Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFalistism Ekuqambeni Umthetho

I-Federalism iyi-DNA yokwakha kahulumeni wase-United States, emelela uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo oluhlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nohulumeni besifundazwe. Ngokomongo wenqubo yokushaya umthetho, le ngxenye ayiwona umqondo ongokomthetho kodwa iyiqiniso elisebenzayo elilawula zonke izigaba zokwenza umthetho. Kusukela eqhinga lokuqala lezombangazwe eliwumthetho kuze kube ukumiswa nokugcinwa kwawo komthetho, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kulawula ukumiswa kwenkulumo - mpikiswano, isimo sokumiswa kwemithetho, kanye nezindlela zokubukeza inqubo yokwahlulela. Kubenzi bemithetho, amaqembu enzalo, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda leli cebo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhambiseni isimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Abasunguli basungula isimiso sikahulumeni sokuxazulula izinkinga ezithile zokubusa. Izihloko ze-Confederation zadala uhulumeni obuthakathaka ongakwazi ukulawula ukuzivikela kwesizwe noma ezentengiselwano zesifundazwe. UMthetho-sisekelo, ngegunya eligunyawe [i-Amandla agunyawe'eningiwe'. Lokhu kudala isimiso esimbaxambili lapho kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni benezimbulunga ezihlukene benezimbulunga ezihlukene zegunya, kodwa futhi zigcina izindawo ezaziwayo zegunya [[FLT:]] iSichibiyelo , esigcine khona wonke amandla angaphathiswe uhulumeni wezwe ezifundayo ezifundayo. Ngokukhethekile, i-Foctivectiver.[5], i-Foctivective.[Foust List providentine, i-Foust, ikakhulukazi, i-cemb. i-providecial, iyakuvumela ukuba kukhululwe noma yi-moduced ngokomthetho ye-ocensiti ye-ose.

Indlela Ubumbano Oluyithonya Ngayo Inqubo Yesizwe Yomthetho

ISishaya-Mkhandlu sase-U.S. ngokwaso siyinhlangano kahulumeni, eklanyelwe ukulinganisela inzuzo yezwe nesizwe. Indlu yabameleli iveza izakhamuzi, inikeza ithonya elikhulu, kuyilapho iSigele sinikeza imvume elinganayo kumbuso ngamunye, imvume eqondene ne-buthorist. Lemiyalo yezakhiwo ye-bidaral ingokomthetho wokulawula amandla amabili ahlukene ezombangazwe: intando yendlu nezithakazelo zikahulumeni zeSigele.

Isimiso Sekomiti Nezithakazelo ZoMbuso

UFederalism uthonya isimiso sekomiti ngezindlela ezicashile kodwa ezinamandla. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile asebenza emakomitini aqondisa izindawo eziphethe izindawo zezindawo zasekhaya. I-metate yasezweni lezolimo cishe uyofuna isihlalo eKomitini ye-Agriculture, kuyilapho ummeleli ovela esifundeni esinendawo efakelwe i-computerssions Office i-Committee. Lokhu kuhlelwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkathazo zikahulumeni nezokuhlela inqubo ye-oclagistment. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yengqungquthela, lapho ukungezwana kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho kulungiswa njalo lapho ukuxabana kwemithetho yemithetho kulungiswa khona. Ukuhoxa kuhilela ukunikeza amazwe amandla noma ukuvumelana kwemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni.

Isenzo Sobumongameli Nezimemezelo Ezihlangene

Igatsha eliphethe lifeza indima enkulu ekulolongeni uhulumeni ngomthetho. UMongameli uvame ukusebenzisa iZwe le-Union noma imali yokuhlela ukuveza izindinganiso zesizwe ezindaweni ezigcinelwe izifundazwe, njengemfundo noma impilo yomphakathi. Nokho, ngoba uhulumeni kahulumeni ungenawo amandla aqondile amaphoyisa, ngokuvamile uncike ekusebenziseni izimali ekusebenziseni i-State' ekusebenziseni inqubo yombuso. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlanganisa izimo zokunikeza imvume ye-in-id, icebo elidala ulwembuthano oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemibango. I-R. I-United States ingakhetha ukwamukela izimali zikahulumeni, kodwa ngokwenza kanjalo, kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kuye kwaveza kakhulu, njengoba ezinye izimo eziphikisa ngokuthi kuphikisa i-coccce.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Njengezikhulu Ezizimele

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni aziwona amahlelo okuqondisa uhulumeni kahulumeni. Bangababusi abazimele abanamandla okumisa zonke izindaba ezingayabelwe uhulumeni kahulumeni onguMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphila kwansuku zonke: imfundo, ubulungisa bezephulamthetho, umthetho wempahla, izivumelwano, ukunikezelwa kwempilo, nokusetshenziswa kwezwe. Umbuso wePolice , okuyigunya eliyisisekelo lezwe lokulawula impilo, ukuphepha, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zazo, kungumngcele wegunya lesizwe.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwemithetho KaHulumeni

Isakhiwo sezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni sihluka kakhulu kulo lonke izwe. Izifunda eziningi zinendlu yomthetho ye-baobaral, efanekiswe ngeKhomishane, nendlu ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Assembly noma iNdlu Yezihambeli) nendlu engaphezulu (iSigeqe). INebraska ivela njengezwe elinomthetho wokwahlukanisa, owesi - unitha, ongeyona isigaba somthetho wendlu. Lokhu kuthinta izakhiwo zemithetho yemithetho ehlukile ngokwezinga lomsebenzi wazo. Ezinye, njengeCalifornia, iNew York, nePennsylvania, zigcwele, izidumbu ezinezintambo. Ezinye, njengoMontanella, i-New Hampshire, neWyoming, ziyingxenye yezishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kuthinta ngokuqondile izinga nenani lemithetho ekhiqinisiwe njengethonya lezentengosi.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okuqondile Nokwenza Umthetho Wezakhamuzi

Izifundazwe eziningi zifaka izici zentando yeningi ezimisweni zazo zomthetho. inqubo yokulawula nokulawula ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zishiye isishaya - mthetho sombuso ngokuphelele, zimise futhi zimise imithetho ngokuqondile ngezilinganiso ze-bollet. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lobuhulumeni, ukuvumela uhlelo lwenkambiso ehlukanisayo engokomthetho, umthetho wentela, nenguquko yomthetho wezegebengu. Nakuba lenqubo inika izakhamuzi amandla, ibangela izinselele, njengoba izinyathelo zokuthatha imithetho ebekwe ngendlela engafanele ephikisanayo nemithetho ekhona noma imithetho yomthetho, ngokuvamile eholela ekuthatheni izitejibhiso ezingeni.

I - Interprediction Enamandla: Ukuxabana, Ukwehliswa Kwezinto, Nobuhlobo

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni bunamandla, buphikiswane, futhi buhlale bukhona. [ISichibiyelo se-IP] u-Claus [i-Artle VI]) buveza ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, okusho ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana ngokuqondile nomthetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni uvame ukuyivala. Nokho, iSichibiyelo seshumi sisebenza njengesingamandla, sidala isilinganiso esibalulekile sokuzimela okumelwe uhulumeni uhlonishwe.

Uvivinyo Nemingcele Yalo

Isihlengo singathatha izigaba eziningi. Ukucindezela kwenzeka kakhulu lapho uMkhandlu usho ngokucacile ukuthi umthetho wawo ulawula umthetho wezwe. ukukhululwa [ kwenzeka lapho udwendwe lwecebo lomthetho lwezwe lungashiyi gumbi lokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni, noma lapho umthetho wezwe udala isithiyo sokufinyelela izinjongo zikahulumeni. Izinga lokukhulula liyindawo enkulu yecebo lomthetho ne-liqualisayo. Amaqembu avame ukumukela uKhomishano lwe-Provision ukuze enze isilinganiso esisodwa sombuso, kuyilapho abaphikisi besekela ukuguquguquka. INkanto ephakeme ifuna njalo ukuhlonishwa kwalezi zimpikiswano.

Ukubambisana Ngohlobo Lwezinkwa Nabahlali

Naphezu kwethuba lokulwa, ukubambisana okukhulu phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni kubambisana. IziKhomishane zimisa imithetho emisa imigomo ebanzi yesizwe kodwa ziphathise imibuso igunya elibalulekile lokufeza. Lo mfanekiso, owaziwa ngokuthi uhulumeni we-cooperative [, uncike ekuxhaseni kwezimali nokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Deoc Air Act ivumela i-Evironmental Protection ukuba ibeke izindinganiso ze-moclement zomoya, kodwa izifunda ezizinziwa yi-'intelligement's's Ilquation Programmes (IPS)[FLT] ukufinyelela lezo zindinganiso ezimweni ezihlukene, njengokuhlela kwemigomo ye-Midiyamu, njengase-Midia yenka ye-omkha.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukulwela Ukulwa Kuyasebenza

Ukuhlola izindawo ezithile ezingokomthetho kunikeza ukuqonda okucacile ngendlela ukubusa kwemithetho okulawula ngayo imiphumela yemithetho.Lezi zimo zibonisa ukungezwani, ukubambisana, namandla ayinkimbinkimbi angokomthetho azalwa esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo: UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakulinganiswa Nombuso

I-Affordal Care Act (ACA) iyisibonelo esivelele sobuzwe ekusebenzeni. Umthetho ohloselwe ukwandisa umshuwalense wempilo ngenhlanganisela yezimiso zikahulumeni nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme Lesizwe Le-Endependent Business v. Sebelius[ [20] [202] yayiyisikhathi esichazayo sokuhlanganisa i-mishuwalsholo kahulumeni. INkantolo yasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye njengendlela yokusebenzisa igunya elisebenzayo lokukhokha intela, kodwa yabulala ukwanda kweMidicaid, ikhiphe isilinganiso esiphawulekayo seMidedid, ingazange ikhohlise intengo engathi intengo yokwe yale nakancane, nakuba intengo yezigidi zemali engekho ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Indawo Ezungezile: I - deoc Air Act Ne - Waiver YaseCalifornia

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile ungomunye umehluko lapho uhulumeni usungula khona ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi. I-Ceane Air Act imisa uhlelo lokubambisana lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni emisa khona izindinganiso zesisekelo somnyombo, kodwa uyaqhubeka enegunya lokuzisebenzisa futhi abeke ngisho nezindinganiso eziqinile. Isici esibucayi salesi simiso yindinganiso esikhethekile ngaphansi kwe-Develop [Foct]] ngaphansi kwe-Devil Air Act, evumela uhulumeni ukuba ubeke izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha intuthu. Amanye amazwe angakhetha ukulandela isilinganiso sikahulumeni noma se-California esiqinile. Lokhu kuye kwenza iCalifornia ibe umshayeli onamandla wesimiso sendawo ezungezile, njengabenzi bezimoto ngokuvamile bakhetha ukwakha izimoto ezindinganisweni eziqinile ukuze kuvinjelwe izimoto ezihlukene ezizweni ze-California. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ephethe inqubo yesizwe eyodwa yesizwe.

Ubulungisa: Abaphakeme Balwa NoCannabis

Ukuhlukana phakathi kokunqatshelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni nokubekwa ngokomthetho kwe-cannabis kumele enye yezimpi eziqondile kuhulumeni wanamuhla. I-Guided Substancess Act ibala insangu njengento esemthethweni, yenza ukukhiqizwa kwayo, nokubekwa kwayo ngokungekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, amazwe angaphezu kuka-40 agunyazile i-canbis ukuze asebenzise ukwelapha, futhi angaphezu kuka-20 ayibeke ngokomthetho ngenxa yokuzilibazisa kwabantu abadala. Lokhu kudala ukuqina okukhulu okungokomthetho. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wathembela kakhulu ekunikezeleni komthetho ongokomthetho, ikakhulukazi nge-[ Impile [[FLT] [1] [esinga] [emuva] [imposiso], ukuyenqaba ngokulawula ngezimiso eziqinile. Imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ye-octive.[3] Le mithetho ye-Foglaves]

Ukunqwabelana Kwezinselele Nokuziphendukela Kwezikhungo Zokulwela Uhulumeni

Ikhulu lama - 21 linikeza izinselele ezintsha ezivivinya ikhono lesimiso sikahulumeni lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo.Izindaba ezinjengokwaziswa okuyimfihlo, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nokusabela okuwumqedazwe azingeni kahle emabhokisini kahulumeni angokwesiko nakuhulumeni.

Imfihlo Yemininingwane Ne - Internet

I-Internet iyi-panet engokwemvelo, kodwa uhulumeni kahulumeni ubengasheshi ukudlulisa umthetho wemininingwane ebanzi eyimfihlo. Ngokungekho kwesenzo sikahulumeni, i-California Consumer Anvercy Act (CCPA) ifake isiqalo samalungelo omniniyo, njenge-Cpeally Air Act yaseCalifornia ebangela ukukhishwa kwemicimbi ebanzi yemithetho yezindaba zobuso, idala izingcindezi eziphawulekayo ezigunyaza izinkampani. Manje kunesici esiphawulekayo eKhongolweni somthetho wezindaba zomthetho wezwe owephula imithetho engokomthetho, ukunyakazisa impikiswano ephambili ye-conoral consialtical act phakathi kwenani lesizwe nenani lenguquko yombuso.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nethuluzi Lokulwela Uhulumeni

I-Federalism iye yaba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokulawula ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe. Njengoba uhulumeni ohlukene phakathi ezingeni likahulumeni ngokuvamile uvala iziKhongolo, izifundazwe ziye zaba izinkundla eziyinhloko zokusungulwa kwezimiso. Abameli bezwe ngokuvamile bahlangana ndawonye ukuze badlulise uhulumeni kahulumeni ezinyathelo zokulawula, futhi izifundazwe zisebenzisa amandla azo omthetho ngokuqhubekayo ukusungula izikhungo ezilondekile noma izinkundla zempi ezihlukene zezindaba ezibangela izindaba ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo ezibhamu, nokuvota. Lokhu kuye kwasusa isikhungo esiyinhloko sokwehlisa amandla adonsela phansi ngenxa yomthetho waseMelika owenziwe eWashington, D.C.

Isiphetho: I - Federalism Njengomthetho Oqinile

I-Federalism ayisona nje isisekelo senqubo yokushaya umthetho e-United States; iyisici esiyinhloko somthetho olawulayo. Ilawula icebo elingemva kwengxenye yonke enkulu yomthetho, kusukela endleleni umthetho obekwe ngayo ukuze usebenze futhi uhlotshiswe ngayo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabenzi bezimiso, ukuqonda ukubusa kukahulumeni kubalulekile ukuze baqonde ukuthi kungani amaMelika ebonakala egcwele, encintisana, futhi evumelana. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukuba amelane noshintsho olusheshayo, oluphakathi, kodwa futhi luklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukucwaninga nokwamukela indawo. Njengoba izwe libhekene izinselele ezintsha nokwehlukana okujulile kwezombangazwe, izimiso zezombangazwe ziyoqhubeka zilungisa ukuthi izinselele ezishiwo yini ngomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ye-provition iyaqhubeka isebenza ngamandla emingceleni.

Ukufundwa okwengeziwe ezisekelweni ezingokomlando zalesimiso, kubhekisa ku iFederalist Papers kuKhongolo.gov. Ukuhlaziywa kwegunya le-paredition ne-mode ye-component kungatholakala ngenkonzo yokucwaninga ye-[[FLT], kanye nomthetho oqhubekayo wemithetho wezwe ulandelwa yi-[[FLT:] Conference of State Legastivationstures.