Indima yezinkantolo ekuchazeni imithetho ibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni komphakathi wentando yeningi. Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungakhethi nangokungaguquguquki, zinikeza iphecano ngemibuso yemithetho nezikhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okulula kwendlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo imithetho nokubaluleka kwayo esimisweni somthetho, zinwebe emiqondweni eyisisekelo ngokuhlaziya okujule kakhulu, ukulandisa okungokomlando, nezinselele zanamuhla.

Ukuqonda Ukuchazwa Kokwahlulela

Incazelo yokwahlulela iyinqubo lapho izinkantolo zihlaziya futhi zisebenzise khona imithetho emisiwe ezimpikiswaneni ezithile ezilethwa phambi kwazo. Nakuba umthetho ubhalwe ngemibandela ebanzi, ebanzi, izenzakalo zezwe langempela ezifika enkantolo ngokuvamile zicaciswe futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Umsebenzi wamahluleli ukuvala igebe phakathi kombhalo ofiphele womthetho namaqiniso aqinisekile ecala. Lenqubo ibalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:

  • Icacisa ngokucacile: Izimiso eziningi ziqukethe ulimi olungacacile, njengo "isikhathi esinengqondo" noma "inqubo ezandulelayo" izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze ukuthi lawomagama asho ukuthini.
  • Ihlola umthetho-sisekelo: Umthetho owephula uMthetho-sisekelo ongenakuma. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho ngokucabangela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ngezinye izikhathi ziyishaya ngokubukeza kokwahlulela.
  • Ukuguqula: iNhlangano iyaziguqula, futhi imithetho emidala ingadinga izincazelo ezintsha. Ukuchazwa komthetho kuvumela ukuba uhlale ubalulekile ngaphandle kokuba kufune isenzo esiqhubekayo sokushaya umthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukulondoloza ukungaguquguquki:[[[QUL:1] Lapho amacala amaningi ephakamisa imibuzo efanayo engokomthetho, izinkantolo zizama ukuveza izinqumo ezivumelanayo eziphatha amacala ngokufanayo.

Ngaphandle kwencazelo yokwahlulela, umthetho ungaba umthetho ongenakho ukuphila. Izinkantolo ziphefumulela ukuphila emithethweni ngokukusebenzisela ekulungiseni izindaba zabantu. Indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme engokomthetho U.S.] iveza lento enamandla, njengoba ilokhu icwengisisa incazelo yezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nemithetho.

Ithonya Lezinkantolo Nomphumela Wazo Ekuchazeni

Akuzona zonke izinkantolo ezichaza imithetho ngendlela efanayo. Isakhiwo sesimiso sokwahlulela esinemibhoshongo enezinkantolo ezisezisekelweni, izinkantolo ezithatha icala phakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme eqophelweni eliphezulu, qhaqhaqha isigaba segunya lokuchaza. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziboshelwa ezinqumweni eziphezulu ezisebusweni obufanayo, isimiso esiqinisekisa ukulingana.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Ukusebenzisa Umthetho Emaqinisweni

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ziyindawo yokuqala lapho umthetho usetshenziswa khona eqenjini elithile lamaqiniso. Abahluleli kulelizinga kumelwe banqume ukuthi yiziphi izimiso noma izandulela ezilawulayo bese bezisebenzisa ebufakazini obunikezwayo. Izincazelo zabo azivamile ukuqiniseka ngenxa yokuthi zifanelwe ukubukezwa. Nokho, abahluleli abavamile ukubumba umthetho ngokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezisobala nangokukhipha iziyalezo ezibonisa ukufundwa komthetho.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamisiwe: Ukulungisa Amaphutha Nokumisa Imibono Eyiphutha

Izinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha omthetho. Aziwabukeli amaqiniso acushwe ngokunembile kodwa kunalokho zigxile ekutheni umahluleli wecala uchazwa kahle futhi asebenzise izimiso ezihambelanayo noma amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Imibono iyabhalwa futhi inyatheliswe, iveza isibonelo esibophayo sezinkantolo eziphansi kulesosifunda noma umbuso. U.S. izinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala [[ zisebenzisa lomsebenzi ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni, ngokuvamile zixazulula ukungavumelani okujulile mayelana nencazelo yemithetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme: Izwi Lokugcina Lokuchaza

Ngaphezu kwabaphathi besigaba esiphakeme, inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (njengeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. noma inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni) inegunya lokugcina lokuchaza imithetho. Izinqumo zayo zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi. Ngenxa yaleligunya, ukukhetha kweNkantolo Ephakeme okuchazayo kungabuyisela zonke izindawo zomthetho (8) kusukela ekunqabeni kwesivumelwano kuya elungelweni lomphakathi. INkantolo ikhetha kuphela ingxenye encane yamacala okubukeza, ngokuvamile leyo ekhona ebalulekile, imibuzo engaxazululiwe yomthetho kahulumeni noma incazelo yomthetho-mthetho.

Izindlela Zokuchaza

Abahluleli abanakho ukuphoqelela okuthandwa yibo siqu. Kunalokho, bancika ezindleleni ezimisiwe zokuchaza. Lezizindlela ziyahluka kuyifilosofi, kodwa yonke injongo yokunquma incazelo "yeqiniso" yombhalo ongokomthetho. Indlela ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Literal (noma incazelo ecacile) incazelo: Inkantolo inikeza amazwi omthetho ovamile, ovamile, oshoyo nsuku zonke njengakumagama avamile nasetshenziswayo. Lendlela ihlonipha umbhalo njengenkulumo yokuqala yenhloso yemithetho. Uma incazelo ecacile icacile, akukho okunye ukuhlaziywa okudingekayo.
  • Inhloso ye-Legislature (Izinhloso): Inkantolo izama ukuthola ukuthi yini ngempela abashaya umthetho ababefaka umthetho ababeyihlosile. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlola umlando wemithetho-mthetho---------intestee, imibiko yempikiswano yaphansi, nezinkulumo ezixhasayo zokwenza isakhiwo kabusha injongo yalomthetho.
  • Ukuchaza ngePurposis (Purposivism): Indlela ebanzi ebheka ngalé kwezinhloso eziqondile zomthetho wonke noma isimiso somthetho. Lendlela ivamile ezimisweni zomthetho wesizwe futhi ivela nasemithethweni efanayo, ikakhulukazi uma umbhalo ungacacile.
  • Incazelo eqondeneyo:[ Inkantolo ifunda lomthetho njengengxenye yawo wonke uhlaka lwemithetho, icabangela imithetho ehlobene, isakhiwo sekhodi, kanye nomongo obanzi womthetho. Isilinganiso isicistur [ (igama elaziwa yinkampani egcinayo) siyithuluzi elivamile lomongo.
  • Incazelo esekelwe ekusekelweni: Inkantolo ilandela izincazelo zokwahlulela zangaphambili zezimiso ezifanayo noma ezifanayo, ngisho noma umahluleli angaphikisana ngokomuntu siqu. Lokhu kuncika esibonelweni kuyisici sesimiso somthetho esivamile futhi kubekwe iketanga emfundisweni ye- stares decis[.

Amajaji anamuhla ngokuvamile ahlanganisa lezi zindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli angaqala ngencazelo ecacile, abese ehlola umlando wemithetho ukuze aqinisekise leyoncazelo, futhi ekugcineni ahlole incazelo emelene nenjongo yomthetho wonke. I-Cornell Legal Information Institute ye-stational chaza[ inikeza ukufushaniswa okuwusizo kwale mithetho esebenzayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqala (Umshoshaphansi)

I-preception iwumsuka wencazelo yokwahlulela ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile. Imfundiso yokubheka idecis + ngesiLatini ye-"lokuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe"""""izinkantolo ezibuzayo ukulandela izinqumo zangaphambili lapho kuphakama izindaba ezifanayo ezingokomthetho. Lesi simiso sifeza imisebenzi enzima eminingana:

  • Kukhuthaza ukulingana: Izimpi ezimbili ezinamacala afanayo kufanele zithole imiphumela efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimaphi amajaji alalela lelicala.
  • Ukungaqiniseki: Abameli nezakhamuzi bangabikezela imiphumela engokomthetho ngokuqiniseka okunengqondo, ukubuyisana okukhuthazayo nokulalela.
  • Ikhuthaza ukuphumelela kokwahlulela: Izinkantolo akudingeki ziphinde zilawule wonke amacala; zingathembela ekucabangeni okuqinile.
  • Ukwenyulwa kwamalungelo abantu: Lapho izinqumo zingaguquguquki, umphakathi ubheka ikomiti yamajaji njengelungile nenezimiso kunokuba izenze izenze izenzeka.

Nokho, isibonelo asisona esiphelele. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zinamandla okulawula izinqumo zazo zangaphambili uma zizithola ziyiphutha noma ziphelelwe yisikhathi. Izindawo zezemfundo, njengeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. Planety v. ku Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]), ibonisa ukuthi ukubheka idecis kuyagoba lapho izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zishintshwa. Ukulinganisela phakathi kozinzile nokuguquguquka kuyindlela yokwahlulela.

Isiqalo esivundlile nesithe nkqo

Isibonelo esithe ngqo sibhekisela emandleni abophekile ezinkantolo ezisezinkantolo eziphansi. Isibonelo esithe thwi sihlanganisa inkantolo nezinqumo zayo zangaphambili. Izinkantolo zokuthatha iziphakamiso azivamile ukuguqula ezazo izinqubo, kodwa zingenza kanjalo uma isinqumo singasebenzi, siye sachithwa ngesinqumo samuva, noma sisekelwe embonweni ongamanga.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Amandla Okungayilaleli Imithetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola izenzo zomthetho nomthetho-mthetho ophethe futhi ziwazise amanani angasebenzi uma ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Leligunya alishiwo ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. kodwa lamiswa ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Marbury v. Madison [1803] [1803]). Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zisebenza njengabalindisindisi bobukhulu bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlola ukuphambana kwemithetho: Umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni esiphula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma esidlula amandla ahlelwayo angawiswa.
  • Ihlola isenzo sokuphatha:[ Izinkantolo zingaqeda iziyalezo zesikhulu, imithetho, noma izenzo zokuphatha eziwubukhakhakha obunamandla (ngaphandle kwegunya lenhlangano) noma ezingekho ngokwemithetho.
  • Ukuvikelwa kweqembu elincane: Ukubukeza kokwahlulela ngokuvamile kuvikela amaqembu asengozini ekucindezelweni kobushiqela ngokumisa izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo njengesivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele.
  • [ Ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso: Ngokuvimbela elinye igatsha ekungeneni kwelinye, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kulondoloza ukuqina kukahulumeni.

Nakuba ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunamandla, kuyaphikisana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji angakhethwanga akufanele ahlulele imithetho emiswe ngedemokrasi. Abalweli baphendula ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme, futhi kuyindima yejaji ukuphoqelela. Lokhu kucindezeleka kubangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuthatha izivumelwano zokwahlulela ngokumelene nokuzibamba.

Izindlu Ezinkulu Zokwakha

Emakhulwini eminyaka, izinkantolo ziye zasungula ithuluzi lokuchaza imithetho ebizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo ohlelo okwakha.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Umthetho ocacile osho okusho okusho okuthile: Uma umbhalo ucacile, izinkantolo kumelwe ziwusebenzise njengobhaliwe, ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa noma ukususa amagama.
  • Ejussem Generis:[ Uma igama elivamile lilandela uhlu lwezinto ezithile, igama elivamile lilinganiselwe ezintweni zohlobo olufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, "izimoto, amaloli, nezinye izimoto" ngeke zihlanganise izindiza.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius: Ukushiwo kwento eyodwa kubonisa ukukhishwa kwazo zonke ezinye. Uma umthetho uthi umbusi angamisa unobhala," kusho ukuthi akekho omunye ongamisa leso sivumelwano.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Wokugcina owenziwe umthetho: Izinkulumo eziqanjiwe ngokuvamile zisebenza kuphela egameni noma umsho ongaphambili, hhayi wonke umusho.
  • Umthetho weLenity:[ emthethweni wobugebengu, imithetho edidayo ihunyushwa ngokuvuna ummangalelwa. Loluhlu lwezincwadi luvikela isaziso esilungile nemingcele yabashushisi abaphamba.
  • Ukugwema komthetho-mthetho: Uma umthetho ungachazwa ngezindlela ezimbili, --yedwa nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ongekho ngokomthetho) nenye engekho emthethweni (inkantolo kufanele ikhethe ukufunda komthetho-sisekelo ukuze igweme ukubulala umthetho.

Abahluleli bangase bangavumelani ngokuthi iliphi iqembu lezincwadi ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswayo noma indlela yokuhlaziya izincwadi eziphikisanayo. Ukukhethwa kwezincwadi zomthetho kungawuthonya ngobuqili umphumela wecala, kwenza ukuchazwa kwendlela yobuchwepheshe nefilosofi.

Izinselele Ekuchazeni Ukwahlulela

Naphezu kwamathuluzi nezindlela ezikhona, ukuchaza kokwahlulela kubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezivivinya imingcele yekhono nobuqotho bamajaji. Izinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Umthetho oqinile eMthethweni: ngokuvamile umkhiqizo wokuhlehla kwezombangazwe, okuphumela ekuqondeni noma ngisho nasekuphikisaneni. Inkulumo eyodwa ingafundwa ngezindlela eziningi, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zikhethe. Ukungathathi kahle kwalenkinga.
  • Imithetho ehloniphekile: Umthetho obhalwe kuma-1950 ungabonakala ungenalwazi namuhla. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zingawuchaza ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala noma zivumelane nezimo zanamuhla. Impikiswano nge nkathi yokuqala ne "umthetho sisekelo ophilayo" isemajukujukwini alenselele.
  • Judicial Activism vs.Drimet: Kufanele kwahlulelwe ukuthobela isishaya-mthetho nomphathi, noma kufanele baqikelele imingcele engokomthetho? Izimangalelo zezenzo zobuJuda zivame ukuvela lapho inkantolo ishaya umthetho othandwayo, kuyilapho amacala okunqanda ukunqandwa aqala lapho izinkantolo zisekela imithetho elimaza idlanzana.
  • I-Platation: Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuye kwathathwa ngokuphambana okukhulu. Ezinye izazi zikhathazekile ngokuthi amajaji achaza imithetho hhayi ngokwezimiso ezingathathi hlangothi kodwa ngokwezisusa zawo zemibono. Nokho, ukucwaninga okungokwemiqondo.
  • Izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla ziveza izilinganiso ezinkulu zemithetho nezimiso. Izinkantolo akumelwe zichaze lemibhalo kuphela kodwa nezincazelo zezinhlangano ezihambisana nayo. Ukuvela komthetho wokuqondisa kwenezela ungwengwengwezi lwendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokuchaza, njengoba izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukunikeza iziteshi ukufundwa kwezinhlangano.

Lezi zinselele azinakunqotshwa, kodwa zifuna ukuba abahluleli basebenzise ukuhlakanipha, ukuthobeka, nokwethembeka kokuhlakanipha. Ukuthembela komphakathi ejajini kuxhomeke embonweni wokuthi abahluleli bangabachazi abanezimiso, hhayi abathungi bemithetho abagqoke izingubo. Ukuze babheke ngokujule kakhulu kulemizwa, iNhlangano yamaMelika Bar inikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: UMthetho Ovamile uphikisana noMthetho Wangaphakathi

Akuzona zonke izimiso zomthetho ezichaza ngendlela efanayo. Isiko lomthetho ovamile, eliphethe e-United States, eNgilandi, namanye amakoloni angaphambili aseBrithani, libeka isilinganiso esinzima ekwahluleleni nasemaqenjini empi. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zomthetho wombango, ezitholakala ezwekazini leYurophu nase-Latin America, zixhomeke ngokuyinhloko emithethweni ebanzi. Abahluleli emazweni omthetho womphakathi abanayo inkululeko etheni yokuchaza; indima yabo iwukusebenzisa umthetho njengoba ubhalwe, negunya elilinganiselwe lokwakha umthetho.

Nokho, igebe liyancipha. Phakathi nalokhu, amajaji omthetho wesizwe achaza ngokudala, ikakhulukazi uma imithetho ingekho noma iphelelwe isikhathi. Imithetho eminingi yomthetho inikeza izinkantolo eziphakeme amandla okunikeza izincazelo ezibophekayo (umz., i-Cour de cassation). Okwamanje, amajaji avamile axhomeke kakhulu emibhalweni yemithetho eminingi nengokomlando wemithetho, inciphisa indima yokuthuthuka komthetho ovamile. Isivumelwano sibonisa ukuthi zonke izinkantolo zanamuhla zibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo, ngisho noma imithombo yazo yezimfundiso ihlukile.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuchazeni Ukwahlulela

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, kanjalo nomqondo kanye nomkhuba wokuchaza kokwahlulela. Ukuthambekela kokuhlangana kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezilimi zekhorpus − ukufakwa kwemitapo emikhulu yokusetshenziswa kolimi olungokomlando ukuze kutholakale incazelo evamile yamagama njengoba ayeqondwa ngesikhathi umthetho usungulwa. Abanye abahluleli baye baqala ukuphawula imithombo yangaphandle engokomthetho, umkhuba ohlala uphikiswana kakhulu e-United States kodwa ovamile kweminye imibuso.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza izinselele ezintsha: izimpawu-mithetho kanye nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kuqalile ukusiza amajaji ekucwaningeni okungokomthetho, kodwa angethathe indawo yesahlulelo somuntu esidingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe izindinganiso futhi kuxazululwe ngokungaqondakali. Ukuvela kwemithetho engokomthetho, lapho iSishaya-mthetho silulaza khona ukuchaza komthetho ngokulahla umthetho, futhi sigcizelela ubuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kwezindlu zomthetho nezinkantolo. Ekugcineni, indima yezinkantolo ekuchazeni imithetho ihlala ibalulekile, ilinganisela ukuthembeka embhalweni kanye nokusabela nokushintsha kwezimo.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imithetho, ekuqinisekiseni ubulungisa, nasekusekeleni umthetho. Ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza nokusetshenziswa kwesibonelo, zinikeza ukucaca nokungaguquguquki esimisweni somthetho. Naphezu kwezinselele ezibhekene nazo(ukubhekana ne-"isimo, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, kanye nokushintsha kwezenhlalo, ) kusekhona abaqondisi ababalulekile bentando yeningi kanye nomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela amajaji achaza ngayo imithetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okwazisa umsebenzi we-jadiary nokuzigcina zinesibopho sokulandisa. Uma nje sekukhona imithetho, kuzoba nesidingo sabaqondisi abahlakaniphile ukuze banikeze injongo ekuphileni kwabantu.