Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungenye yezici ezinamandla kakhulu nezichazayo zesimiso somthetho-mthethweni. Kunikeza izinkantolo igunya lokuhlola imithetho, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, nezenzo zikahulumeni, nokubulala lezo eziphula umthetho. Lendlela ayikona nje ukuhlola kweze-procedroduc; iyisivikelo esingaphansi esiqinisekisa umthetho owehlulekayo ukulawulwa kwemiqondo emikhulu ewugqigqithile. Ngaphandle kokubukezwa komthetho-mthetho, umthetho-sisekelo ungaba incwadi efile, futhi amalungelo ayisisekelo angaqedwa yi-production conmentation noma isikhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokuhlola kokwahlulela kwezehlulelo-----its, imisebenzi, izingcingo zomthetho, ukugxeka, nokuhlola i-mathilogo.

Ukuqonda Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Phakathi nendawo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunamandla enkantolo okunquma ukuthi umthetho-mthetho ungowasemthethweni noma isenzo esingokomthetho. Uma umthetho ungqubuzana nomthetho-sisekelo, inkantolo ingawusho ukuthi awunalutho, iqede amandla ayo angokomthetho ngokuphumelelayo. Leligunya lisebenza kokubili emithethweni kahulumeni nombuso, kanye nasezenzweni zokuphatha kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. E-United States, ukubukezwa komthetho kusetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko yiNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa izinkantolo zesifunda futhi zihlola ukufaneleka kwemithetho engokomthetho emacalani afanelekile phambi kwazo. Imfundiso isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi umthetho wemithetho ye-mthetho wezwe futhi iwumthetho wezwe ophakeme ukuthi unomthwalo wemfanelo wejajimeli wokwenza itolike futhi igcinwe.

Izinhlobo Zokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungaba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngezimiso zomthetho. ihlola ukuthi umthetho uvumelana yini nomthetho womthetho, kuyilapho uhlola umfundisi [ uhlola ukuthi isenzo sokuphatha sivumelana nomthetho ogunyaziwe. Kunoma yiziphi izimiso zezwe ezifana ne-United States, futhi izinkantolo zihlola ukusakazwa kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amazwe asebenzisa isibonelo esiphakathi (umk., iNkanto eqinile) noma isifanekiso esixekelelwayo (umzekelo, i-United States, lapho noma iziphi izivumelwano zenkantolo zingabukeza). Ukuqonda lokhu kusebenza ngendlela engoko kuhlola inqubo yokwahlulela.

Umsuka Womlando

Umqondo wokubukeza kokwahlulela unemvelaphi ejulile yomlando. ENgilandi, . Icala likaBonham (1610) yabona uSir Edward Coke egomela ukuthi “umthetho ovamile uzolawula iMithetho yePhalamende futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwahlulela ukuthi ziyize ngokuphelele.” Nakuba lesi simiso singabanjwanga eKholamenti eNgilandi ngenxa yokulawula kwengqungquthela, sathonya ukucabanga kwamakoloni aseMelika. U.S. uMthetho-Constitution, wagunyazwa ngokucacile ngo-1788, awuzange unikeze iNkathi Ephakeme iNkantolo yokwahlulela amandla. Amandla amiswa enkantolo yomthetho 1803 engokonyaka. [FLT:]].[FLD:]

Ku kuMarbury v. Madison (5 U.S. 137), uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wabhekana nenkinga yezombangazwe. William Marbury, ummi onyulelwe ukuba abe nguMongameli John Adams, unobhala weSizwe uJames Madison owegunya lakhe. Marshall wanquma ukuthi nakuba uMarcry wayenelungelo lokuya emsebenzini wakhe, iNkantolo ayikwazanga ukukhipha i-wnjte ye-mandamus ngenxa yeSigamu se-13 somthetho we-Jadiary ka-1789, owathiwanikeza lelogunya, eliphikisana neSiphakathi II somthetho. Ngokombono ophambili, uMarshall wamemezela ukuthi “kuyisifunda esiqinile nesemkhakhamu lomthetho ukuthi umthetho uthini lomthetho." Le Sikhathisimende seNkakhulu seSikhathi semithetho esimisiwe somthetho esiwudingidingi somthetho, esiwudingizwe.

Kamuva lemfundiso yanwetshwa yahlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni kanye, ikakhulukazi Martin v. Hunter’s Lee (11816) kanye Cohens v. Virginia[ (1181], eyaqinisekisa imvume yenkantolo ephakeme yezinqumo ezihilela imibuzo ye-gustom.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Ngokombono Oqhathaniswayo

Nakuba i-United States yahlola ukwahlulela, ezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yasebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo, ngokuvamile enezici ezingafani ezinkulu. .Nadada wamukela isimiso sokubukeza komthetho-sisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (19982), kodwa izinkantolo zayo zisebenza ngaphansi “kokungalawuleki” okuvumela izishaya-mthetho ezithile ukuba zinqobe inkathi elinganiselwe. [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] zisebenzisa isimiso esiqinile sokubukeza lapho iNkathi ephakeme ingahlasela khona imvume yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo uma ingekhona imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho. [inani elihlukene, imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho evumelana nemithetho-Hulrulo:] [F] i-Activeston, i-octivesment, iwuhlu ewuvumela umthetho ongokomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womhlaba wonke.

Ukubaluleka Kokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile esekela impilo yesimiso somthetho - sisekelo sobuningi.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Umsebenzi othandwa kakhulu wokuhlola ukwahlulela yisivikelo samalungelo ayisisekelo. Imithetho-sisekelo ibala amalungelo anjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanelekile, nesivikelo esifanayo. Ngaphandle kokubukezwa kokwahlulela, lezi ziqinisekiso zingase ziphambukiswe umthetho othandwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa ukubukeza ubandlululo eziko ezikoleni zomphakathi, ivumela ukuvumbulula izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene ukuba zingalingani. Lesinqumo saphikisana ngokuqondile nesibonelo sokuqala Pystem].[FLT] v[FLT] [FLD:3] [18], eyayisekela ngaphansi kwemfundiso “enye elinganayo.”

Ukusekela Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuqinisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya ngokwenza i-exinary emagatsheni omthetho nakwezomphathi. Lapho iSishayamthetho simisa umthetho ophula igunya lombuso noma owephula umthetho, izinkantolo zingangenela. Isibonelo esivamile yi-United States v. Nixon [19774], lapho iNkantolo ePhakeme yayaleza khona uMongameli uRichard Nixon ukuba abhale amakhasethi ephulweni obugebengu, enqaba ukuthi unelungelo eliphelele lesikhulu. INkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi akukho muntu, ngisho nomongameli, ungaphezu komthetho. Lesi sinqumo sinikela ngokuqondile ekuwisweni kweNixon futhi sabonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kwekomiti kungathatha ihhovisi elinamandla kakhulu ezweni eliyo.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukungaguquguquki Nokungaguquguquki Ngokomthetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kukhuthaza ukuvumelana ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni umthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinkantolo eziphansi zingavumelani ngemibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingaxazulula lempi, inikeze isibonelo esisilandelayo kuso sonke isizwe. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni ukuba bathembele ekulindeleni okuqinile okungokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokugqolozela idecis·adehhhh (ukuvumelana nesibonelo) ikhuthaza ukukhula kokumiswa komthetho-mthetho-mthethweni kunokuba ishintshe, nakuba iNkantolo ingazilahla izinqumo zayo uma zinephutha noma ziphelelwe isikhathi.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sikahulumeni Ngokulunga

Ngokuhlekisayo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuvumela nesenzo sikahulumeni. Uma umthetho udlulisa ukuhlangana komthetho-sisekelo, ukufaneleka kwawo kuqiniswa ukuvunyelwa okwahlulela. Lokhu kungandisa ukwethemba nokwe-aseqele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho umthetho uwiswa, amagatsha ezombangazwe aphoqeleka ukuba aphinde ahlole noma enze uhlelo olusha oluhlobana nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lengxoxo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishayamthetho iqinisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izisebenziso zophawu lokubukeza kokwahlulela

Izinqumo ezilandelayo eziwuphawu lwezenzakalo eziphawulekayo zibonisa indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme eye yasebenzisa ngayo leligunya ekuxazululeni imibuzo ejulile engokomthetho - sisekelo.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

uMcloch v. Maryland[FFLT:1] (17 U.S. 316], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngesikhundla samandla kahulumeni nobukhosi bukahulumeni. UKhongolo lwayiqaphile i-Second Bank yase-United States; uMaryland wabeka intela ebhankini. UMashiqela uMarshall, futhi ebhalela iNkantolo yeNkantolo, wasekela ukuthi uKhomishado useke usekele amandla ngaphansi kwe-Inteletude noMthethweni ukuze adale ibhange ibhange. Washo ngodumo ukuthi “amandla okufaka intela ebhukwini lokubhubhisa.” INkantolo yayenza intela, yamisa isimiso sokuthi umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme phezu komthetho futhi ungena ukuvimbela kwemithetho yesizwe. Le mithetho yesizwe nokubukelo yesizwe njengethuluzi lokulinganisela i-aglone.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kophawu lokuhlola kokwahlulela ekhulwini lama-20, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (347 U.S. 483) yahlehlisa imfundiso ehlangeneyo kodwa elinganayo] yemfundiso ye Presev.. INkantolo, eholwa yiSikhulu sezeNkolo u-Earl Warren, ngokuhlangene yakholelwa ukuthi i-univern ephakathi ezikoleni yayiphula iSivikeli sika-Ele se-149th Isigwegwegwesi nje esingokomthetho; kwakuyindawo engokomthetho nengokwenhlahlobisayo. Isinqumo lapha ukubukeza umthetho okwakulokhu kuqhubeka iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi ayisithupha, ebonisa ukuthi i-judianary yayisebenza ngokushintsha komphakathi ngisho nokumelana nomthetho womphakathi.

URade (1973)

[INkantolo] v. IWade (410 U.S. 113), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lokwethulwa komthetho-mthetho lokukhipha isodwa futhi yawisa umthetho wase Texas owathi ukukhipha isisu kwaphula umthetho ngaphandle kokusindisa ukuphila kukamama; iNkantolo yaphikisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane nesine sihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. Roe ihlala ingomunye wezenzo zokuhlola okukhulu kokwahlulela; abagxeki bethi sikhomba ngokuveza ukuthi singenze ngokukhipha okungashiwongasho lutho emthetho, kuyilapho abasekeli bedumisa ukuvikela abesifazane. Icala lokuvikela inqubo yokwahlulela.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

ku-Obergefell v. Hodges (576 U.S. 644), iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Ephakeme se-145 siyayidinga imvume futhi siyaqaphela imishado efanayo. Umbono kaMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy wagcizelela ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo eliyisisekelo ekukhululekeni kwabantu. Lesi sinqumo sanciphisa imithetho yomshado yamazwe ayishumi nambili futhi samisa umthetho womkhaya wonke ngokwezingawo. , sabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano ngokuthi iNkathi iNkanto ewudlulele indima yayo. Nokho sagcizelela indlela yokubukeza isivikelo somthetho womthetho womthetho wombuso wezwe wonke amaqembu ahlulekayo ukuthatha isinyathelo seze amaqembu ezombangazwe.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Naphezu kwendima yalo eyinhloko, ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela akugonyiwe ekugxekeni. sekungamakhulu eminyaka izazi zefilosofi, amajaji, nezazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisana ngokubaluleka, ubukhulu nethonya laso.

Ubunzima Bempi

Ukugxeka okuphikelela kakhulu “inkinga yamacala ezwe,” igama elaqanjwa isazi somthetho u-Alexander Bickel. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, abahluleli abangagunyaza imithetho edluliswa abameleli abakhethiwe abalandisa ngentando yeningi. Lokhu kucindezela kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokufaneleka kwentando yeningi kwezokwahlulela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lapho izinkantolo zishaya umthetho othandwayo, balulaza ukubusa okuningi futhi bathathela indawo isimiso sabameli abambalwa ababoshelwe intethelelo yentando yabantu. Abalweli baphendula ngokuthi lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uyisibonakaliso esiyisisekelo sentando yabantu, futhi ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvikela amalungelo amancane nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthethweni eziyinhloko zesikhashana.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene

Ihlobene nobunzima bakuqala kunenkinga yezomthetho wempikiswano phakathi kwesenzo sokwahlulela nokuzibamba. Abahluleli abaphethe kuthiwa bandisa incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze bafeze imiphumela engokwenhlalo abayithandayo, kuyilapho amajaji avinjelwe ekwahlulelweni kwemithetho futhi anamathele ngokuqinile encazelweni yokuqala noma embhalweni. Icala lezwe eliphawulayo elinjengo Roe v. ne [FLT]] ewehlela [[FLT] livame ukuchazwa njengomshisekelishoshoshosholo wenguquko, kuyilapho izindaba ezinjenge [FLT:] . Izwe low [FLT] [FLT] [FFF] [FLT] [5]] [95], [95], amandla alinganiselweyomthetho womthetho womthetho, abonakala njengokuzilawula, ngokohlangothi oluqinile, nakuba amajajijijinga: kuhluzo oluqinile, kungathi amajajinga: kungathi kungathi kungathi kumelelwe impikiswano.

Ukumiswa Kwezinqumo Okuhloniphekile

Inqubo yokumisa amajaji kahulumeni − ikakhulukazi amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme asuke egcwele ezombangazwe. Abameli bafuna abameleli abahlanganyela umbono wabo womthetho-sisekelo, futhi izimpi zokugunyaza iSigele ziye zakhula ngokukhula. Uma iNkantolo inquma icala eliphezulu ngevoti engu-5-4 ehambisana nemibono, ukuthembela komphakathi ekungathathi hlangothi kwejaji lejaji kungaphela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubukeza komthetho kuba ukunwetshwa kwezombangazwe kunokuba inqubo engokomthetho engenacala. Abasekeli baphawula ukuthi le nqubo iye yasinda emakhulwini amabili eminyaka futhi amacala amaningi anqunywa ngokuvumelana noma ngokunyelwa kwemibono emikhulu. Noma kunjalo, ukungathathiwa kwe-prolitic kuyinto enzima.

Inkinga Yokugcina

Impinda yokwahlulela inikeza iNkantolo Ephakeme igama lokugcina ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa lelo siphetho singaba nemiphumela emibi. Uma iNkantolo ikuthola kungalungile kakhulu (njengoba ku red Scott v. [1857]], ememezela ukuthi ama-Afrikaan angekwazi ukuba izakhamuzi (kungathatha ukulungisa okusemthethweni noma ukukhubazeka kamuva ukulungisa iphutha. Ubunzima bokulungisa intengiselwano (ukususa i-spermajour ty) busho ukuthi izincazelo eziyiphutha zingaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo sokuthobeka kokwahlulela nokucabanga okucophelela. INkakhulu ingathatha ikhono lokulawula isimilo sayo (njengoba kuwenzi ku [FLT:]BR.[FFFFF]]] [FLT]] [FFFF:]

Ikusasa Lokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Njengoba i - United States nezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi zibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela kuzoqhubeka kushintsha.

Izindaba Zobuchwepheshe Namalungelo Amanani

Ukunyuka kobuchwepheshe be-minuctory [1] kusukela ekuqapheni kukahulumeni ukuya kumthetho wezenhlala-khona, kunikeza imibuzo ewumthetho-mfantu. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola nokuquleka okungacabangeli. Imininingwane enjenge-octal. Riley v. California[] (2014, ephethe ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ucingo, abonise indlela ukuhlolwa komthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo. Izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ziyozithintana nokusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha komthetho omthetho, ukuqoqwa kwemitatomu yemininingwane yenkampani eyimfihlo, futhi izinga lokukhuluma ngenkululeko ku-inthaneti. Izinkantolo ziyodinga ukulinganisela, ukuvikela, nokusungula i-projectal projectives produal produrations produal productives.

Ukukhipha Isisu Nekusasa Lobuhlanya

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [2022] singu-Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization ifunwe [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade ne [[FLT]] [FLT]'. [I-kakakhulu] [[FLT]] v. [FLT:]] [Izinga], ukubuyisela imithetho yokukhipha isisu ezindaweni. Lokhu kwakuwukuzihlola okungokomthetho okungokomthetho [ukuhlola], kodwa ukuvumelana. Isinqumo sibambe izimpikiswano ngokubheka phezulu, ukuvikela kokuqala, nendima efanele yeNkakhulu. Izinselele zingahlanganisa ukuhamba ngokufanele ukukhipha isisu. Izinselele ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo sokukhipha isisu, noma ukuvimbela noma ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwemithetho eqenjini engokomthetho. [Focdvet:[5] [5]

Ukuthambekela Kwembulunga Yonke Nethonya Lomhlaba Wonke

Impinda yokwahlulela ayiyona nje inqubo yaseMelika. Amazwe amaningi aye aqinisa izinkantolo zawo zomthetho-mthetho emashumini eminyaka amuva. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, iNkantolo yaseMelika, neNkantolo yaMalungelo Abantu ne-Afrikaan ehlolwayo zonke izindlela zokwahlulela, ngokuvamile ezidlulisa imongo ye-Antarctics. Izinkantolo zezwe zilokhu zikhuluma ngezenzakalo ezingokomthetho zangaphandle, umkhuba oye waphikiswana nge-uthombo eUnited States. Ikusasa lingasebone ukuphambana okukhulu kwesiphambano phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho, njengoba abahluleli bezama yonke imibandela enjengenguquko yesimo sezulu, impilo yembulunga yonke, nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela. Uma ikomiti izoqhubeka ibhekwa njengendlela esemthethweni yokubeka umthetho noma ithuluzi lokulawula kwezombangazwe ihlala ivulekile.

Isiphetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungusivikelo olubalulekile ekusebenziseni kabi amandla kahulumeni. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo, ukuthi amalungelo azimele avikelwe ebushiqelani obukhulu, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kugcinwe. Kusukela ekucabangeni kwakuqala kukaMahluleli omkhulu Marshall [[FL:0]] Marbury v. Madison[FLT] [1] ezimpini zamanje zokukhipha isisu nemfihlo, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuye kwabonakala ukuthi kokubili kungamandla aqinisayo nomthombo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okunamandla. Akunakugxekwa kwayo, futhi ukuxabana phakathi kwedemokhrasi namandla okwahlulela kuyaqhubeka. Nakuba kunjalo ezweni lemibuso ebusayo ebanzi, ikhono lokuzimela ukusho ukuthi “izinto ezihlala zibalulekile. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha, ukucusumbula nokubukela imingcele engokomthetho yemithetho engokomthetho yokubusa kanye neyo.