Ukuchaza Ukubusa: Isisekelo Senhlangano Yezenhlalo

Ukubusa kuwuhlelo lwezikhungo, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano ezimisa ngalo isiqondiso, zenze izinqumo ezinegunya, futhi zinikeze imithombo. Akufani nohulumeni; kunalokho, ukubusa kuhlanganisa uhlelo olubanzi lwemithetho, izimiso, nezinqubo ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi ohlanganisayo. Ekujuleni kwayo, izimpendulo eziwubukhombayo: Ubani ophethe amandla? Futhi lowo mbuso usetshenziswa kanjani futhi ubekelwe isibopho? Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ekuhloleni indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo futhi zishintshele ngayo emasikweni ahlukahlukene nakwezombangazwe.

Izazi zivame ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokubusa okungashintshiyo (imithetho ehleliwe, imithetho engokomthetho, nezinqubo ezisemthethweni) kanye nokulawula okusemthethweni [ (imicikilisho, amasiko, nemithetho engabhaliwe ethonya ukuziphatha). Zombili lezi zimo zisebenza ukuze zakhe isimiso sangempela somphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izwe lingase libe nomthetho wentando yeningi ephepheni, kodwa izimiso zezimiso zesikhashana zingase zilulaze ukusebenza kwalo. Ngakho, ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo ngemikhuba yesihle ukuze kwakhe ukwethemba nokusemthethweni.

Isisekelo Sokubusa

Ukuze umuntu aqonde indlela ukubusa komphakathi okulawula ngayo, kumelwe ahlole ama - lens amakhulu acatshangelwayo achaza umsuka wawo nemisebenzi yawo.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Abacabanga njengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa kuvela esivumelwaneni sezenhlalo phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Ngokushintshana nokulondeka nokuhleleka, izakhamuzi zinika igunya elithile. Lomqondo usekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla, lapho ukugunyazwa kwesimiso sokusebenzelana kwabantu kuthathwa khona ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo futhi sisikisela ukuthi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokubeka ohulumeni icala uma ziphula amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Inhlangano

Uhlelo lwezokuhlela lugcizelela indima yezinhlangano ezisemthethweni, imithetho, nezinqubo ekuziphatheni. Iziqu `njengezigele, izinkantolo, nezimiso zokukhetha]. Ngokusho kwalombono, ukubusa okuhle kuxhomeke ezinhlanganweni ezisungulwe kahle ezinikeza izivikelo nezilinganisiweyo, eziphoqelela umthetho, futhi zinciphise izindleko. World Bank

Ulawulo lwenethiwekhi & Ukwenziwa kwe-Polycentric

Inkolelo-lwazi yokubusa yamuva iqaphela ukuthi ukwenza izinqumo akusagelezeli nje kuphela ezikhungweni zikahulumeni. I-net yokulawula ichaza indlela abadlali bomphakathi, bomuntu siqu, nomphakathi abasebenza ngayo phakathi kwamazinga amaningi. Umsebenzi ka-Elinor Ostrom wokulawula ipolycentric uveza ukuthi izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi cishe ukulawulwa kwemithombo yesheya elivamile ("zivame ukusingathwa kangcono ngezikhungo zesinqumo ezibekwa ngaphandle, ezizilawulayo kunezisekelo ezisemzingeni eliphezulu. Lombono ubaluleke kakhulu ekunqandeni izinselele zembulunga yonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nomthetho wezimiso zezokusebenza.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezibonelo Zokubusa

Uhulumeni uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela emikhandlwini yezizwe nemibuso yenkosi kuya ezindaweni zanamuhla zesizwe nasemibusweni yomhlaba wonke. Ukuqonda le nkolelo kusiza ekubekeni izinselele zokubusa zanamuhla.

Ukusuka Emakhosini Kuya Embusweni

Imiphakathi yabantu yakuqala yayithembele ekubuseni okusekelwe ebudlelwaneni, lapho abadala noma abaphathi benza khona izinqumo ezisekelwe emasikweni. Njengoba imiphakathi yanda, kwavela izinhlobo eziphakathi kakhulu (izifundazwe, imibuso, nemibuso) (ezisebenzisa izikhulu, intela, nebutho lezempi ukuze ziqhubeke zilawula. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbuso wamaRoma wasungula izimiso zokuphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezathonya ukubusa kweYurophu amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.

Ukuphakama Kwesizwe Nentando Yeningi

I-Peace of Westphalia (1648) yamisa isimiso sokubusa kukahulumeni, ibeka isisekelo sesimiso sezwe sanamuhla esiphethe izwe. Ukukhanyiselwa kwaletha imfuno kuhulumeni omelele, okwaholela ekubusweni kwemibuso yentando yeningi ngekhulu le-18 nele-19. Izintuthuko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa iziNguquko zaseMelika neFrance, ezihlanganisa imibono egcwele yobukhosi obuthandwayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukubusa kwentando yeningi kuye kwanweba emhlabeni wonke, nakuba kunezinguquko ezinkulu ezisezingeni eliphezulu nasebusweni.

Ukubusa Komhlaba Wonke Emakhulwini Eminyaka Angamashumi Amabili Nama - 21

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene, neWorld Bank zavela ukuba zilawule izimpikiswano ezibhekene nemingcele ehlukene. Ukuphakama kwezindikimba ezihlangene njenge-European Union kwaqhubeka kufiphaza imigqa engokwesiko phakathi kokubusa kwemikhaya nezizwe. Namuhla, ukubusa kwembulunga yonke kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela kwimithetho yezentengiselwano kuya ezivumelwaneni zamalungelo abantu, izivumelwano zesimo sezulu, nezimiso ze-inthambinkimbi ye-inthanethi. Lezi zimiso zibhekana nenselele yokulinganisela ubukhosi besizwe nezenzo zenhlangano yesizwe.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokubusa: Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo

Nakuba ukubusa kungahlukaniswa nohlobo olusukela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kuya ekubuseni ngempoqo, izimiso zezwe zangempela zivame ukuhlanganisa izici. Ukuqhathanisa okulandelayo kuqokomisa izici eziyinhloko kanye nezihlobana nokuhleleka kwezenhlalo.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Izimiso zedemokrasi ziphawuleka ngokhetho lokuncintisana, ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, ukubusa komthetho, nokulandisa. Zingathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene: iphalamende (umz. United Kingdom), umongameli (umz. United States), noma i-presidential (umz., iFrance). iDemocratic ikhuthaza ubunistism, ukusungulwa, nokusabela esabelweni kwezakhamuzi ezidingekayo. Nokho, ibhekene futhi nezinselele ezinjengokuhlanganisa isigaba esifushane, i-partission, i-dission, nethonya lemali kwezombangazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okungenanjongo

Ngaphandle kwentando yeningi ekhethwe ngentando yeningi, abakhangisi abasha bagcizelela ukuhileleka okujulile kwezakhamuzi. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali yezakhamuzi, imihlangano yesifunda, kanye ne-web site efuna ukunikeza abantu abavamile iphimbo eliqondile ezinqumweni zezimiso. Lezi zici zifuna ukuxoxa ngokuncishiswa kwezimiso zokubusa futhi zithuthukise izinga lokubusa ngokuhlanganisa izimo ezihlukahlukene.

Uhulumeni Onegunya

Imibuso yabasunguli igxilisa amandla kumholi oyedwa noma eqembu, icindezela ukuphikiswa, futhi ilinganise inkululeko yezombangazwe. Isukela kumamonarch ngokwesiko (umzk., Saudi Arabia) kuya kujunda yezempi (umz., Myanmar) ukuya ezindaweni ezihlukene zobushiqela (umz., China). Nakuba ukubusa kwempoqo kungafinyelela ukukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho noma ukuzinza, ngokuvamile kukwenza kanjalo ngezindleko zamalungelo abantu, ukusungulwa, nokuzinza okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ukungavumelani kwezimiso zokungaqondisi kwenza ukuba zithambekele ekonakaleni nasekuphathweni.

Izinhlobo Zempi Yamanzi Nezishintshashintshayo

Amazwe amaningi awela endaweni empucukweni phakathi kwentando yeningi ne-phoqelism. Imibuso ye-hybrid ithatha okhethweni kodwa ilawula, ivimbela imithombo yezindaba, futhi ilulaza izinkantolo ezizimele. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iRussia, iVenezuela, neHungary (njengoba kuchazwa abanye abahlaziyi). Lezizimiso ziveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokubusa: zilondoloza idemokrasi exekeleleni lentando yeningi, kuyilapho zisusa ithonya lentando yeningi, ngokuvamile liholela ekuntengantengisweni nokugxekwa komphakathi.

Ukubusa Kwesizwe Nesiko

Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika, e-Pacific, nase-Melika, izakhiwo ezingokwesiko zokubusa ziyaqhubeka zihambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Imikhandlu yesizwe, abadala, nezinkantolo ezingokwesiko zisingatha izingxabano zezwe, izindaba zomkhaya, nentuthuko yomphakathi. Ukuhlanganisa lezi zimiso ngezimiso ezingokomthetho kuyinselele eyinhloko yokubusa, idinga inhlonipho ngefa lempucuko kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa amalungelo abantu.

Izinsika Zokubusa Okuphumelelayo

Ngaphesheya kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokubusa, izimiso ezithile ziqashelwa kabanzi njengezibalulekile ekugunyazweni nasekwenzeni. UNDP nezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zigcizelela izinsika ezilandelayo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwehla [: Ukutholakala kokwaziswa ngezinqumo, uhlelo lokuhlela, kanye nomsebenzi kwenza umphakathi ukwazi ukucubungula futhi unciphise inkohlakalo.
  • ukukhokha ngemali [: Abaholi nezinhlangano kumelwe baziphendule ngokhetho, ngokuhlola, ngokuhlola ukwahlulela, nangokuqondisa umphakathi.
  • I-Rouble of Law: Imithetho isebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke, iphoqelelwa yijaji elizimele. I-sakhelo somthetho esichazwa kusengaphambili sikhuthaza ukutshala nokuthemba.
  • Pariciation: Zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, kuhlanganise namaqembu ancishisiwe, zinamathuba okuthonya izinqumo ezithinta zona.
  • Ukuvuselelwa & Ukuphumelela: Ukubusa kumele kunikeze izinkonzo zomphakathi, kulawule imithombo yemali ngokuqinile, futhi kufinyelele imigomo eshiwo ngaphandle kodoti.
  • [[NT.0] Ikhontensitu Ukuhanjiswa[: Izinqumo kufanele zibonise ukuvumelana okubanzi uma kungenzeka, zilinganise izithakazelo zokuncintisana ngokuxoxa.

Lezi zimiso ziwukufisa; asikho isimiso esizifinyelela ngokuphelele.

Izinselele Zokubusa

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuklameni izimiso eziqinile.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Inkohlakalo //ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi ukuze kuzuze ngasese . Kuphazamisa zonke izakhiwo zokubusa. Kuphazamisa imithombo yengcebo, kuqeda ukwethembana, futhi kuphazamisa isimiso. Ukuthumba koMbuso kwenzeka lapho izikhungo zikahulumeni ezinamandla zomuntu siqu zisizakala, inselele enkulu kakhulu emazweni acebile. Imizamo yokunqanda ukonakala ayidingi ukuphoqelelwa okungokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi idinga ushintsho lwempucuko futhi iqinisa izinja ezizimele.

Ukusakaza I - populism Nokuvinjelwa Ngentando Yeningi

Eminyakeni yamuva, izinhlangano ze populist ziye zabekela imingcele yentando yeningi ekhululekile ngokuhlasela izinhlangano, imithombo yezindaba, namalungelo amancane. Abaholi abathi bamelela “abantu beqiniso” bavame ukugxila ekulawuleni, banciphise ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela, futhi bahlukanise umphakathi. Ukubuyela emuva kwentando yeningi kuyinqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane ngisho naphakathi kwesimiso sobudemokhrasi esingokomthetho. Ukuvuselelwa kudinga ukwakhiwa kabusha kwethemba, ukuqinisa izinhlangano ezizimele, nokuthuthukisa imfundo yesizwe.

Ukungavumelani Kwezobuchwepheshe Nokulawula Kwamanani

Ubuchwepheshe bezezinombolo bunikeza amathuluzi amasha okubusa : i-e-compatment, izinkonzo zomnyango wokwaziswa ovulekile, ama-AI-driven asekela( kodwa futhi aletha izingozi. Ukuhlasela kwe-Cybercattack, ukukhuhla umthetho we-algoric, nokuhlola kusongela ukuzifihla nokuzilawula. Ukulawula imbulunga ngokwayo kuyinselele enkulu: ukuthi ungawalawula kanjani amapulatifomu, uvikele ulwazi, futhi uqinisekise ukufinyelela okunganqamuki. [[FLT: 0] CD [FLT][FLT][FLT]] isekela amasuntrabo kahulumeni obuchwepheshe awenziwe ngobubanzi nobubanzi bengxenye yesigidi.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokulawula Indawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyinkinga ethinta imbulunga yonke. Kudinga ukubusa emazingeni amaningi ezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, izinqubo zesizwe, ukujwayela ukuguqula indawo (nezindawo ezihlukene). Izinkinga ezinjengokuguqula icarbon primeting, ukuvuselelwa kwamandla, nokuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane kubhekene nokumelana kwezombangazwe nokuhluleka kwezimiso zomphakathi. Ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile kudinga ukuhlelwa isikhathi eside, ukuthembeka kwesayensi, kanye nokubophela kwesivumelwano esihlanganisa ukugcinwa.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokubusa Ngaphandle Kombuso

Ukugeleza kwenhloko - dolobha, izimpahla, abantu, nokwaziswa okubekela inselele amandla ezwe okulawula ngokuphumelelayo. Intela egwenywa izinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe, izinhlekelele zokuthutha, nokusabela kobhadane kubonisa isidingo sezindlela zokubusa ezinamandla kakhulu zembulunga yonke. Nokho, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ngokuvamile azinawo amandla okuphoqelela nokushiyeka okusemthethweni. Izindikimba eziguqulayo njenge-UN Security Council noma i-World Trade Organization zihlala ziwumzamo ophikisanayo kodwa odingekile.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekuvuselweni Kwezimo Zokubusa

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kwembula indlela imiphakathi ehlukahlukene ebhekana ngayo nezinselele zokubusa ngezindlela zobuciko.

Estonia: Iphayona Lokubusa Ngezinombolo

Kusukela ngawo-1990, i-Estonia iye yakha esinye sezimiso eziphambili zokulawula kwezemishini emhlabeni. Izakhamuzi zilonde i-digic digital ye-vota, intela, amarekhodi empilo, nezinye. I-X-Road ivumela ukushintshisana kokwaziswa ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuyilapho kugcinwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu. Impumelelo ye-Estonia ibonisa ukuthi ukuthembela ekubusweni kwemishini kudinga ukuba i-inthaneti yomphakathi ikwazi ukuhlukanisa, ukucaca, ukuvaleka komzimba, umklamo we-athomu. Amazwe anjenge-Singapore ne-Indiya afuna ukuguqula i-evername.

IRwanda: Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Pfter-Confuct Institution

Ngemva kokuqothulwa kohlanga ngo-1994, iRwanda yaqala ukubusa okunesifiso sokuvelela izinguquko ezigxile ekubuyisaneni, ukuhlaziywa, nokuthatha isikhundla sobulili epalamende. Uhulumeni wasungula ubulungisa obusekelwe emphakathini (izinkantolo zeGaca) nezivumelwano zokwenza izivumelwano zezisebenzi zomphakathi. Nakuba abagxeki bekhomba imingcele ezinhlanhleni zezombangazwe, iRwanda iye yafinyelela ukukhula okukhulu kwezomnotho nentuthuko yenkonzo yomphakathi. Isenzakalo sayo sibonisa ukuthengwa kwezentengiselwano phakathi kokuzinzisa nesigaba sentando yeningi ezimisweni zangemva kwemvume.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekusebenziseni Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali EBrazil

Kusukela ePorto Alegre ngo- 1989, ukuhlelwa kwemali yokuhlukanisa imali kwavumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ngokuqondile indlela yokwabela izimali zikamasipala. Lenqubo yanika imingcele empofu amandla, yanciphisa inkohlakalo, futhi yathuthukisa izakhiwo. Inqubo yasakazekela emhlabeni wonke, ithonya imikhuba yokubusa emadolobheni kusukela eNew York kuya eNairobi. Nokho, impumelelo ixhomeke ekufuneni okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, isikhundla somphakathi, kanye nomklamo wezinhlangano. Ukuhlela uhlelo lwemali kuhlala kuyisibonelo esinamandla sendlela yokuvala igebe phakathi kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi nesabelo sezakhamuzi.

Ikusasa Lokubusa: Imiqondo Nezinto Ezingenakuvinjelwa

Uma ubheka phambili, ukuthambekela okuningana kushintsha indlela izinhlangano ezizihlela ngayo.

  • Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokwenza iZinqumo : I-Al ingawenza ubenenzuzo engcono izinkonzo zomphakathi, ibone izidingo, futhi ibone ukukhwabanisa, kodwa futhi iphakamise ukukhathazeka ngokukhetha, ukulandisa, nokusheshisa umsebenzi. Ukulawula i-AI . Ngokuhlela izimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuhlola, kanye nezindinganiso zokubona ngaphandle.
  • Isigodo se-Transparency: Ubuchwepheshe bomthofu obanzi bunikeza amathuba okuvota okulondekile, ukunikeza amaketanga abonisayo, kanye nokungalungi. Imisebenzi yokuhamba ezweni nokusakaza i-opera i-octives ibonisa isithembiso, nakuba ukusebenziseka nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuhlala kunezinselele.
  • Inhlangano yoBuphathi-buzwe obunemithetho-lected : Kusukela kuLwesihlanu lwesikhathi esizayo kuya ku-Black Live Matter, izinhlangano zomphakathi zisebenzisa amathuluzi emishini ukuze ziqoqe, zigcine ohulumeni benobuthakazelo, futhi befuna ushintsho. Lezinhlangano zibekela i-hierarchers yesiko inselele futhi zisunduza ukuze kungene ezimisweni ezithatha isinyathelo.
  • I-Provianance Governational Individuction: Izimiso zekhabhoni, izibopho eziluhlaza, namakhambi asekelwe kwindalo zivela njengamathuluzi esimiso. Ukushintshwa kwenetha lokukhipha igesi kuzodinga ukuhlangana okungakaze kubonwe ezingxenyeni nasemingceleni, okungaholela ezinhlanganweni ezintsha zokubusa.
  • Ukuguqula i-Dederal and Localism: Amazwe amaningi asusa amandla kohulumeni bendawo, aqaphela ukuthi ulwazi lwendawo nokuhlanganyela kuthuthukisa imiphumela. Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 waqokomisa ukubaluleka kokubusa kwendawo lapho kusabela ngenhlekelele. Nokho, ukuthotshiswa kwemithetho kumelwe kuhambisane nemithombo eyanele nokwakha amandla.

Isiphetho: Ukubusa njengenqubo Eqhubekayo

Ukubusa akuyona inqubo ehleliwe yezinhlangano kodwa inqubo enamandla yokuxoxisana, ukuthatha inguquko, nokufunda. Indlela umphakathi ohlelwe ngayo ibonisa ukuhlelwa komlando, ukulwa kwegunya, izindinganiso zamasiko, kanye nokukhetha okuhlangene. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuvuselelwa njalo − ngokhetho, izinguquko, ukucindezela komphakathi, noshintsho. Njengoba izinselele zembulunga yonke zikhula, izinga lokubusa liyonquma ukuthi izinhlangano zingafinyelela yini intuthuko eqinile, ubulungisa bezenhlalo, nokuzimela. Ngokufunda ukubusa ngokujulile, izakhamuzi nabaholi ngokufanayo kunganikela ekwakheni izimiso ezingezinhle futhi ezingafezeki kuphela kodwa ezifanelekelayo ezidingweni zabantu.