I - judiciary Njengommeli Womthetho - sisekelo

Ijaji linesikhundla esikhethekile phakathi kwezakhiwo zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Njengoba igatsha likahulumeni limangalelwa ngokuchaza umthetho, izinkantolo zisebenza njengabaqondisi bokugcina balokho okushiwo umthetho nokuthi usebenza kanjani kubantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, nombuso ngokwawo. Le misebenzi yokuchaza ayikhona ukuqeqeshwa okuzenzekelayo ekufundeni amagama ekhasi. Yisenzo esinzulu somthetho esiwuthinta ngokuqondile izinga lamandla phakathi komthetho, umphathi, namagatsha okwahlulela.

Ingxenye yalomthwalo wemfanelo isekelwe ekuthembekeni kwenhloso yomthetho. Uma iSishaya-mthetho noma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni sidlulisa umthetho, sikwenza kanjalo ngezinjongo ezithile, ukuyekethisa, nezahlulelo zezimiso ezibekwe embhalweni. Indima yejaji iwukuhlonipha lezo zinqumo, hhayi ukuthatha isikhundla sezimiso zayo. Njengoba uMahluleli uElena Kagan asho, "Sonke singabaqondisi bemibhalo manje," igcizelela ukugxila kombhalo wanamuhla we-judiciary's projecto njengefasitela eliyinhloko yemithetho njengenjongo ye-windial.

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo lomsebenzi, ukuthi kungani kubalulekile, nokuthi kuphakama ingxabano edingekile kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho, isimiso somphakathi, noma ukubusa. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola umqondo wenhloso yokushaya umthetho, abahluleli abasebenzisa izindlela zokuchaza, amacala avelele abonisa lezi zimiso ngezenzo, nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezibhekene nezinkantolo zokuhlala zithembekile entandoni yabantu abayibonise ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Ezimisele

Inhloso yomthetho ibhekisele ezinjongo, imigomo, kanye nezinqumo ezithile ezashukumisela indikimba yemithetho ukuba imise umthetho othile. Iwu "ngenxa" engemva "komthetho". Kodwa ukuthatha leyonhloso akuvamile ukuqondeka. Inhloso yomthetho ayiyona ingqondo eyodwa enenjongo eyodwa. Iyindikimba ehlangeneyo eyakhiwe amakhulu abantu ngabanye, ngamunye enezisusa zakhe, izingcindezelo eziqinile, futhi ehlehla. Umbhalo wokugcina wesimemezelo ngokuvamile ubonisa uchungechunge lwezentengiso, ukuxoxisana ngamalungiselelo, futhi i-athoricici adingekayo ukuze kuvinywe ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvinjelwe izimvume ezihambayo.

Naphezu kwalokhu kunkimbinkimbi, izinkantolo kumelwe zenze umzamo omuhle wokholo wokunquma lokho isishaya-mthetho esikuhlosile. Lokhu kuhlola kusekelwe esimisweni somthetho-mthetho se- sokuhlukanisa imibuso . Uma izinkantolo zivame ukunganakwa noma ukuqondwa kabi kwenhloso yomthetho, ziyobe zikwazi ukuphinde zibhale imithetho ebekwe ebhentshini, zilulaze indima yendlu yomthetho njengenhlangano eyinhloko yokubeka umthetho. Ngaso lesosikhathi, uma izinkantolo zaziqinile kakhulu noma zingokoqobo ekufundeni kwazo, zingasebenzisa umthetho ngezindlela eziphikisana nenjongo yayo esobala, ziveza imiphumela engenangqondo noma engalungile.

Imithombo Yemithetho

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izinto eziningi ukuze ziqonde ukuthi isishayamthetho sasihloseni lapho sikhipha umthetho.

  • Umbhalo womthetho ngokwawo: Amazwi omthetho awubufakazi obuqashelwe kakhulu benhloso. Njengoba uMahluleli u-Orvery Wendell Holmes Jr. abhala, "Asibuzi ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sasisho ukuthini; sibuza kuphela ukuthi usho ukuthini umthetho."
  • [[[QTL:0] Umlando owenzelwe ukuxazulula [: imibiko yamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, izinkulumo ezizwakalayo, nezinkulumo ezivela kubaxhasi noma abamisi-mthetho abayinhloko banganikeza umongo ngezinkinga umthetho owawuhloselwe ukuxazulula kanye nokuhlehlisa okulolonga isimo sawo sokugcina.
  • I-mongo ebanzi yomthetho nezenhlalo: Izinkantolo zingacabangela isimo somthetho ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwesivumelwano, izimo ezingokomlando ezashukumisa umthetho, nezinkinga ezisebenzayo umthetho owawuklanyelwe ukuzisingatha.
  • AmaCanon okwakha: Lena imithetho echazayo yesithupha, njenge i-socistur [ (igama elaziwa yinkampani eligcinwayo) noma [[FLT:] expressio un ist exclusio formius[ (inkulumo yento eyodwa ihlukanisayo), esiza ekuxazululeni izinkantolo.

Ubunzima obunikezwa emthonjeni ngamunye buyehluka kuye ngezindlela zokuchaza umahluleli noma inkantolo. Abanye abahluleli bamisa incazelo ecacile yombhalo ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, kuyilapho abanye bezimisele kakhulu ukubheka umlando wemithetho kanye nenjongo. Lendlela yokungena ngokwezinqubo ingenye yezimpikiswano ezilandelayo ezinkulu kumthetho waseMelika wanamuhla.

Injongo Yale mithetho

Kuyo yonke imithetho, ikhambi lenkinga ecatshangelwayo. Kungase kube umthetho wezomnotho ohloselwe ukunqanda imibuso eyodwa, umthetho wobugebengu oklanyelwe ukunqanda ubudlova, noma umthetho wamalungelo abantu ohloselwe ukuqeda ukucwaswa kwezimiso. Ukuqonda ukuthi injongo eyisisekelo ngokuvamile ibalulekile ekusebenziseni umthetho ezimweni ezintsha isigebengu asinakukwazi ukuzibona kusengaphambili.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Sherman AntiUstrant Act ka-1890 inqabela izivumelwano, ingxube, namaqhinga okuvimbela ukuhwebelana. Umbhalo ubanzi futhi ubanzi. Ikhulu leminyaka kamuva, izinkantolo kwadingeka zinqume ukuthi lomthetho wekhulu le-19 wasetshenziswa yini ekuziphatheni kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano, kuhlanganise nokuhlola i-algorithm nezinhlelo ze-injini yocingo. Ukuphendula lowo mbuzo, abahluleli badinga ukuqonda injongo eyinhloko yomthetho: ukuvikela nokuchuma, hhayi nje ukuvimbela imikhuba ethile yezebhizinisi ye-Gilboard Age.

Izindlela Zokwahlulela

Abahluleli basebenzisa izindlela eziningana ezihlukene lapho bechaza imithetho. Indlela ngayinye ibonisa umbono ohlukile mayelana nendlela yokudumisa inhloso engcono kakhulu yokushaya umthetho, indima efanele yenqubo yentando yeningi, kanye nohlobo lwenqubo yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukuthi inkantolo ingayilawula kanjani indaba engokomthetho encintiswaneni.

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

I-Textalism ikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho kufanele inqunywe ngokuyinhloko ngencazelo evamile yamazwi ayo njengoba beyoqondwa ngesikhathi sokumiswa. Ababhula ngezincwadi bayangabaza imithombo yemibhalo eyengeziwe njengomlando wemithetho, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuthembela emibikoni yamakomiti noma izimemezelo zaphansi kuphakamisa imibono yabenzi bemithetho abambalwa phezu kombhalo owawuvotelwa yigumbi eligcwele futhi usayiniwe umthetho isikhulu.

UMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia wayengumsekeli ovelele kakhulu wombhalo obhalwe phansi. Waphikisa ngokuthi umlando wemithetho awuwona umthetho, futhi ukuwusebenzisa ukuchaza umthetho kululaza ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Kunalokho, abachazi bemibhalo bancike kumagama, imithetho yolimi, kanye nohlelo lomthetho ngokwawo. I-textalism ayiyishayi indiva injongo, kodwa igcizelela ukuthi injongo kumelwe ithathwe embhalweni, hhayi kubekwe kuwo.

Ukuzicabangela

Ngokungafani nabaqondisi bemibhalo, abazimisele ukubheka umlando wemithetho kahulumeni, babheka imibiko yamakomiti nokusekela izinkulumo njengebufakazi obungcono kakhulu balokho okwakuhloswe yisishayamthetho. Umgomo uwukufaka inkantolo ezicathulweni zabashaya umthetho futhi basebenzise umthetho ngendlela evumelana nezinjongo zabo.

Abagxeki benhloso baveza ubunzima obusebenzayo bokungahambisani nenhloso yamakhulu abenzi bomthetho ngabanye. Amanye amalungu kungenzeka ayevotela umthetho nakuba zingekho izingxenye zawo, amanye kungenzeka ayengenanhloso ecacile, futhi amanye kungenzeka ayeshukunyiswa ukucatshangelwa okungokomthetho noma okungahambisani nenjongo engaphansi. Noma kunjalo, iqhinga lesu lezenhloso linendawo ende eMelika eqinile futhi lihlala linethonya enkantolo eziningi zezwe nezombuso.

Ukuthenga

Purposivivism, ehlobene kakhulu nesazi sefilosofi esingokomthetho uLon Fuller noMahluleli uStephen Breyer, uthatha isinyathelo ngalé kwenhloso. Kunokuba igxile ezimhlosweni ezicabangweni zomthetho ngamunye, ipurposivivism ibuza ukuthi yiyiphi injongo enengqondo [ umthetho onengqondo [ njengewungaqondwa njengowonke. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi imithetho ibekwe ngokumelene nesisekelo sezindinganiso ezihlanganeyo zomphakathi nezimiso ezingokomthetho, nokuthi indlela ethembekile kakhulu yokuchaza umthetho kufanele usebenze ngendlela evumelana nenjongo yayo ebanzi.

I-Prositionism yenza amajaji avumelane kakhulu nokuvumelana nemithetho nezimo ezishintshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenqabela "iziqiwi" epaki ungafundwa uhlanganise amabhayisekili, amabhodi ashibilikayo, noma ngisho nama-drone, ngisho noma lezozinto zingashiwonga embhalweni wokuqala, ngoba injongo yomthetho iwukuvikela ukuphepha kwabahamba ngezinyawo futhi ulondoloze isimo esinokuthula sepaki.

Ukuzitika Ngokuziphatha Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Indlela yesine, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-pragmatism engokomthetho noma "umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo" indlela, igcizelela imiphumela esebenzayo yezinqumo ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza. Abahluleli abakhathazeki ngencazelo engokomlando noma injongo yokuqala kunokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uveza impumelelo, usebenze, futhi uzuzise. Lendlela ivame kakhulu ekuchazeni umthetho, lapho amabinzana abanzi afana "nenqubo" noma "isivikelo esilinganayo" emema abahluleli ukuba bacabangele ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zomphakathi.

Emqokandweni wemithetho, ukuvumelana kwalendlela ngokuvamile kuyafana nokulawula. Umahluleli ovamile angase abuze: ikuphi ukuchazwa kwalomthetho ongaqondakali kahle okusiza umphakathi, kugwema imiphumela engenangqondo, futhi kugcine ukuzwana nesimiso somthetho esibanzi? Ukuvumelana kwalendlela kunamandla amakhulu kakhulu, kodwa abacusumbuli baphikisa ngokuthi kungaholela ekuphathweni yijaji, kanye nabahluleli abathatha izahlulelo zabo siqu zezimiso ngalabo bomthetho.

Amacala Awuphawu Ekuchazeni Ukwahlulela

Izimpikiswano ezicatshangelwayo zokuchaza izindlela zokusebenza aziyona into ecatshangelwayo. Zidlala ezimweni zangempela ezinemiphumela esobala kubantu ngabanye, emabhizinisini, nasesimweni sikahulumeni. Izinqumo eziningana ezingokomlando zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibonisa indlela abahluleli abahileleke ngayo ezinqubweni zemithetho ezihlukene nasezindaweni ezidingida izihloko.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe icala elikhulu lemifanekiso engokomthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakumelene ne-Uncimence Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane leMinyaka Enye. Icala livame ukuvezwa njengokunqoba kwe-publigation noma ukuchazwa kwe-pragmatic. Injongo yokuqala yabakhi bohlelo lweSigqizo se-14th isibuyekezekisi yayididaba empikiswaneni yemfundo yesikole. Amanye amalungu e-Reproconstantion Confectivementation eyadlula i-andmentmentmentament aye asekele izikole ezikhuliswe eSifundeni sase-Colinity of Columbia. Umfundi we-mmbly afunda i-and afunda i-andment kungenzeka ukuthi i-Exporation.

Nokho, iJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren, ebhalela iNkantolo ehlangene, yagcizelela injongo eyisisekelo [[[FLT: 0] ye-Ukhuthazo olulinganayo Claus: ukuqeda ukuzithoba okungokomthetho kwama-Afrika anesigungu futhi igcinelwe amalungelo aphelele ezakhamuzi. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi "ukuhlukanisa kodwa" izakhiwo ezilinganayo zazingalingani ngokwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuqonda kokuqala kobunjani be-famestry. Lesi sinqumo sihlala siyisibonelo esinamandla sendlela i-jadiciary engasekela ngayo izindinganiso ezijulile zomthetho womthetho ngisho nalapho umbhalo ongokoqobo noma umongo womlando ukhomba ohlukile.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Ku- United States v. Lopez, iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa umthetho weGun-Free School Zones Act ka 1990, okwenza kwaba icala likahulumeni ukuba ube nesibhamu ngamamitha angu1,000 esikoleni. INkantolo yathi umthetho wedlula igunya leSishaya-Mkhandlu ngaphansi kwe-Chwebo Claus, okunika uhulumeni wezwe amandla okulawula intengiselwano yezentengiselwano kodwa akuwuniki amandla avamile amaphoyisa phezu kwemisebenzi yendawo.

Lopez yisibonelo esivamile sendlela ijaji eliphoqelela ngayo imingcele yamandla emithetho ngokubhekisa ehlelweni nomthetho-mthetho. Umbono wabaningi, owabhalwa nguMahluleli omkhulu William Rehnquist, wagcizelela ukuthi iCentu Claus ehloselwe ukulawula umsebenzi wezentengiselwano othinta intengiselwano yezwe, hhayi ukuvimbela izenzakalo ezihlukene zokuphatha izibhamu eziseduze nezikole. Ngokudweba umugqa phakathi kwezinto zomthetho nezomphakathi, iNkantolo yahlonipha izinhloso zokwakha uhulumeni wezwe, ibala amandla. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa futhi umbiko wezolimi [[[FLT:] kanye ne-[FLT] [FFFF] [FFFFF]] [FFFFFF] incilgcome] njengenkambiso yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.[F: [FFFFFF] [FFF]

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. i - Natural Resources Defense Council (1984)

Elinye lamacala okuphatha alandela kakhulu ake anquma, Chaveron lamisa uhlelo lokuthatha indiva kokwahlulela ezincazelweni zezinhlangano zikahulumeni zezimiso ezididayo. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye- shevron [, uma umthetho ucacile, izinkantolo kumelwe zizimisele ukuthatha incazelo enengqondo yenhlangano, uma ikhokha lenhlangano isebenza phakathi kwegunya layo eligunyaziswe yona.

Ukuqonda kwe IChevron isekelwe enhloso yomthetho. IziKhomuko zivame ukuthumela igunya eliqondiswe ngokuqondisisa ezinhlanganweni ngoba zingenawo ubuchwepheshe noma amandla ezombangazwe okuxazulula zonke izici zobuchwepheshe zohlelo lokulawula. Ngokubhekisa ezincazelweni zezinhlangano, izinkantolo zinikeza imiphumela kulesinqumo somthetho. Ngaso leso sikhathi, [[FLT:] ICHEVron[ iye yagxekwa ngokuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zichaze kabusha imithetho yazo elawulayo ngezindlela ezisuka kumthetho wokuqala. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkakhulu yeNkanto ibonise ukuzimisela ukucabangela noma ukulinganisa [[FLT:] [FLD] [FT]

Isigodi saseColumbia v. Heller (2008)

wakhuluma ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuzigcina nokuphatha izikhali ekhaya. Umbono woMhluleli uScalia abaningi wawuwukuhlola ukuthatha amasu okufunda imibhalo kanye nokuchaza. Wahlola umbhalo wesiphendu, indlela yolimi, nokuqonda okungokomlando kwelungelo lokuphatha izikhali ngesikhathi sokusungulwa.

IJaji Scalia laphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sihlanganisa ilungelo lomuntu elikhona, hhayi ilungelo elihlangene nenkonzo yamabutho. Umbono ongavumelaniyo, obhalwe nguMahluleli uStevens, waphikisa ngokuthi abakhi be-flames babehlose ukulungisa kuphela ukuvikela amabutho kahulumeni. Imibono eguquguqukayo [ku-] Heller[ ibonisa indlela ephikisana ngayo i------texts kanye ne-ronarysm nscs option hlangothininye, kanye nokuthatha i-cansuksssss ngokungaphezulu kokufundwa okuhlukile kombhalo ofanayo womthetho------can iveza ukufundwa okungoko okungahlukene kakhulu.

Izinselele Ezisebenzayo Ekuqondiseni Imithetho

Lezi zinselele zibangelwa inqubo yokuchaza umbhalo obhalwe yindikimba yabantu, ngokuvamile engaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe, futhi kumelwe zisetshenziswe ezimweni ababengeke bazilindele.

Ukuba Nesibindi Olimini Olungalingani

Ukucaca kwebala kugcwele yonke indawo. Amagama anemingcele efiphele, ukuhlelwa kwemidwebo kungahlelwa ngezindlela eziningi, futhi amagama obuciko angaba nencazelo ehlukile kubameli, ososayensi, noma abantu abavamile. Uma umthetho usebenzisa amagama afana "nemali elinganiselwe" noma "ukulimala okungalawuleki," izinkantolo kumelwe zinikeze okuqukethwe yi-odate eshiywe i-audio. Lokhu akusona isenzo sokukhetha kokwahlulela; kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokusebenzisa imithetho evamile ezicaleni ezithile.

Nokho, ukungaqondi kudala ukuqonda, futhi ukuhluzeka kukhuthaza ukungavumelani. Umahluleli othambekele ngokwemibono ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile angase afunde igama "elikwazi" kakhulu ukuhlanganisa imifula nezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, kuyilapho umahluleli othanda amalungelo empahla engalifunda ngokucushwa. Zombili izigwebo zingasho inhloso yomthetho, kodwa ukufunda kwazo kuveza izincazelo ezihlukene. Izinga lokuqonda lendlela yokucabanga libangele ezinye izazi ukuba ziphikise ukuthi ngokuvamile ukuchaza inqubo kuyindlela yokuchaza kuyi-hoclex yemiphumela efinyelelwa kwezinye izizathu.

Umlando Ophikisanayo Noma Ongaphelele

Ngisho noma izinkantolo zibheka umlando wezishaya-mthetho, zingathola izinkulumo eziphikisanayo. Umxhasi wesimemezelo anganikeza incazelo eyodwa esitezi seSigele, kuyilapho umbiko wekomiti egxekayo usikisela injongo ehlukile. Indlu neSigele kungadlulisa izinguqulo zesivumelwano esinesimemezelo esihlukile, futhi umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela ozihlanganisayo ungaba yisidida. Abenzi bomthetho ngabanye banganikeza izinkulumo ezisebenza kahle ngenxa yerekhodi elingabonisi izinhloso zabo zeqiniso noma umphumela ongokoqobo walencwadi.

Ukukhetha ukuthi iliphi i-progin yomlando wemithetho ozobekwa phambili kungaba yimiphumela ewumphumela. Abagxeki bomlando wemithetho, kuhlanganise nabaqondisi bemibhalo, baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuyisisekelo "ukubheka isixuku futhi uthathe abangane bakho" ngoba umlando wemithetho mkhulu futhi uqinile, ummeli onekhono angathola ukusekelwa njalo kunoma yikuphi ukuchaza okufunwayo. Lokhu kululaza umthetho ngokwenza imiphumela ixhomeke ekhonweni lommeli ekuthatheni i-project, kunokusekela umbhalo we-democratic.

Ukushintsha Kwezimo Zezenhlalo Nezobuchwepheshe

Imithetho ayinakubonela kusengaphambili yonke intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Umthetho owabhalwa ngo-1950 mayelana "nezokuxhumana nge-telephone" awuzange ulindele i-imeyili, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo, noma i-media. Ukuqondisa "izimoto" kungadingeka kusetshenziswe ezithuthuthuni zikagesi, izimoto ezizimele, noma ukudilizwa kwezimoto. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi umthetho omdala usebenza kuphi kwezobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi leso sinqumo ngokuvamile sixhomeke ekutheni inkantolo ihlela kangakanani injongo yomthetho.

Uma inkantolo ifunda injongo yomthetho ngokuncane-ukulawula imigqa ethile yocingo esobala, ngokwesibonelo--- umthetho ungagcinwa ungekho e-mail. Uma inkantolo ifunda injongo ebanzi--ukuvikela ukuxhumana kwezokuxhumana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusebenza kanjani-----umthetho ungasebenza. Zombili izincazelo zingavikelwa njengethembekile ezihlosweni zomthetho, kodwa ziveza izindawo ezihlukene kakhulu ezilawulayo. Lenselele ingcono kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengezobuchwepheshe, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokuphikelela Komphakathi

Abahluleli abagonyiwe emikhosini yezombangazwe nezenhlalo yesikhathi sabo. Izindaba eziphikisana kakhulu, njengalezo ezihilela ukukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo ezibhamu, noma amandla okubusa, zikhanga kakhulu umphakathi. Abahluleli bangathonywa, ngokungazi noma ngokunganaki, ngesifiso sokugwema ukubuyela emuva, ukulondoloza ukufaneleka kwenkantolo, noma ukuthuthukisa umbono othile wesimiso esithile. Lokhu kucindezela kungawenza kube nzima umsebenzi wokulahla izinhloso zomthetho.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo zinamathuluzi okuzivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Isikhathi sokuphila kubahluleli bakahulumeni, isiko lemibono ebhaliwe, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwesibonelo konke kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuchaza kuhlala kugxilile emthethweni, hhayi kwezombangazwe. Ingxoxo yomphakathi eqhubekayo ngokubhalisa iziqu zomthetho kanye nokuhlelwa kwemibono yezinkantolo kubonisa ukuqaphela okujulile kokuchaza izindaba zezindlela zobuchwepheshe, nokuthi ukwethembeka kwejaji ekubekezelweni kwemithetho kuyisisekelo sokulandisa kwentando yeningi.

Impikiswano Ehlala Njalo Ngefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Ukungezwani phakathi kwezindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza akusona isici sesimiso somthetho waseMelika; kuyisici. UMthetho-sisekelo wasungula ngamabomu umsebenzi wezehlulelo ozimele owenziwe ngemithetho yokuchaza, kodwa awunikezanga indlela eqondile yokwenza kanjalo. Lokho kungaqondakali kuye kwabangela impikiswano phakathi kwabahluleli, izazi, nabezokwelapha ngendima efanele yezinkantolo edemokrasi.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Uphikisana Nokuqala

Mhlawumbe lo mzila obonakala kakhulu enkantolo yanamuhla esemthethweni. Abaqondisi bakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nomthetho imisiwe ngesikhathi sokumiswa. Ukuze kushintshwe leyo ncazelo, isishaya-mthetho kumelwe sishintshe umthetho ngenqubo emisiwe yentando yeningi. Abaphili bemithetho-sisekelo, ngokuphambene, baphikisa ngokuthi izincazelo ezibanzi zomthetho-sisekelo zikhuthaza ukuchazwa okubonisa ukushintsha izindinganiso nezimo zezenhlalo.

Womabili amakamu athi athembekile enhloso yomthetho. Abaqondisi bezomthetho bathi ukudumisa injongo yabafaki bemithetho noma ukumisa iziKhomishane kudinga ukuvala incazelo ngesikhathi sokutholwa. Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo eziphilayo zithi abahleli bomthetho-mthetho ngokwabo babehlose ukuba ulimi lwabo olubanzi lusetshenziswe ngokungenakuxazululwa ezizukulwaneni zonke. Le mpikiswano ayixazululeki, kodwa inikeza uhlelo olucebile lokuqonda ukuziphatha kokwahlulela.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene nomthetho wokwahlulela

Inkulumo - mpikiswano ehlobene nendaba iphathelene nezinga lezinkantolo zokuhlenga-hlengiswa kufanele libonise kwamanye amagatsha. Abameleli bemithetho yokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilalele izahlulelo zemithetho uma kungenzeka, zishaye imithetho kuphela lapho ziphula umthetho. Lokhu kuhlonipha inqubo yentando yeningi futhi kuvimbela abahluleli ukuba babeke ezabo izindinganiso. Abasekeli bezenzo zokwahlulela, noma lokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi "ukubophezela komthetho," bagomela ukuthi izinkantolo zinesibopho sokuvikela amalungelo abantu nokumisa imingcele engokomthetho, ngisho nalapho lokho kusho ukungayisebenzisi imithetho ethandwayo.

Le mibhalo ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuvumelana, kanye nabagxeki besinqumo esithile esiyibiza ngokuthi "isivumelwano" kuyilapho abasekeli beyibiza ngokuthi "inqanda". Eqinisweni, abahluleli abaningi bayazibamba kwezinye izindawo futhi bathathe izivumelwano kwezinye. Umbuzo oyinhloko awukho ukuthi umahluleli ushisekela noma uvalelwe, kodwa ukuthi indlela yabo yokuthatha ibonakalisa ngokwethembeka icebo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho nomthetho-mthetho owadalwa.

Indima Yezitho Zangaphambili (Izinsalela)

Ingcina ihlanganisa isimiso somthetho esivamile. Uma inkantolo iqale yachaza umthetho, izinkantolo zamuva zilandela leyo ncazelo, ngisho noma kungenzeka ifinyelele esiphethweni esihlukile ekuqaleni. Lemfundiso, eyaziwa ngokuthi stare decis[, ikhuthaza ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokwelashwa okulinganayo. Ihlanganisa futhi izandla zabahluleli, ibavimbela ekubeni bangaphinde bachaze ngenye indlela, ngenxa nje yokuthi bakhetha indlela ehlukile.

Nokho, isibonelo asisona esiphelele. Izinkantolo zingazilawula izinqumo zangaphambi uma zinephutha elisobala, zivunywe ukuthi azisebenzi, noma zisekelwe emibonweni eye yathathwa yizenzakalo. Isinqumo sokubusa ngokwaso siyisenzo sokuchaza, njengoba inkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi ukwethembeka enkabeni yomthetho kudinga yini ukugcinwa kwencazelo endala noma ukulungisa iphutha. Umehluko phakathi kokuhlonipha isiqalo nokuphishekela incazelo elungile usekelwe ekhonweni leNkanto ephakeme.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuthembeka Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Indima yejaji ekusekeleni inhloso yomthetho ingenye yemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nenemiphumela ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise ukushukuma kombhalo obekwe ngedemokrasi kanye nesidingo esingokoqobo sokusebenzisa imithetho yasendulo ezimweni zanamuhla. Kumelwe zikhethe phakathi kwezindlela eziphikisanayo zokuchaza, ngayinye enikeza umbono ohlukile wendlela yokuthembeka entandoni yomthetho. Futhi kumelwe zenze kanjalo endaweni yokuhlola umphakathi okukhulu nokucindezela kwezombangazwe.

Ayikho impendulo elungile embuzweni wokuthi ungawuchaza kanjani umthetho ngendlela engcono kakhulu. Indlela engcono kakhulu ixhomeke embhalweni okhona, emlandweni womthetho, isimo sempikiswano, nezindinganiso umhumushi aziletha etafuleni. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izinkantolo zifinyelela umsebenzi ngokwethembeka kokuhlakanipha, ukucabanga okuqinile, kanye nokuzimisela kwangempela ukuqonda lokho isishaya-mthetho anqumayo nokuthi kungani.

Kuyi-demokrase esebenzayo, ijaji lisebenza njengomgcini wemithetho esemthethweni. Livikela ukuyekethisa nokukhetha okuyenziwa abameleli babantu, ngisho nalapho lezo zinqumo ziphikisana noma zingathandwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquki, ngokungakhethi, futhi ngokuvumelana nezimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa ezihlanganiswe eMthethweni. Leyo ndima embaxa--inceku ethembekile yendlu yomthetho nesivikelo esiqaphile samalungelo abantu-------okmisa indawo ye-jadicariary esemthethweni-------shosholisa i-ka kahle i-ka kahle i-jala i-jayeza ekhohla i-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika futhi ligcizelela ukuthi kungani isebenza kuyo yonke isakhamuzi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngencazelo yemithetho nefilosofi yokwahlulela, cabangela ukuhlola ulwazi lwe- Justice Antonin Scalia, umsebenzi kamagazini Judicature] wenqubo yokwahlulela, kanye nezingxoxo eMnyango we-Uganda [[FLT:] we-Cupreme Court of the United States wemibono yamuva. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwabahluleli, abameli, nabameli, kanye nomphakathi mayelana nendlela izinkantolo okumelwe zichaze ngayo umthetho kuyisiqinisekiso sokuhlala njalo kwesimiso sethu sokuhlola nokulinganisela.