphila kwabahluleli bakahulumeni (ngokuzithoba ekuziphatheni okuhle) neholo eliqinile elalingeke lincipheke phakathi nenkonzo yabo. La malungiselelo, waphikisa, ayebalulekile ukuze izinkantolo zikwazi ukusebenza njengesivikelo sokumelana nomthetho noma isikhulu.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, Hamilton wabeka imfundiso yokuhlola kokwahlulela − amandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho ngokungekhona kwemithetho. Wabhala ukuthi ukuchazwa kwemithetho kuyisifundazwe esifanelekile nesikhethekile sezinkantolo.” Hamilton wacabanga ukuthi uma umthetho wesishayamthetho uphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo kumelwe zisekele uMthetho-sisekelo njengenkulumo ephakeme yentando yabantu. Lokhu kucabanga kamuva kwathola ukubonakaliswa kwaso okugcwele enkantoloni yezembubhikisholo. [ [[FLT]] [FLT] Barbury v.[FLT][FLT3] [183] [18]), lapho iJastiestiew Marshall emisa khona amandla okuhlola. Noumblist. Ngaleyo ndlela kusebenza njengesisekelo wesisekelo wesisekelo wezwe lonke.

Ithonya Emithethweni Yase - United States Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba amaFederalist Paper ayeyizincwadi zomkhankaso ezazibhalelwe ukuvikela ukuhlaziywa, ngokushesha athola igunya eliyingqayizivele njengendlela yokuchaza incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, ziye zawakhomba emacaleni amakhulu ukuzwa injongo yamaFramers. Izindaba aziwona umthetho obophayo, kodwa ziphakathi kwemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yencazelo yabaqondisi bokuqala. IJaji Joseph Story, eMphini wakhe [[FLT:]], ezincomayo ngokuthi “incazelo yegunya eliphakeme.

INkantolo Ephakeme Namaphepha Amalungiselelo

Kusukela kuRepublic yakuqala kuya osukwini lwamanje, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphendukela eMaphepheni aphethe imibuzo eqondene nomthetho-sisekelo. Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], iJaji elinguMarshall okhonjiwe uNo. 44 ukusekela imfundiso yamagunya ahlonisiwe . [4] Umqondo wokuthi uMkhandlu ungasebenzisa ngokuqondile eMthethweni weSivumelwaneni ukuze uthwale amandla awo akhahlisiwe. [[FOLT] [[FLT]] V.[FLT] [4] [4] [eg.umthetho ophakeme] uyavuma [umbuso] [unyaka ongaphezulu], iNkakhulu uyavuma ku-19] iNkakhulu u-194] ibone ukuthi iNkadensi: [umthetho ophakeme, u-Fonse]

Amathuluzi Okuchaza: Ukuqalwa Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

AmaPhepha e-Federalist anethonya kakhulu phakathi kwabahluleli nezazi ezinamathela emfundisweni yokuqala − umbono wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi yombhalo wawo. Abaqondisi besonto bavame ukubiza lendaba njengobufakazi bokuthi amalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo aqondwa kanjani ngesikhathi sokutholana. UMahluleli Antonin Scalia, oholayo, wacaphuna njalo amaPapa aphezulu emibonweni yakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezincazelo, labo abakhetha “umthetho - sisekelo ophilayo” baqala ukuzihlanganisa nezindaba, kodwa bathambekele ekugcizeleleni izimiso ezibanzi njengohulumeni we-riphabliki nombuso olinganiselwe. [1] Ngaphandle kokuchaza indlela ehlobanayo, i-Frather ephethe i-Formalsalmes, i-pastnameader ekhomba ephethe ephethe umthetho we-buthweni.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Abalwa namalungelo alwa no-Federalist bafuna imvume yamalungelo njengesimo sokuwahlukanisa. I-Federalist Papers yaphendula ngokuthi incwadi yamalungelo yayingadingeki nje kuphela kodwa yayiyingozi. KuFederalist No. 84, Hamilton waxwayisa ukuthi ukudweba amalungelo akhethekile kungachazwa njengokunikeza amandla kahulumeni phezu kwawo wonke amalungelo angahlelwanga. Wabhala: “[ kungani kungathi akusoze kwenziwa izinto ezingenawo amandla okwenza? UMthetho-sisekelo wanikezwa ukunikeza imingcele, imibuso elinganiselwe; noma iliphi igunya elinganikezwanganikezwangagunya eligciniwe. Imvume yamalungelo, i-Federalist, ingasho ukuthi uhulumeni unamandla okungabanga i-ovenum.

Naphezu kwalokhu kuphikisa, iSishaya-mthetho sokuqala sahlongoza iSivumelwano samaLungelo (Certine Congress) sokulungisa amalungelo athile (ngo-17899), futhi sagunyazwa yizifundazwe ngo-1791.” Lokhu kuvumelana kwezindaba zikaFederalist Paper akuzange kunqobe kuleli phuzu, kodwa futhi kwalungisa ulimi olugcinayo lweSiphendu seSiphendulo seNight, oluthi ukumiswa kwamalungelo athile “kungeke kucaciswe ukuphiwa noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu abagcinwe abantu.” Lokhu kuvumelana ngokuqondile nokukhathalela okuvezwayo eFederalist No. 84. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcizelela kokuvikelwa kwemithetho evikela izakhiwo, ukuhlukanisa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuhambisana nenkululeko eqinile. Isimiso sokuvikela amalungelo avikelwe yilungelo nje kuphela kodwa intengo zikahulumeni.

Izinqumiso Zamuva Nokwanda Kwamalungelo

Izimiso ezibekwe kuyiFederalist Papers zathonya futhi ukulungisa kwamuva komthetho-sisekelo. IziNguqulo ze-Reconstructon (Izikhawu ze-Thirtenth, 145, ne-15) zaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezifundazwe, zinikeza isivikelo sikahulumeni elungelweni ngalinye ngokumelene nombuso. Ekhulwini lama-20, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa i-STITED Procect Claus yeSimende se-Dreastem yeSichimende se-14” ukuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu ye-Bill of Rights, iyisebenzisa ezindaweni ezithile. Lenqubo yokuhlela inezimpande zayo embonweni zikahulumeni wombuso wombuso ongavikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi lapho uhulumeni uhluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Impikiswano eveza izimpikiswano ngohulumeni onamandla ekwakheni uhulumeni ukuba ilondoloze inkululeko yenkululeko yezentengomthetho.

Ukuziphakamisa Kwanamuhla Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

AmaPhepha awekho nje ngokomlando; ahlala eyingxenye yokuphila yezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe. Omongameli, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho, nabahluleli bayaqhubeka bewacaphuna ekusekeleni izikhundla zabo. Lezi zindaba ziye zasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zamandla ombuso (ikhulu leminyaka elingu-20. 70), izinga lokuhlelwa kwezentengiselwano (i-Federalist No. 42), indima yeSigele (i-Federalist) uNo. 62-63), kanye nemingcele efanelekile yokuhlola i-ogalelo lomthetho. Kunyaka ongamashumi amabili-wokuqala, izazi ziye zahlola kabusha amaPapublicters emkhanyeni wezente yokhuseleko, wezwe, wezwelozwe, nombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, uNo. Umhleli u-55 uvezwa yilabo abaphikisa ukukhubazeka kwemithetho ye-Genecrogen. Ngokufana ne-10. Ngokunganye ithonya lezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentente.

Izinkinga Nokulinganiselwa

Nakuba amaFederalist Paper ehlonishwa kakhulu, awagxekwa. Ezinye izazi ziveza ukuthi lezi zindaba zaziyinkulumo - ze eyayiklanyelwe ukunqoba impi yezombangazwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho akufanele zibhekwe njengezingathathi hlangothi zencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Abanye baphawula ukuthi umbono wababhali walo wenziwa ngemibono yenkathi yabo, kuhlanganise nokwamukela ubugqila. Umthetho-sisekelo owawuthi amaFederali alwela ukuba abantu abagqilazwe njengezigqila ezintathu ezinjongo zomuntu, futhi lezi zincwadi ngokwazo zisho okuncane kakhulu ngesimiso sobugqila. Lokhu kuthula kuye kwaholela abanye ekungabazeni ilungelo lokusebenzisa izindaba ukuze bachaze umthetho emphakathini ohlukahlukene nowezizwe. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nabagxeki abalwayo bavuma amandla ahlalayo empikiswaneni yokumelela, ukulinganisela, nokuzilawula.

Isihluthulelo Sezilimi Nezifundo Zazo Ezihlala Njalo

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele indima ye-Federalist Papers ekulolongeni imithetho namalungelo ase-U.S., kuwusizo ukugxila ezindabeni eziningana eziyinhloko ngalé kwe-trio edumile. Federallist No. 9, ezabhalwa nguHamilton, zikhuluma ngekhono le-Union njengesivikelo sokungavumelani nemithetho yasekhaya nengozi yangaphandle. U-Pefreast Papers. U-23 uveza isidingo sokuba uhulumeni onamandla anele ukulungiselela ukuzivikela. No. 62-63, ngu-Mandela, uchaza umehluko wezwe kahulumeni omusha, ugcizelela ukuthi ngokwengxenye uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni. No. 47 uhlola ukwahlukana kwemibuso, kuyilapho uxwayisa ukungenela kwemithetho. No.63 i-63 indima yeSigele sokulungisa nokulungisa ukuhlakanipha. No. 70, isikhulu esiphambili.

  • [[[UMTL:0] Uluhlu No. 9 - Inzuzo ye-Union njengesivikelo ekuhlaseleni nasekuvukeleni.
  • [ Uluhlu lwezentengiselwano noNo. 10 – Izingozi ze-pixbust kanye nezinzuzo zeriphabliki enkulu.
  • [ Uluhlu No. 39 - Ingxubevange, ngokwengxenye nengxenye imfanelo kahulumeni.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Uluhlu lwezentengiselwano No. 51 - Amasheke nezilinganiso, ukuhlukana kwemibuso, nokulondeka okumbaxambili kwenkululeko.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Uluhlu lwezentengiselwano no. 70[[UMTL:1] – Isidingo sesikhulu esisodwa, esinamandla.
  • [ Uluhlu No. 78 - Ukuzimela kwejaji namandla okuhlola.
  • [[UMTH:0] Uluhlu No. 84 – izisekelo kumthetho wamalungelo nohlelo lwamandla.

Ithonya Lemfundo Nelinye Ikhambi

AmaPhepha eFederalist akawabelwa abameli namajaji kuphela; anikezwa kabanzi ezifundweni zasekolishi kuhulumeni waseMelika, inkolelo yezombangazwe, nomthetho-mthetho. Anikeza abafundi ifasitela eliqondile ezimpikiswaneni ezahlela ukusungulwa kwesizwe. Izinhlangano ezinjengezemfundo yesizwe [ [iZinqolobane] ne [FLT] yeSibonelo] se-Congress [ zinikeza izinqubo zemfundo nemisebenzi yemfundo evelele ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe]. Enkathini yokwanda kweqembu le-Foctivecratic, amaPacective asebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi amaFoundation aklas aklaywe ngempumelelo engokwembukwakhefu engokwesiko.

Isiphetho: Isisekelo SoMthetho WaseMelika

AmaPhepha aFederalist ahlala ewumthombo obalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda izisekelo ezingokomthetho nezefilosofi zase-United States. Balungisa impikiswano ngokufakelwa, banikeza ukulunga okucatshangelwayo kwesimiso soMthetho-sisekelo, futhi bayaqhubeka bethonya ukuchazwa kwemithetho nesivikelo samalungelo. Ukuqonda kwezindaba ngohlobo lukahulumeni, izingozi zomthetho, ukudingeka kokuhlola nokulinganisela, nendima yejaji elizimele ibalulekile namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo kumakhulu eminyaka angu-1780. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uye waguqulwa futhi wachazwa futhi wachazwa futhi ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, izimiso eziyisisekelo eziqokoshelwe uPublius zihlala ziwumgangatho we-rockism waseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, umbhalo ogcwele we-Federalist Papers ukhona nge- Conrell.gov inzuzo kwiphepha kanye ne-Avaton Project eYale Law School[. Lemitako ivumela abafundi ukuba bahlole imibhalo yokuqala iyonke futhi balandele ithonya labo ekwakhekeni okulandelayo okungokomthetho.