Indima Yokusekela Umthetho Womthetho Wangaphambili

Umqondo wenhloso yokuqala uyaqhubeka ubumba incazelo yokwahlulela yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., usebenza njengetshe lesisekelo ezimpikiswaneni zendlela yomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela yokuchaza i-posit ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele zinqume incazelo yomthetho-mfakela ngokuhlola lokho abakhi bomthetho-sisekelo namaratifiers ababehlose khona lapho befaka futhi bemukela le mibhalo. Nakuba ngokuvamile ihlangene nemithetho engokwesiko engokwesiko, injongo yokuqala iye yaqala ekubeni i-prophecyprumentmentmentment eyinkimbinkimbi yemfundiso engokomthetho engoko okunemiphumela ewusizo engoko emacaleni anamuhla.

Isisekelo Sobuqaba Obuqondile Basekuqaleni

Ukuchaza Incazelo Yokuqala

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa inhloso yokuqala ku- yenjongo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni. Injongo yasekuqaleni igxila ezinjongweni nasemigomweni ehambisana ne-flamers, kuyilapho incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi ihlola indlela umuntu onengqondo ayeyowuqonda ngayo umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngaleso sikhathi. Owesimanje uthambekele ekusekeleni indlela yokugcina, njengoba igwema ubunzima bezinhloso ezihlukene zomdwebi namasu ombhalo. Abasekeli abakwaziyo ukusekela izimiso zombhalo. Abasekela i-Pristie Antonin Scialia basekela incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuqina komthetho-mthetho kuxhomeke ekuqondeni kwayo okumisiweyo, kunokuba kugwebe ukukhetha okuvamile.

Ukuvela Komlando Kwemfundiso Yasekuqaleni

Izimpande zenhloso yokuqala zifinyelele emuva eRepublic yokuqala. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall ku-[FLT] Marbury v. Madison (1803) wabhala ukuthi iNkantolo kumelwe inqume incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo, isho isidingo sokuqonda umqondo wayo wasekuqaleni. Phakathi nekhulu le-19, izinkantolo zazivame ukucaphuna izimpikiswano zomthetho kanye noMphathi we-Federalist Paper njengabaqondisi beziqondiso. Umzabalazo wesi wanamuhla wazuza i-transport phakathi konyaka ka-70 no-1980s, uqhutshwa izazi ezingokomthetho njengoRobert Bork noRaoul Berger, owathiwa yinhloso yokuqala, izimiso zokungathathi mthetho. Lokhu kubekela ithonya "umthetho ophilayo" phakathi nenkathi ye-Activesbook.

Ukuzimisela Kwakuqala Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo Wanamuhla

Ukuhlela Impikiswano: Impikiswano Yokuqala Impikiswano. UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Umbango phakathi kwenhloso yokuqala nomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ulokhu ubalulekile enkulumweni engokomthetho yamanje. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi lomthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uvumelane nezimiso nezindinganiso zesonto, ucaphuna amagama abanzi alencwadi afana "ngenqubo yokuqala" ne-"isivikelo esilinganayo" abadalula ukuthi ukuguquguquka okunjalo kululaza umthetho futhi kunika abahluleli amandla angalawuli ukuphoqelela imibono yabo siqu. Le mpikiswano ayiyona nje imfundo yemfundo; ithonya imiphumela ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo ezibhamu, ukukhipha isisu, amandla empathiyo, ne-gationalism.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko lengxabano ukuphatha amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo avamile ngamabomu. Abaqondisi bakuqala bavame ukukhomba eSichibiyelweni seNinth nakumalungelo noma izigijimi njengezibonelo lapho uphenyo olungokomlando ludingeka khona ukuze kugwenywe ukwahlulela. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukunquma injongo yokuqala yezingcaphuno ezibanzi kungaba ukuqagela okukhulu futhi kungase kuncike ebufakazini obungokomlando obukhethiwe.

Uphawu Lwenkantolo Ephakeme Olushintsha Inhloso Yasekuqaleni

Isigodi saseColumbia v. Heller (2008)

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Heller singumfanekiso wanamuhla wendlela yokucabanga yakudala. Embonweni 5-4 owabhalwa uMahluleli Scalia, iNkantolo yabambelela ekutheni iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nento yokuzilwa kwebhamu ekhaya. Abaningi baqhuba ukuhlaziywa okukhulu komlando kombhalo wesinxephezelo, ukuqonda kwangaphambi kokuqala, nokuchaza komthetho we-past - restatification. Scalia wahlola umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, imithetho yamakoloni, nezimpikiswano zenkathi yokusungula ukuphetha ukuthi "kulungile kubantu" kubhekiswe kubantu ngabanye, hhayi elungelweni zabo zonke. Umthetho kaSteveninston, futhi waphikisa kakhulu incazelo ehlangene yesithembiso senkonzo. ISikhathina iveza ngisho nezindlela zokuqala zezesayensi, lapho zivuma khona ngisho nezindlela zokuqala.

INew York State Rifle & iPistol Association v. Bruen (2022)

Yakhiwa [[QUTY:0]] IHeller, iNkantolo ku Bruen yalungisa uvivinyo olusha lweSikhawulo seSiphendulo seMikhawulo esisekelwe kuphela embhalweni nasemlandweni. Umbono kaMahluleli uThomas uYenqaba ukuphenyiswa kokuhlola okungaqondakaliyo kokuhlola ukuthi imithetho yanamuhla ivumelana yini nesiko elingokomlando lemithetho yezikhali. Lesinqumo sisunduza inhloso yokuqala yokubekwa komthetho wesimemezelo, idinga izinkantolo eziphansi ukuze angene ekucwaningeni okunzulu komlando. Abagxeki baphikisa lendlela ibeka umthwalo ohulumeni namalungelo asekelwe ekusebenziseni imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi, kuyilapho idumisa ngenxa yokubuyisela ubuqotho.

Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Isinqumo [[FLT: 1] sithathelwe phezulu [[FLT:] ukuphakamisa . U-Wade [[FLT]] no-[FLT]] Plantive v. U-Casey[ futhi wathembela kakhulu kumthetho we-ronastrianology. Umthetho Alto uveza ukuthi umthetho-Constitus awufaki ilungelo lokukhipha isisu ngoba awugxilile kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe nasemasikweni. Umbono wabuzwa umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi, imithetho yaseMelika, nemithetho engokomthetho kusukela esikhathini sokusungulwa kwekhulu lekhulu leminyaka le-19, ukuphetha ukuthi ukukhishwa kokungaqonda kwe-Geneticmentation. I-Thomence i-Thomaton, isikisela futhi i-Thomagnomeston, i-ence, ngokwendlela yokuqala ye-enzayo.[F6]

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili Ezinkantolo Eziphansi Zesizwe

Ngalé kweNkantolo ePhakeme, ukucabanga kokuqala kugcwele imibono yenkantolo ephansi, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinezigebengu ezisadla ngoludala. Emacaleni ahilela inkululeko engokwenkolo, amalungelo empahla, nenqubo yobugebengu, abahluleli banikeza ngokuqhubekayo inqubo engokomlando nemithombo yokusungula. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kwemikhakha "yesikhawulo nesiko" yempi, i-jurispriprance, ifuna ukuba abaxhasi bemithetho ebanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] Izinselele zenkululeko yokusebenza no-Evision Clasce , izinkantolo ziye zahlola ukuthi imithwalo engokwenkolo efanayo ikhona ekusungulweni kwesisekelo sokuthola izinga lesivikelo. Le ntuthuko iye yakhuthaza ukubambisana komthetho nomlando, kanye nezazi zezazi ezisemiphakathini yomiphakathi yezincwadi zezemfundo.

Impikiswano Nezifundiswa

Inkinga Yokuzinqumela

Abagxeki baphakamisa izinselele eziningi eziyisisekelo zenhloso yokuqala. Okokuqala, amaflamers ayengenayo imibono ehlukene futhi ngokuvamile engqubuzanayo. Ukuyekelela okubekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo − njenge-Fiffths Clause noma i-Electoral Colleges eyisisekelo yezombangazwe kunokuhlobana nenhloso eyodwa. Ukudalula "inhloso" idinga ukuhlukanisa lezizikhundla eziqinile, ezingaqondakali. Okwesibili, umlando awuphelele. Sinemibalwa imibhalo evela eSivumelwaneni somthetho, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezindaba eziyimfihlo. I-Federalist Papers, nakuba ithonya, imibhalo yezincwadi zezenteko, i-vocation, ingasebenzi, i-ovations. I-suthrommoston, ukusebenzisa izimo ezisezimo ezimweni zanamuhla ezivamile, idinga ukufana nokubaluleka okungalawuleki. Izentembelo ye-Gene i-sting i-stionston i-mosenzibili isebenza kulolu hlu lanamuhla, i-smose?

Ukuzimisela Kwakuqala Nenkinga Yobuhlanya

Enye i-critique ikhathalela ubuhlobo bokuqala nokubheka. Ubukhomanisi obumsulwa bungasikisela ukuthi noma isiphi isinqumo esiphikisana nencazelo yokuqala kufanele siqedwe. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme kudala yaqaphela ukubaluleka kwesibonelo sokuzinza nokuthembela. Amajaji aqalayo ngokuvamile kumelwe asebenzise ukushukuma: ukuhlonipha ukwethembeka kokuqala nokuqondana nencazelo yokuqala. UMahluleli Scialia uvuma lokhu kucindezeleka kombono wakhe ohlukile [[FLT: 0] [FLT:[FLT: 1], engazi ukuthi imizekelo ethile emide (njenge [FLT:]]]] [FFT]]]]] [5]) ayinikezihluphanga izinqui.[Freggggggn, uma ingekho impikiswano engekho ngokomthetho mayelana nalokhu kuphikisa: [Fog.[5]

Inhloso Yasekuqaleni YeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Inkundla encintisana kakhulu i-Reconstruct i-Derrected Development yeshumi nane. Ngo-1868, inguquko iqukethe i-Sitest Procession Claus, i-Aumement Clause, ne-Oligions okanye ama-Inmmunion Claus. Phakathi nempikiswano ye-communionational, Reparications yaveza injongo ecacile yokulawula [[FLLL:0]Dred Scott v. Sandford[FLD [FLT] nokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi enkululeko yabantu abakhululekile. Nokho, isilinganiso esiqondile salawo makhambi entengo ezomnotho, ukulingana kwezomnotho, noma ukulingana ngokomthetho, noma ukuchaza amalungelo angokomthetho omthetho omthetho wesizwe. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi abahlose ukuhlanganisa amalungelo esizwe nenkululeko esizwe esizwe nesontweni elivamile.

Ngokwesibonelo, obergefell v. Hodges (2015), umbono wabaningi ugunyaza ilungelo lomshado oxubile ku-Century Procession Claus, uphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo iyazivelela. UMahluleli Scalia wahleka lokhu ngokuthi "ukuphila ngomthetho sisekelo" futhi wagcizelela ukuthi injongo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seGajimende seshumi namashumi amane nane leminyaka ayinakwenza lutho ngomshado ofanayo. Izingxoxo eziphikisanayo ziqokomisa ukuthi inhloso yakuqala iholela kanjani kwimiphumela engokwezingalinganiyo kodwa ayiboshelwanga nanoma yiziphi iziphakamiso zezombangazwe; abanye abantu bokuqala baye basekela ukuvikelwa okubanzi okusekelwe ebufakazini bezomlando.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zokusekela UMthetho Wangaphambili

Ithonya Ekwahluleleni Nomthetho Olawulayo

Inhloso yamuva ayithonyi nje kuphela ukubukezwa kwe-Affordable Care Act kodwa futhi nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yokulawula. Abenzi bomthetho ngezinye izikhathi bacaphuna ukuqonda kokuqala kwamandla okubusa ngaphansi kwe-Chwethem Claus noma ukudingwa noMfaneleyo ka-Claus ukuze bathethelele noma balinganisele isenzo sikahulumeni. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, inselele eAffordcable Care Act kanye neminye imithetho ye-gulment iye yacela izimpikiswano eziyinhloko ngokuphathelene nemithetho engokomthetho ngesikhundla esifanele sawomda. INkantolo Ephakeme yecala lika-Calmentine [[FL:0]] NFIB v. Sebelius [202], elinganisela i-Cecomsting Classie ukuba ingasasebenzi, iboniswe ngisho nanjengobakhulu abasekela umthetho othile ngaphansi kwentela. Ngokufanayo, izingxoxo zanamuhla somthetho wanamuhla sokuhlanganisa iziphaka-Arsethi.[ircence ]

Ukuhlosa Kwakuqala Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zisebenzisa futhi inhloso yokuqala, nakuba imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile ilula ukuqeda futhi ingahlanganisa amasiko ahlukene okuchaza. Ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zamukela ngokucacile incazelo yomphakathi njengendlela yazo eyinhloko. McDonald v. City of Chicago[ [2010], iNkantolo Ephakeme yafaka iSichimende Sesibili ngokumelene nezifundazwe, kodwa yaphawula ukuthi amazwe agcina ivumelana nemithetho-mthetho yawo siqu. Umbuso wakuqala ungaholela ekwahlukani kwemiphumela edabeni yokuxhasa imfundo, amalungelo empahla, nenqubo yobugebengu, ivumela ukuba izakhiwo zokucwaninga umthetho womthetho.

Ikusasa Lasekuqaleni

Intuthuko Yamazwe Nama - critique

Imfundo yakudala ithuthukise inkolelo-lwazi yesiqalo esabela ekugxekweni. "Abafundi abasha bokuqala" njengoRandy Barnett noLawrence Solum bagcizelela incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi kunokuba bafake inhloso engokwezinhloso, futhi bahlanganisa imiqondo enjengokwakhiwa komthetho-sisekelo (lapho imibhalo iphela) ukukhuluma ngokungemthetho-mfashini. Abanye, njengoJack Balkin, bahlongoza "imfuzansi yokuqala," bethi incazelo yakuqala yomthetho-mthetho ihlanganisa izimiso ezithathelwanayo ezivumela ukuqondwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kulungisa kuhlose ukwenza ubuProfekthi obulula kakhulu lapho ukuzimisela kwayo kugcinwa eMthethweningosweni. Nokho, abagxeki bagcina ukuthi noma iziphi izincazelo eziqinile ziwuchitha umthetho: ukunqanda ukulunga komthetho.

Inkulumo Yeningi Nokuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe

Inhloso yokuqala iye yaba isimemezelo sokuhlanganisa kwezombangazwe. Ucwaningo lwamajaji lulokhu lumisa amajaji asho ukuthi athembekile ekusungulweni kwesonto, futhi imvume yokuqinisekiswa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni ihlola isibopho somthetho sokuzibophezela. Lokhu kuveza imibuzo ngokuthi inhloso yokuqala isebenza yini njengempicabadala yangempela noma njengesixhobo sokulwa. Ucwaningo lwezentengiselwano lusikisela ukuthi abahluleli bokuqala abaqiniseki ngaso sonke isikhathi; ngezinye izikhathi baveza imiphumela ekhululekile ekwahluleleni kobugebengu noma emalungelweni empahla. Noma kunjalo, imibono yomphakathi ivame ukuhlobanisa ukuvumelana komthetho wokuqala nemibono engokwesiko.

Ukubheka phambili, injongo yokuqala cishe kuyohlala kunamandla omthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi ukwenziwa kwamanje kwemithetho yejaji kazwelonke. Ama-Lawysi nama-ligigist kumelwe abe nekhono ekuphikisaneni ngokomlando, futhi izazi ziqhubeke zicwengisisa lenkolelo-lwazi. Ukukhanga okuqhubekayo kwenhloso yokuqala kuxhomeke esithembisweni sayo sencazelo eqinile, esekelwe kumthetho-democratic-democracy, njengoba nje ukusebenza kwayo kulokhu kuphikiswa kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Umqondo wenhloso yokuqala, naphezu kokugxeka okuphikelelayo, ulokhu uyingxenye eyisisekelo yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo e-United States. Njengoba ithonya izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ihlela izimpi zokwahlulela ezigunyazayo, futhi iqondisa ukuqondisa okungokomthetho. Nakuba kungekho nqubo eyodwa yokuchaza imvume egunyaza yonke indawo, injongo yokuqala inikeza uhlelo olunamandla lokumisa umthetho wemithetho-sisekelo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zesizwe. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi uqala izinselele ezintsha, ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwabasekeli bezokuqala nabagxeki babo iyaqhubeka ichaza imingcele yencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Kubenzi, izazi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indima yokuqala yenhloso kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ophilayo njengendlela ephilayo.