Igunya Elivelele: Indima Yohulumeni Bezizwe E - United States

Ohulumeni bezizwe basendaweni ehlukile kweyezombangazwe zaseMelika, besebenzisa izinga legunya elizuzwe njengefa elingekhona uhulumeni noma uhulumeni kodwa eliyingqayizivele ngokuphelele. Lesisikhundla sobukhosi, esisekelwe ekuzilawuleni kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka futhi esiqiniswe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka omzabalazo ongokomthetho nongokombangazwe, sithonya ukuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika Omdabu futhi sithonya ubuzwe base-U. Ukuqonda indima yohulumeni besizwe kudinga ukuhlolwa okujulile kwezisengokomlando, ukucushwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemidanti echaza imibuso yabo, namaqiniso anamuhla abawahamba nsuku zonke.

Labahulumeni abazona nje izigaba ezibusayo; bayifa elifuyiwe kanye nabaphathi abakhuthele bobukhosi befa obukhona ngaphambi kwe-United States ngokwayo. Namuhla, cishe izizwe ezingu-554 eziqashelwa ngohulumeni zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwegunya likahulumeni phezu kwezakhamuzi zazo kanye namasimu, ziqondisa izinkonzo ezisukela ekuqikelweni komthetho nasekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile ukuya emfundweni nasemkhakheni wempilo. Indima yazo ingumandla aphilayo, anamandla ayaqhubeka eguquka ngokuzinza, umthetho, kanye nokulawula kwe-intervince.

Izimbangela Ezijulile Zomlando Zokuzibusa Kwesizwe

Umqondo kahulumeni wesizwe awuqalanga ngokufika kwabalawuli baseYurophu. Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, imiphakathi yamaMelika Yomdabu yayinezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubusa, umthetho, kanye nezinxulumani. Lezi zimiso zahlukahluka kakhulu mayelana nokwakhiwa kwentando yeningi kwe-Haudenosaunee Confederacy, ezinye izazi eziphikisayo ezithonye uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., kumaziko aphambili aphezulu kakhulu eMissississippian premsms. Ukuqaphela lesi sisekelo sangaphambi kwenkathi yombuso wobukhomashineshela kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ubukhosi besizwe abungagunyaziswanga yi-United States kodwa kuyilungelo eliyifakelwayo, eligunyaziwe, elilawulwayo, futhi elivame ukulahlwa ngenqubo yombuso.

Ukubuthwa Kwamazwe Angaphansi Kwezwe Nenkathi Yesivumelwano

Ukuxhumana kweYurophu kwaqala ukuphazamiseka okuyinhlekelele. Izifo, impi, nokuthatha indawo kwabulala abantu futhi kwamiswa izakhiwo zokubusa. Nokho, izizwe azizange zinyamalale. Zavumelana, zavumelana futhi zalwa ukuze zilondoloze ukuzibusa kwazo. IBritane, futhi kamuva i-United States, ihlangene nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, zibopha ubuhlobo obungokomthetho ngezivumelwano. Phakathi kuka 1778 no-1987. INkantolo yase-U.S yagunyaza izivumelwano ezingaphezu kwezingu-370 nezizwe zama-Native American. Lezivumelwano zazingezona izivumelwano zezwe ngomqondo wanamuhla; zazingaqiniseki izivumelwano eziqinile phakathi kwezizwe eziphethe izizwe ezizimeleyo eziqaphelelwe igunya lezizwe lokuhwebelana izwe, ukuthula, nezivumelwano ezisemfashini engokomthetho. Inkantolo ephakeme [FOLDicester v.[FFOL] [18] [18] [1980] Isizwe] i-Cherboke, isikhulu sesizwe esidumile somthetho sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe esingu - Georgia, kodwa esingu - Georgia esingu - Georgia esi

Ukuhlaselwa Kobukhosi: Ukuthunjwa Nenkathi Yokuqedwa

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwamele ukuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni ekubuseni kwesizwe. Ngo-1887 uMthetho kaJenene Alotment wahlukanisa amazwe esizwe agcinwa ngokomthetho ukuba abe yizabelo ngazinye, namazwe asele evulelwe izifiki ezingezona ezesiZwe. Lesimiso sasihloselwe ukuqeda ohulumeni besizwe kanye nokuzibhubhisa. Ngo-19343, izizwe zase zilahlekelwe cishe izingxenye ezintathu zezwe lazo. Khona - ke, kuma 1950, isimiso sombuso wesizwe safuna ukuqeda ubuhlobo obusekwethenjwa ngokuphelele, ngokungenasizathu sisusa izizwe ezithile, zichitha izimpahla zazo ezithile, futhi zibeka izakhamuzi zazo umbuso. Lemithetho yayibhubhisa, kodwa azizange zicishe zicishe zikhiphe isizinda sokuzilawula kwazo. Kunalokho, zafuna inkathi entsha yezombangazwe yezizwe.

Inkathi Yenguquko: Ukuzihlela Nokuzihlela Kwanamuhla

Inhlangano yama-Civil Rights yango-1960 yanikeza inguquko enamandla. I-Native American actives, kusukela ekusebenzeni kwe-Alcatraz Island ukuya eTrail of Broken Treases, yaphoqelela ukuba kuqashelwe i-volution. Ngo-1975, iSishaya-Mkhandlu sadlulisa i-Indian Self-Denternation and Educational Alct, ingxenye ewumthetho owehlulayo eyaye yasusa ukuchithwa kwesimiso sokuchithwa kwemithetho yokuzinziswa kwesizwe futhi yagunyaza izizwe ukuba zivumelane nohulumeni wezwe ukuba zisebenzise izinhlelo zazo. Lokhu kwalandelwa umthetho we-Indian Child Welfare Act ka 1978, owawusekela ukulawulwa kwezingane ezisezweni ezihlanganisa izingane, kanye ne-Frigational Gonance Act ka 1994, eyandisa ukulawulwa kwesizwe ekuxhaseni kwesizwe kwezentelligation. Le mithetho yaphawula ukusuka ekubuzwe ukuba kuhulumeni wesizwe ukuba kulawule kwesizwe kulawule kwezizwe ezibusa i-unistrusttion, i

Isakhelo Sasemthethweni: Ububusi, Ukuzimisela, Ukwethemba Umthwalo Wemfanelo

Igunya elingokomthetho lohulumeni besizwe lisekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu ezihlangene: ubukhosi befa, isimiso sikahulumeni sokuzinqumela, nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthembana we-United States. Lesi sakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi, sibekwe phansi njalo, futhi sithambekele ekushintsheni ekufuneni kwezombangazwe nasekuchazeni incazelo yokwahlulela.

Ubukhosi Besizwe Obungokwemvelo

Ubukhosi besizwe yisimiso esiqinile. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iqaphele ngokuphindaphindiwe, izizwe ziyi "amazwe axhomeke ekubusweni" alondoloza amandla awo angokwemvelo okuzibusa, ngaphandle kwalapho lawomandla enziwe alinganiselwe ngokuqondile yiSishaya-mthetho noma isivumelwano. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isizwe sinegunya lokuchaza amalungu aso siqu, ukuphoqelela imithetho yaso siqu yobugebengu neyomphakathi ekhona, ukulawula izwe nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezizungezile, intela ye-evy, futhi simise izinkantolo zaso siqu. Nokho, lobubukhosi abulinganiselwe. United States v. [[FLT][FLD: 1] [18] [18], iNkawundlu yecala ephakeme, isekela igunya lesizwe ezizweni, [FLT] nasezindaweni ezisezweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu [FOG.][5] [5] [ish] [3] [ishmag.] [ixmaright]

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokwethembana Kahulumeni

Le mfundiso engokomthetho, esekelwe ezivumelwaneni, ezimisweni, naseziqondisweni eziphethe, iphoqelela isibopho sokuziphatha nesomthetho e-United States sokuvikela izimali zesizwe, amazwe, kanye nengcebo, nokusiza izizwe ezingcono. Akuwona umsebenzi nje owesibopho esiqinile kumphathi wezimali zemali; isibopho esikhulu, esiphoqelelwe ukuba sidlulisele kuhulumeni ophethe izinhlangano zezwe eziphethe iNdiya, njenge-Bureaustrau of Indian Affairs and Indian Health Service. Isibopho sokuphathiswa icala siye sasetshenziswa izizwe ukuba zibe nesibopho sikahulumeni wokuphathwa kabi kwemithombo yemali, njengakumthetho wenani elikhulu [FLT:]. USalmer [FLD:] v. [FLPFLD:1] [1] ukumangaliswa, okwaphumela ekuhluleleni kwemali emalini kwezemali ebhuculi ye-R3]

Isimiso Sokuzinquma

Ukuzinqumela kuwukubonakaliswa kobukhosi okusebenzayo. Yinkambiso yokuthi izizwe kufanele zibe negunya nengcebo yokuhlela nokuphatha izinhlelo zazo siqu, kusukela ezikoleni nasezinkonzweni zezezomnotho kuya ezinhlanganweni zezezomnotho. I-Indian Self-Dtertating and Education Act, njengoba ivumela ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni, zinika izizwe ukulawula ngokuqondisa izigidi zama - dollar ezingokwezimali. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni okuphawulekayo kwesikhundla sikahulumeni wesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNavajo manje lisebenzisa isimiso salo lwalo lwemfundo, iMississippisba ne-Choctawston yenza isimiso sezempilo yomhlaba, neSikhungo se-Colvillesvraccol sokuphatha amahlathi azo nempahla yemvelo. Isizwe sisuke sisebenzisa isimiso sezezombangazwe sezezombangazwe esisebenzayo kuhulumeni besizwe sishintshe impumelelo, i-mississississillay Batss, isebenza ngokusebenza kweminyango sesizwe, ukuguqula izinkonzo ezisebenzayo.

Izicelo Zanamuhla: Uhulumeni Wesizwe Uyasebenza Namuhla

Ohulumeni bezizwe banamuhla bayizinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinezici eziningi ezisebenzisa uchungechunge lwemibuso ngokuvamile efana neyohulumeni bezwe, nakuba benemingcele nezinzuzo eziyingqayizivele. Ithonya labo lizwakala cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezimiso Zobulungisa

Izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa iminyango yazo yamaphoyisa, izinhlelo zenkantolo, nezindawo zokuvalelwa. Lezi zimiso zibalulekile ekuvikelekeni komphakathi ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu ezikude lapho ukugcinwa komthetho wesifunda noma kungakadluli khona. Izinkantolo zesizwe zisingatha izikhawu eziningi zamacala, kusukela ekuphukeni kwezimoto nasemthetho womkhaya ukuvumelana izingxabano, futhi kwezinye izimo, amacala amakhulu obugebengu. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho eqinile kuyinselele eqhubekayo. [umthetho] [FLD] [FLT] ulinganisela imingcele yekhono lezizwe lokuphula izivumelwano zezimoto, ukwahlulela ngokungenamthetho wezentengiselwano, ukudala "igebethi olunamandla" olungaxhaphazwayo. Umthetho nomthetho ka-Delth Act Act Act womthetho omelene no-2013] udweshuwase-2013 kufune ukubuyisa leli lungelo lobudlova esizwe, kungakhathaliseki somthetho, isigaba sombuso, isigaba somthetho, isigaba somthetho, futhi sihleli esiqinile somthetho, esingokomthetho sesizwe.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokubusa

Ubukhosi bezomnotho buwumngcele obucayi kakhulu kohulumeni besizwe. I-Giming ingumngcele obonakalayo kakhulu, ikhiqiza izinkulungwane zezigidi zama-dollar emali ngonyaka emali edingekayo kusukela ekunakekeleni kwezempilo ukuya emigwaqweni. Kodwa izizwe ziya ngokuya zinqwabelana. Isizwe sase-Cctaw of Oklahoma sisebenza kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasemabhizinisini ezindiza. ICow Creek Band yase-Umpqua i-Umpqua inezingosi eziphumelelayo zemali emalini. Izwe eli-Oneida lamahhotela abalulekile, amakhorafi, nezindawo zokuthengiselwa intela. La zinhlangano aziwona nje amabhizinisi; ayizimboni ezizimele, ukunikeza inkululeko yezimali evumela izizwe ukuba zinciphise ukuncishiswa kwazo ngokungalindelekile kwentela. Imibuso yentela, izikhulu zezentengo yentela ezithelisa intela ezintengo zamazwe azo, zakha amazwe achuma.

Imfundo Nokulondoloza Isiko

Ohulumeni besizwe bafakwe kakhulu ekufundiseni njengethuluzi lokuthola amathuba ezomnotho nangokwesiko. Ngohlelo lwe-Johnson-O'Malley nokulawula ngokuqondile i-Bureau of Indian Education School, izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa izimiso zazo siqu zemfundo. Lezi zikole zibekwe ngokukhethekile ukuba zihlanganise imfundo yolimi loMdabu, umlando wesiko, nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezilungiselelwe izifundo. IzeSifunda seNavajo seNavajo se-Diné Education, ngokwesibonelo, ziqhuba izikole ezifundisa ulimi lwamaNavajo namasiko alandelanawo amasiko emfundo evamile. Imfundo ephakeme ibuye ibe yeyona ibaluleke kakhulu, namakholiji angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu esizwe nasemayunivesithi akhonza abafundi abangaphezu kuka-50 000 ngonyaka. Lezi zizinhlangano zibalulekile ekulungiseleleni abafundi boMdabukweni imisebenzi yokuhola emiphakathini yabo, nangaphandle.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezomphakathi

Ngezivumelwano zokuzinquma, ohulumeni abaningi bezizwe basebenzisa izinkonzo zokunakekela impilo eziphethwe ngokuqondile yi-Indian Health Service (IHS). Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinkonzo zezidingo zomphakathi, noma kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa inqubo yokwelapha engokwesiko, ukuphatha kabi izinto ezingokwesiko ngezinhlelo ezifanelekile, noma ukulawula izifo ezingapheli ezinjengesifo sikashukela. Imiphumela ingashintsha. I-Alaska Boritive Balbal Health Consortum, i-mon-magemented, i-oodition, ihlanganisa isikhungo sombuso sezokwelapha esivamile e-Anrage futhi inikeza izinkonzo zempilo emphakathini ezivame ukudlula lezo zezezezezezeze-IHS. Ngokufanayo, izizwe eziningi zinikeza inhlala - makhaya, abadala, nezinhlelo zokunakekela, i-soshandayo yezenhlalo yezenhlalo yezenhlalo yezenhlalo eveza i-nethi.

Ubuphathi Bendawo Ezungezile Nezwi Lobuzwe

Ohulumeni besizwe bavame ukuphatha izinselele zezemvelo. Amazwe abo anemithombo engokwemvelo ephawulekayo, kusukela kumapulangwe namaminerali emvelo kuya ezindaweni ezisengozini yokuqothulwa kanye nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezisengozini. Besebenzisa igunya labo elizimele, izizwe ziye zaba abaholi ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. I-Ute Indian Tribe ilawula uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuhlola imvelo endaweni yazo. I-Swingoim Indian Tribal Community e-Indian eWashington isungule uhlelo olukhubazekayo lokuguqula isimo sezulu esihlanganisa ulwazi lwendabuko nesayensi yaseNtshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ute Environty Agemental iphatha izizwe eziqashelwayo njenge "iziteshi" ngezinjongo zokusebenzisa imithetho yendawo ezungezile enjenge-Cec Water Act ne-Chooc Air Act, ezivumela ukuba zihlele izinga lamanzi nezindawo zazo ezingaphandle phakathi kwezindawo zomphakathi zomphakathi. Lokhu kuyindlela enamandla kakhulu yegunya nezokulawula isayensi yezempilo.

Izinselele Nokulwela Ubukhosi Obugcwele

Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, ohulumeni bezizwe bayaqhubeka bebhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezivivinya igunya labo nokuzimela kwabo.

Izinkimbinkimbi Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nokuxosha Imali

Ukunquma ukuthi imuphi uhulumeni `isizwe, isifundazwe, noma uhulumeni' onegunya phezu komuntu othile, indawo, noma umsebenzi kungaba yindida enzima engokomthetho. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngoMthetho womphakathi wezwe lama-800, lapho ohulumeni abathile begunyazwe khona, lapho benikwe khona igunya lobugebengu emazweni oMdabu, badala isimiso somthetho. I-Litigration iwumthwalo oqhubekayo. i-lit orgary kumele iye enkantolo ukuze ivikele igunya labo lombuso ekungeneni noma ukuphoqelela isivumelwano sombuso. Izindleko zinkulu, zichezukisa imithombo engasetshenziselwa izinkonzo zomphakathi. [FLD] [FLT] [FLD:] [FLD] [20] isinqumo esiqinile], esisekela leyongxenye enkulu ye-Orientalbagentine, iyakwazi ukuhlanganisa i-evidentine, futhi i-evincessssssss provincessssssssss, ukudlondment, lapho kuveza izimonds eziqinile futhi kuveza

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezimali Nombuso Wase - Federal Bureaucracy

Nakuba ukuthutha ukuze kuvunyelwe ukulawulwa kwezinhlelo kuye kwanika izizwe amandla engeziwe okulawula izinhlelo, izimali zikahulumeni zihlala zinganele kakhulu. I-Indiya Health Service ayikho ephambili; izindleko zezempilo zomuntu ngamunye kumaMelika Omdabu ziphansi kakhulu kuneziboshwa zikahulumeni noma amaMedicare. I-Bureau of Indian Affairs ixhasa ukugcinwa komthetho, imfundo, nesisekelo sezimali ngendlela efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-patroli ehilelekile ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni wezwe ingashayisa ngokumangalisayo, ngezizwe ezinikeza izimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi, izibalo zemithetho yesizwe, nezimiso zokubika ukuthi zinganqoba ohulumeni abambalwa abanegunya lokuphatha ngemingcele elinganiselwe. Ukulwa kwemiculo egcwele, kungekho ntambo egcwele, akukho mfundo enikeza ukuxhasa ukuhlobana nokushaya imibandela kwesinqumo kwesizwe kuyimpoqolo eqhubekayo.

Ukucindezela Kwangaphandle Okuvela E - United States Nezithakazelo Zomuntu Siqu

Ohulumeni boMbuso bavame ukuzama ukunwebela igunya labo emazweni esizwe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nentela, ukukhokha intela, nokuvumela indawo ezungezile. Ngokufanayo, izithakazelo zamandla, kusukela ezinkampanini zezimayini kuya ekumbazeni, ngokuvamile bafuna ukusebenzisa imithombo yezizwe, ngokuvamile ngezindlela eziphikisana nemithetho yesizwe nezindinganiso zamasiko. Ukulinganisela ithuba lezomnotho nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile nengokwesiko kuyisenzo esibucayi. I-Dakota Accounder Daving Hoppline e-Sitagle yaphenduka uphawu lwembulunga yonke lwalokhu kucindezeleka, njengoba isizwe saqinisa amalungelo aso esivumelwano negunya lobukhosi ukuze sivikele ukuthunyelwa kwaso, sibhekenethuba elinobushiqela obunonya nesomthetho wobusodwa.

Isiphetho: Umngane Ongumngane Wamanxusa E - American Federalism

Ohulumeni besizwe abayona inkathi yesikhathi esidlule. Banemihelo, bajikeleza, futhi badinga usizo phakathi kwe-United States yanamuhla. Ubukhosi babo obungokwemvelo, obucinywayo, obuphinde bacinywa futhi buphinde buphinde buphinde bubuye, manje bunikeza uhlelo olunamandla lokuzinqumela komphakathi ngokwawo nokwethulwa kabusha kwezomnotho. Izinselele ababhekene nazo , ukudideka okungapheli, ukuhlala njalo ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho noma umlando; kuyimfuneko esebenzayo ukusingatha izindaba zezokuphepha. Kodwa ukuhlasela kwengxenye yokugcina yengxenye yekhulu kuya phambili kulokhu kungokongamandla andayo nombuso wesizwe. Ukwazisa ohulumeni besizwe njengobehlala njalo, izikhundla ezihlalayo phakathi kwesimiso sombuso waseMelika akuyona nje imfuneko engokomthetho noma engokomlando; kuyimfuneko esebenzayo ekulungiseni izimo zesimo sokuphepha esingokokuhle. Uhulumeni ukuhlonipha i-customs, i-cua-govern, i-de yesizwe, futhi umbuso waphambili, futhi umbusi wamuva, futhi umkhulu, wonke amaMelika, futhi ungcono kakhulu, futhi uhulumeni, wonke amaMe