Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni sokuvikela uhulumeni sisebenza njengesinye sesithiyo esilandelanayo kakhulu sokuthola inqubo yezempilo, ngokuvamile sinquma ukuthi ukumangalelwa komthetho ngokomthetho esibhedlela somphakathi, esiseyunivesithi yezokwelapha, noma izinhlangano zezempilo zikahulumeni kuke kufike ejajini. Ifakwe eSimisweni se-Enyeth Ehla Ehla Ehla Endleni, le mfundiso engokomthetho ingacima iziphakamiso eziqinile ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe. Kulendawo, ukuqondisa le ndawo kufuna ukuqondwa okuqondile komthetho-mthetho-mthetho, umbuso owe-osigeometrary, nombuso owe-hulumeni owe-ophakalelayo. Kubaphathi bezempilo, abaphathi bezokuzifaka engozini, kanye neseluleko esingokomthetho, kusebenza njengesempikiswayo eqinile, nakuba kungavikele kakhulu, ukuchashwa kwezentengosi yeze yempilo emongweni yempilo, ukuhlola isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo somphakathi, ukuhlola izinhlangano sezentengo, ukuphatha eziphambili, ukuphatha izikhulu, nomthetho, ukuphatha umphumela.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kokungahlangani KoMbusi

Imfundiso yanamuhla yokuzimela uhulumeni ozimele wokuvikela uhulumeni ilandela uhlu lwawo lozalo lwawo lweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, eyagunyazwa ngo-1795, enikeza: "Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe ukuba adlulisele kunoma yiliphi isuntswana emthetho noma ukulingana, aqashelwe noma aquliswe noma alwelwe esinye sezakhamuzi zase-United States ngezakhamuzi zesinye isifundazwe, noma yizakhamuzi noma iZizwe noma iZiqu zezwe zanoma yisiphi iSizwe. [FLT:] Isinqumo esivelele kunoma yisiphi iSishayamthetho esiphezulu sesigungu, iNkathi i-U. U-1.S.

Izinqumo ezilandelayo zithuthukise izinga lemfundiso. [Ku-FULT] USiminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S.1996), iNkantolo yathi iNkantolo ayinalo igunya ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso Somthetho I sokuzivikela kombuso okungalawuleki. Lokhu kunquma okuphawulekayo kulinganisela amandla ombuso wokuletha iziphakamiso ze-athonsitiom zikahulumeni, ukuhlanganisa iziphakamiso ezithile zempilo ezihlobene nezindawo zezezempilo, ngaphandle kokuba iSigaba seSiphakamiso seMitheli se-59. Umphumela umthetho usendaweni engokomthetho lapho izinhlangano zezentengo eziphethe izimali zezentengo engekho emthethweni, ifaka umthwalo oqinile ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwemali ezisemthethweni.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye asisebenzi nje kuphela ekuzinqumeni kodwa nasezindaweni ezifanelekelayo njenge "izikhali zikahulumeni". Ukunquma ukuthi isibhedlela, umnyango wempilo, noma isikhungo sezokwelapha sikufanelekele ukuhlolwa kokuzivikela kudinga uphenyo olusebenzayo ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwenhlangano nomcebo wemali kahulumeni. Uma isahlulelo ngokumelene nenhlangano sikhokhwa ngemali kahulumeni, kungenzeka ukuthi lenhlangano ivikelekile. Lokhu kuhlola okusebenzayo kuye kwabangela ukushintshwa okukhulu kwezindawo ezisengxenyeni yezokwelapha, lapho izakhiwo zenhlangano zihluka kakhulu khona ezingxenyeni zezempilo.

"Inkinga Kahulumeni" Ekuhlolweni Kwempilo

Kukuphenya kwezempilo, umbuzo ngokuvamile uwukuthi ingabe ummangalelwa ufanelekela yini njenge-"ihlombe lombuso" elifanele ukuzivikela ekuzilawuleni. Lokhu kuzimisela kusobala ngokwemvelo, kudinga izinkantolo ukuba zihlole izici eziningana: imfanelo kahulumeni yezimali ekwahluleleni okumelene nento, izinga lokulawula kwemisebenzi yento, ukuhlelwa kwesikhundla ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, nokuthi yini lenhlangano isebenza umsebenzi kahulumeni. Izinhlangano zezempilo ziveza izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zokwakha, zenza lokhu kuhlola kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Izimiso Zezibhedlela Zomphakathi

Izifunda zesibhedlela somphakathi nezibhedlela ezisebenzisana nesifundazwe ziphikisa njalo ukuthi ziyizikhali zikahulumeni onelungelo lokugonywa. Nokho, umphumela uxhomeke kakhulu emthethweni kahulumeni nasemikhakheni yezimali. EFlorida, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi izigodlo zomphakathi azinelungelo lokuzivikela ngokuzenzakalelayo; kunalokho, kumelwe zibonise ukuthi isahlulelo siyothinta umcebo kahulumeni ngokuqondile. Ngokufanayo, eTexas, ezinye izifunda zasesibhedlela ezakhiwe umthetho jikelele zingase zintule ukuvikeleka ngenxa yokuthi zizimele ngokwezigaba zezombangazwe kunokuba zizimele izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Abahlaseli abachaphazekile abakhohliwe isibhedlela kumelwe bahlole umthetho owenzela isibhedlela, imithombo yezimali, nobuhlobo nehhovisi likahulumeni.

Izibhedlela zezifo zengqondo ezilawulwa uhulumeni kanye nezibhedlela zokunakekela izifo zengqondo ezihlala isikhathi eside zijabulela ukuvikeleka ngenxa yokuthi zisebenza ngaphansi kokulawulwa uhulumeni ngokuqondile futhi zixhaswe ngezimali ngombuso. Lokhu kugonyelwa kungavimbela iziguli ekutholeni umonakalo ekulahlweni kwempatho yokunganaki, ngisho nasezimweni ezihilela ukulimala okungathi sína. Nokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni zinikeza amanye amakhambi ngezenzo zokudayisa, okuvumela ukumangalelwa okulinganiselwe ngokumelene nezimfuneko ze-ocessics eziqondene nezimiso zikahulumeni njengesaziso sezinto zokuzibopha nezikhala.

Izikhungo Zezokwelapha zaseState University

Izikhungo zezokwelapha ezisetshenziswa amayunivesithi oMbuso anikeza imibuzo ephindaphindwayo yokuvikeleka. Icala eliphambili lihlala likhona IRegents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Doe, 519 U.S. 425 (1997), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela khona ukuthi iyunivesithi inelungelo lokuvikeleka ngisho noma yayinomshuwalense, ngoba umbuso uqhubeke unomthwalo wemfanelo ongokwezimali.

Ukubekwa kwemithetho ehlanganisa izikhungo zezokwelapha zaseyunivesithi ngokuvamile kugxile ekutheni umthetho owenzayo uhlanganisa "inyu nowasulwa" yini. Izigaba ezinjalo zingaba umnqandi wezinga lokuvikela izifo, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zafinyelela imiphumela engqubuzanayo. Ezinye izikhundla ziphatha ujenene "unyu futhi ziphekwe" njengenqobolo egcwele yokuvimbela ukuvikela ukulwa nazo zonke izinjongo, kuyilapho ezinye zilinganisela umlindi ukuba asebenze noma asebenzise izimpawu ezithile. Izeluleko olungokomthetho olumelela izibhedlela ezibhedlela zaseyunivesithi kumelwe zihlole ngokucophelela ihholo leyunivesithi nezincazelo zenkantolo yecala ezihlobene nezindaba zezwe.

Izinhlangano Zokunakekela Eziphethwe UMedicaid Nezinhlangano Zezempilo ZoMbuso

Iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni kanye nokwehlukana kwayo ngokuvamile kufanelekile ukuba ilwelwe ubukhosi bokuvikela izikhali lapho yenza imisebenzi yempilo yomphakathi eyisisekelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola, ukuqapha izifo, nokusabela okuphuthumayo. Nokho, ukugonyelwa komzimba kungase kungadluleli emisebenzini yezentengiselwano esebenzayo, njengemisebenzi yokuthengisa noma ukubhalisa izikhangiso zomshwalense. Umehluko phakathi kwemisebenzi kahulumeni ne-proprietary uyaqhubeka ubalulekile emazweni amaningi, nakuba iSiphendulo seshumi Nenye ngokwaso singawuchazi lomehluko phakathi komthetho wezwe.

UMdicaid walawula izinhlangano zokunakekela wanikeza isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uma izivumelwano zikahulumeni nenhlangano yokunakekela elawulwa yibo bodwa ukuze inikeze izinzuzo ze-Medicaid, i-athom ngokuvamile ayikutholi ukuvikeleka kobuso bezwe ngokwayo. Nokho, uma imibuso ngokwayo isebenza njengenhlangano ephethweyo yokunakekela, njengoba imibuso eminingi yenza ngeminyango yayo yezempilo . Abakhohlisi abafuna ukubekela inselele izinqumo eziyingozi noma ukulawulwa kwezinhlelo zokunakekela okungalawuleki kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi ingazifaka yini izikhulu zikahulumeni ekunikezeni usizo olulindelekile ngaphansi kwemfundiso yezempilo Extranste procestions produal , kunokuba bafune ukulimaza imali ngokuqondile esimweni.

Isihluthulelo Esiya Ekwakhekeni KoMbusi Ekunakekeleni Impilo

Nakuba ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzimela esizimele kunikeza isithiyo esiqinile, izimpawu eziningana ezimiswe kahle nemingcele yempilo zivumela ukuba ukwelashwa kuqhubeke. Ukutholakala kwalokhu kuvame ukunquma ukuthi icala lingasinda yini ekuthatheni isinyathelo ukuze lilahle isahlulelo noma lifingcwe.

Imfundiso Ewujuqu Ewubusha

Imfundiso Ex engxenyeni yeYell, 209 U.S. 123 (08), ivumela amasutu ngokumelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni emakhonweni azo angokomthetho angaphambili ukuze kulungiswe ukuphulwa komthetho kahulumeni okuqhubekayo. Lemfundiso isekelwe enhlombe engokomthetho yokuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni esisebenza ngokuphambene nomthetho kahulumeni siphucwe igunya lakhe elingokomthetho futhi singase siqulwe njengelungu lomuntu. Emongweni wezempilo, lemfundiso iye yasetshenziswa ekubekeni izinselele ngokumelene nombuso weMedicaid, abaphathi bezempilo, izikhulu zezezempilo, nabaphathi bezezezesikhungo seyunivesithi zezokwelapha.

Ukucela i- Ex ex ye-Young ukukhipha, umchasi kumelwe aqhubeke ephula umthetho kahulumeni futhi afune ukukhululeka okulungisa ukwaphulwa komthetho omisiwe esikhathini esizayo. Ukulimala kwe-moneta ngenxa yokulimala kwesikhathi esidlule akukho ngaphansi kwale mfundiso. Izinhlelo ezivamile zempilo zihlanganisa izinselele zokuhlela izimiso ezivimbela ukufinyelela ezinkonzweni ezidingekile ngokwezezokwelapha, ukuhluleka ukunikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi ngaphansi kwe-Mediya ngokukhubazeka, nokuphika ukuhlanganisa iMidicaid okuphula izimfuneko zikahulumeni. Imfundiso ayivumeli ukugwenywa okumelene neziphathiso, kuphela nezikhulu, futhi nosizo olufunwayo kumelwe luhlolwe ngendlela engcono.

Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukulinganiselwa okubili okubalulekile u-Ex ye-Young ngaphandle. Okokuqala, lemfundiso ayibhekiseli ezikhulwini zikahulumeni ngokwephulwa umthetho kahulumeni, ngoba inganekwane yegunya elingokomthetho isebenza ekuphuleni umthetho kahulumeni kuphela. Okwesibili, lemfundiso ayinakusetshenziswa ukuthola ukukhululeka okungaba nomphumela osebenzayo wokulahla imali emalini yemali egciniwe uma ukukhululeka kuyintengo ekhona kunenjongo elindelekile.

Ukukhishwa Kwenhlangano Ngaphansi Kwengxenye 5 YeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Nakuba i-Congress ingenakukwazi ukuvikela uhulumeni ekulweni ngokomthetho ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso sayo I, ingenza kanjalo ngaphansi kwe-Ingxenye 5 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela ilungiselelo lokulungisa lempi. INkantolo Ephakeme isungule ukuhlolwa kokunquma ukuthi umthetho uvikela isayensi esemthethweni engokomthetho. Imithetho ehlobene nezokuvikela impilo eye yahlolwa ngaphansi kwalesi simiso ihlanganisa amaMelika ane-Act okukhubazeka, u-Rehabilital Act, kanye nezinhlelo ezithile ze-Afford Care Act.

i-Board of Trust of the University of Alabamac. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi iSihloko I (ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi) asizange sibe nesibopho sokuvikela uhulumeni ngenxa yokuthi umbhalo wesivumelwano awuzange ubonise ukucwaswa kwabantu ngemithetho ngokumelene nokukhubazeka. Nokho, i-Teneseevane. [[FLT:], 541].U-509.204, iSihlomo seNkakhulu sezentengozelo se-AD (inkonzo esemthethweni) njengendlela eqinile yokuthola izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezihilela ukuvusehlela ezinye izivumelwano zezempilo.[FOctive]

Ingxenye 504 ye-Rehabilitation Act ka-1973, enqabela ukucwaswa ngokukhubazeka kwezinhlelo ezithola usizo lwezimali zikahulumeni, iye yachazwa njengesimo esisemthethweni ekutholeni izimali zikahulumeni kunokuthola izikhali zokuzivikela. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, isho ukuthi ukwamukela izimali zikahulumeni zemali − okuhlanganisa intengo yeMedicare ne-Medicaid inkokhelo yemali ehambisana nokuphulwa kwe-Cecreate 504. Le nkolelo yokuvikelwa kwemali ibonise ukuthi iyaphumelela ezimweni ezihilela imishini yokwelapha etholakalayo, izindawo zokuxhumana, nokuphika izinkonzo.

Isifundazwe Sase - United States Nesemvume Yokusigqoka

Izwe lingase lixhaphaze ukugonyelwa kwalo ngolimi olucacile lwemithetho, futhi amazwe amaningi aye amisa izenzo ezivumela ukumangalelwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingaphansi kwezimo ezicacisiwe. Izinga nezimfuneko zalemithetho zihluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeCalifornia neNew York, zinezenzo ezibanzi ezithi zivumela ukumelana nombuso ukuziphatha okunganaki kwezisebenzi ezinakekela impilo, kuyilapho ezinye, njengoVirginia noAlabama, zinemigomo eqinile evimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezempilo.

Iziphakamiso zikahulumeni zivame ukuhlanganisa izimfuneko ezibalulekile ezimelwe abaphangi ukuba banelise njengezimfuneko ezifanele ukufaneleka. Imfuneko evamile ukugcinwa kwesaziso esifike ngesikhathi, ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90 kuya ku-180 zokulimala. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nezimfuneko zezazisiwe imiphumela yokulahlekelwa kwelungelo lokukhokha. Izenzo eziningi ze-tort zifaka futhi izigqoko ezilimazayo, imingcele engekho ngokomnotho, kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi esemthethweni. Abachazi abafunayo ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yomthetho kumelwe basebenzise lemigoqo eqinile futhi baqinisekise ukugcinwa okuqinile kwemithetho yokulawula.

Imfundiso i-Latpides, isungulwe i-Lapides v. ibhodi yeRegents yaseYunivesithi yaseGeorgia, 535 U.S.63 [2002], inikeza ukuthi intethelelo yenguquko yezwe ehlangene nemithetho ye-Pregrandment uma isusa ngokuzithandela icala likahulumeni enkantolo yenkantolo. Lemfundiso isebenza ekuchazeni ukuthi umthetho uhlangene nomthetho. Imiphumela engokomthetho ye-[FLT] Lapides [FLT] iphawuleka kakhulu: uma isimo sokususa icala le-ocentiumst, ngeke isebenzise imvume yomthetho yokuvikela isigaba somthetho. Lemfundiso isebenza ekuqondeni kwecala eliyigobekiwe kungathi i-ose, ingaba ukuveza ukuveza ukuphikisa kwenkantolo, noma i-osenzishoshoshosho.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zokunakekela Impilo

Impumelelo ekunakekeleni impilo ehilela ukuvikela kobusosha kudinga ukucwaninga ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuqashwa, ukuncenga, nokuqonda kahle indawo ezungezile. Lokhu okulandelayo kudinga ukucatshangelwa kokubili abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa abafuna ukuqondisa lendawo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho.

Ukucwaninga Izimo Zempahla Ngaphambi Kwesikhathi

Phambi kokuqululela icala lenhlangano emelene nokunakekela impilo engase ibe umdlali kahulumeni, abakhokhi-mthetho kumelwe bahlole ngenkuthalo isimo esingokomthetho somphakathi kanye nobuhlobo nombuso. Amabhukwana abalulekile okubukeza ahlanganisa umthetho wenhlangano okwaziyo, izihloko zokuhlanganisa, imithetho yenhlangano, kanye nezimali ezigunyaziwe. Imibuzo ebalulekile ukuphendula ihlanganisa: Ingabe lento inamandla okukhokha futhi ibekwe ngegama layo? Ingabe lento isekelwe ngokuyinhloko ngenkokhelo kahulumeni noma ngenkokhelo yeminyango yenhlangano?

Izicelo zomphakathi zinganikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngemithombo yezimali, izimali zomshuwalense, namalungiselelo okuhlanganisa. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ummeli udingeka ukuze avikele izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye izinhlangano kumelwe zigcine iseluleko esiyimfihlo. Isimo sokuzivikela esinikezwayo singanikeza ukuqonda ngesimo esingokomthetho senhlangano. Amachashaza kufanele futhi ahlole ukuthi uhulumeni uye wasungula yini ukulungisa noma ukukhokha isikhwama sokulawula izingozi ezikhipha izahlulelo ngokumelene nenhlangano, njengoba lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi lenhlangano iphathwa njengengalo yezwe ngenjongo yokuvikela.

Ukuhola Ubukhosi

Uma ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzimela kubonakala kuveza ukumangalela okuqondile ngokumelene nenhlangano yezokwelapha kahulumeni, abakhohlisi kufanele bacabangele abamangalelwa nabaqondisi bezokwelapha ngabanye emakhonweni abo siqu. Abanakekela impilo ngabanye bangagwema ibhamu lokuzivikela, uma kuvela izinsolo ezihlobene nokuziphatha okuhambisana nezenzo zomgcini womuntu siqu kunokuba kube nezimiso ezingokomthetho. Sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhokhishwe ngenxa yezingozi ezisemzandleni zazo siqu azinalungelo lokuzivikela kobukhosi, ngisho noma ukuziphatha kuhlangene nemisebenzi yazo kahulumeni.

Okunye ukusho okuphambene ukugcona okuwukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni noma umthetho wezomthetho-mthetho futhi ufune ukukhululeka ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983. Nakuba i-Refection Development yokuzivikela kombuso ifuna umonakalo ezindaweni ezithile, ayibamangaleli abamangalelwa ngabanye emandleni abo angokomthetho okukhulula abathunyiwe. Ingxenye 1983 izikhulu zikahulumeni zingabekwa futhi ezisemnyangweni wamazweni, njengezibhedlela zesifunda noma iminyango yezempilo kamasipala, ngokuvamile ezingajatshuliswa ukuzivikela kwezelelwe iNguquko yeshumi nanye ngisho noma zingavikelwa yizimfundiso ezivamile zomthetho owenqandayo.

Isenzo sekilasi sokuzimela isigaba siveza enye indlela phambili ezimweni ezifanele. Ngokufuna ukukhululeka kwesigaba jikelele ngaphansi Ex ngxenye yeYell, ama-paganda angabekela inselele ukuswelakala kwezimiso zezokunakekela impilo yezwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuncishiswa kweSimemezelo seSijikelezo seshumi Nesihlanu semali. Izenzo zesigaba zempumelelo ziye zakhuluma ngenani lemali elilinganiselweyo lemivuzo ye-Medicaid, izinkonzo zempilo zezengqondo ezanele, nokuphatha izintela zezempilo zomphakathi ngokwezenhlalakahle. Ukutholakala kweminxephelo yommeli ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-42.C. U.C. 1988 kunganikeza izisusa zezentengo zezemali zezentengo yezentengiselwano engaphandle ukuze iphiselwe ngisho nokuncitshiswa kwemali.

Ukuhlasela Izimpikiswano Ezisobala Ngaphansi Kweziqu Zombuso Kusho Izinkulumo ZezEnzo

Kuthi kuqhubeke ngaphansi kukahulumeni izenzo, ukuvumelana ngokuqinile nezimfuneko ezingokwesiko kubalulekile. Lezi zimfuneko zihlanganisa ukugcinwa okufike ngesikhathi kwesaziso esilotshiwe sesaziso esichaza isisekelo esiyiqiniso sokumangalelwa, isimo nobukhulu bengozi, kanye nobungakanani bengozi efunwayo. Imithetho eminingi ifuna ukuba isaziso siqinisekiswe ngesifungo futhi sithunyelwe kubaphathi bezwe abamisiwe esikhathini esifushane ngemva kokulimala.

Abamangali kufanele baqaphele ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlanganisa imithetho emifushane yokulinganisela kunemithetho evamile yokulimaza umuntu. Ukungasitholi isikhathi ngosuku olulodwa kungaphumela ekuxoshweni ngobandlululo. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izinkantolo ukuba zithethelele ukuphonsa isaziso sesikhashana ngenxa yesizathu esihle esiboniswe, kodwa lamalungiselelo athathwe kancane. Abaphathi bezingozi neseluleko sokuvikela kufanele babhale ngokucophelela usuku lwesaziso futhi babheke imingcele yesikhathi ehambelanayo, njengoba ukwehluleka ukuphakamisa ukuswela kwesaziso ngempendulo efanelekile kungaphumela ekuhluleni komvikeleni.

Umonakalo wezikhonkwane ezihlolwayo zikahulumeni ubangela okunye ukunciphisa okubalulekile ekululameni. Izikhonkwane ezivamile zisukela ku-R150 000 kuya ku-R150 000 ku-aR1 000 kulowo nalowo ozibophayo, ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imingcele emibakweni yokufuna izibalo eziningi ezivela esenzeka esenzekeni esisodwa. Lama-kepisi angasebenza kuyo yonke umonakalo noma kuphela emonakalo ongewona wezomnotho njengobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Ukungasebenza kahle kwemisebe yokwelapha ngokuvamile kungokonakaliswa kwemithetho yomthetho nokukhokhwama.

Imikhuba Yamuva Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Izwe lokuzivikela komzimba okuzimele ekunakekeleni impilo liyaqhubeka liguquka lisabela ezinhlanganweni ezintsha zemithetho, eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, nakushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe.

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, izifunda eziningi ezimisiwe zinikeza abanakekela impilo izikhali ezibanzi zokuvikela izingozi ezibangelwa ukuxilongwa, ukwelashwa, noma ukuphatha leligciwane. Amanye alamandla okuvikela izifo adlulela ezikhungweni zomnyango wezempilo futhi angase aphakamise imibuzo ngenani lezenzo ze-topiter ehlolwayo ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Izinkantolo manje ziphazamisana nokuthi izimiso ezihlobene nezifo ezihlobene nobhadane zinciphisa amalungiselelo akhona okungalawuleki ezinkonzweni zezenzo, nokuthi ukusebenzisa kabusha kwalezi zimiso kumelene yini nezimiso zomthetho ezivikela izimbangela zesenzo.

Ukuwohloka kokwaziswa ezimisweni zomphakathi zokunakekela impilo kuye kwabangela ukulahlwa kwemithetho ekhethekile emelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Uma ukwaziswa kweziguli kuncishiswa esibhedlela saseyunivesithi noma emnyangweni wezempilo kahulumeni, abantu abathintekile bangase bafune umonakalo ngenxa yokwebiwa kwemininingwane yabo, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, kanye nezinye umonakalo. Umbuso wokuzivikela komzimba uvalela lezi zikhalo zokulimaza imali, ikakhulukazi ezilawulayo ezingayekanga imithetho ethile ephulanga imithetho ethile ebangela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nombuso. Nokho, ezinye izinkantolo ziye zavumela ukunganaki ngokumelene nezimiso zikahulumeni zokwehluleka ukulondoloza ukulondeka kokwaziswa okwanele ngaphansi kwamalungiselelo kahulumeni okungathandi ukuphatha izenzo zomthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho ukweqa igebeva kubangelwa izenzo zokunganaki zezisebenzi ngabanye ezinganaki kunokuba kubangelwe yizinqumo yezimiso zemithetho.

Ukuvala isigwebo okuyinselele kwemithetho evimbela ukukhishwa kwezisu kuye kwaphakamisa izimpikiswano ezizimele. Imfundiso ye- Ex Young iye yaba yisici esiyinhloko semithetho ebekela inselele ukukhishwa kwezisu, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezichaphazeleka emandleni angokomthetho okuyala ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano emisha. Ukutholakala kwe [FLT]] Ingxenye yeYe Young[ ehlukile emicimbini yokukhipha isisu ekhona ekwakhexiweni ekwakungaqinisekiswe kuyo futhi kungenziwa imvume yokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezempilo. [[FLT], [FLT], [2], lapho ezinye izikhulu zezikhulu zithola khona imvume yokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwezelelwa kwezentengo.[Fognezentery:]

Imikhosi ye-Drends eMedicalidid iyaqhubeka icwengisisa izinga lokuzivikela kobukhosi ekunakekeleni impilo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme armhanghed v. I-Paralatal Child Center[, 575 U.S. 320, isithiya ikhono leMidicaid lokuvikela ukukhokha ngaphansi kwe-Supremacy Claus ukuze iqinisekise izinganiso ze-Médicaid. INkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi abaxhasi abanakuthola inkululeko engathintinyeni yokuphoqelela ilungiselelo elilinganayo lokungena kweMédica Act ngenxa yokuthi umthetho awuzange ukudalangakhiqiniswe isinyathelo esiyimfihlo. I-palijini igxile ku-'ingxenye ye-MExption [FFF] [FFF] engathi inikeza isisekelo semithetho engokomthetho esiqhubekayo ngokuncikelele ezinkantolo eziqhubekayo.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokuzivikela sombuso singenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela impilo futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikhona ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi ezibhekene nokuphikiswa. Isekelwe embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo nasemakhulwini eminyaka andulelayo, lemfundiso ivikela amagugu kahulumeni emthwalweni wokwahlulela ngokwezimali kuyilapho ivimbela ikhono leziguli lokuthola izivalela ukulimala okubangelwa izimiso zempilo ezilawulwa uhulumeni. Ukucindezeleka phakathi kwalezizindinganiso eziphikisanayo nokulandisa komuntu ngamunye kuyaqhubeka ukuveza ukuhlaziywa njengezinkantolo ezilawula imingcele yezokuvikela izifo, i - raiter, ne-broughtssss ezimongweni zempilo.

Kubantu abachaphazelekayo, impumelelo idinga indlela ebanzi ehlanganisa uphenyo oluqinile lwangaphambi kokumiswa kwenkantolo, ukuncenga, nokuqonda okuphelele kwezimfundiso zomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kanye namalungiselelo kahulumeni acacile. Abamangalelwa, ukuvikela kombuso kunikeza isikhali esinamandla se-procedicture, kodwa engalahleka ngokuphambuka okunjengokususwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma ukwehluleka ukuvumelana nezimfuneko. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi okwandayo kwezimiso zokunikeza impilo, kuhlangene nemithetho ehlangene nemithetho engokomthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi indima yokuvikela umbuso wezomthetho wempilo esemthethweni empilweni ihlala isendaweni eqinile futhi iphikiswane ngokuzinkonzo yezenzwe iminyaka eminingi.

Izinhlangano zosizo lwempilo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lombuso kufanele zisebenze ngokuseduze neseluleko esingokomthetho ukuze ziqonde izinga lokuzivikela kwazo, izimfuneko ezingokwesiko ezilawula ukumangalelwa kwazo, nezimo ngaphansi kwazo lapho ukuvikeleka kwengozi kungase kuncishiswe. Ukulawula izingozi ezisebenzayo, kuhlanganise nokuthola imibhalo efanele, ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi, nokunakekelwa komshuwalense wecala, kunganciphisa amathuba okufuna nokuvikela isivikelo lapho kuvela. Endaweni engokomthetho lapho imingcele engokomthetho ingasusa khona imingcele, ukuqondwa okujulile komthetho wesivikelo sobukhosi obusemshuwalenseni kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo nokumelelayo.