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Ukuqonda Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Esimisweni Sokwahlulela SaseMelika

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States iwumphathi ophakeme wesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, esebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho nomthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela amacala afinyelela ngayo lenhlangano edumile kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokusebenza kwentando yeningi yaseMelika nomthetho. Uhambo olusuka enkantolo yendawo luye emahholoni amamabula eNkantolo Ephakeme luyinkimbinkimbi, luyinkimbinkimbi, lukhetha, futhi lulawulwa yizinqubo ezithile eziye zavela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Amacala amaningi eNkantolo Ephakeme awela ngaphansi kwegunya leNkantolo kunokuba athathelwe indawo yigunya layo lokuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amacala amaningi aqulwa yiNkantolo asenqunywe kakade anqunywe yizinkantolo eziphansi, futhi amaqembu afuna ukubukezwa kwalezo zinqumo. Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme anqumayo okukhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala ayowazwayo ayenza ihluke kakhulu ezinkantolo eziqulweni eziqulwayo, okumelwe ngokuvamile zilalele amacala aqulwe phambi kwazo.

Indlela engakhethi yeNkantolo yokukhetha amacala ifeza injongo ebalulekile. Kunokuba imane ilungise amaphutha emacala ngamanye, iNkantolo Ephakeme igxila ekuxazululeni imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho ethinta umthetho waseMelika nomphakathi. Lendima ekhethekile ivumela iNkantolo ukuba ibumbe imfundiso engokomthetho, ixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, futhi iqinisekise ukuchazwa okufanayo komthetho kahulumeni esizweni sonke.

Izinhlobo Ezimbili Zecala LeNkantolo Ephakeme

Ngaphambi kokuhlola indlela amacala afinyelela ngayo eNkantolo Ephakeme, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iNkantolo isebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zombuso: umbuso wokuqala nombuso we-apellate. Lezi zigaba zinquma ukuthi icala lingabekwa ngqo eNkantolo Ephakeme noma kumelwe liqhubeke kuqala ngezinkantolo eziphansi.

Isigwebo Sokuqala: Ukufinyelela Ngokuqondile ENkantolo Ephakeme

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza igunya lokuqala leNkantolo emacaleni athinta amanxusa, abanye abefundisi bomphakathi, nalawo aphethe umbuso ayoba nengxenye kuwo, okusho ukuthi angafakwa ngokuqondile eNkantolo Ephakeme kunokuba afikele iNkantolo ekudluliseleni icala kwenye inkantolo. Lelilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo litholakala eSiphakamisweni III, Ingxenye 2, Clause 2 soMthetho-sisekelo.

Amacala okulawula aqala ayivela kancane enqabeni yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Icala lokuqala lokulawula lihlanganisa amasuthi phakathi kwezizwe njengezindawo, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezimpikiswano zezindawo noma zamanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe emifuleni, ukuqoqa amalungelo amanzi, noma ukunqanda umngcele kuvame ukuwa ngaphansi kwegunya lokuqala leNkantolo.

Izigaba ezikhethekile zezimo eziwa ngaphansi kwegunya lokuqala zihlanganisa:

  • Amacala ahilela amanxusa nezinye izikhulu zezohwebo zakwamanye amazwe
  • Izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe ezimbili noma ngaphezulu
  • Izindaba phakathi kwe - United States nesifundazwe
  • Izindaba eziphakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi zomunye umbuso (ezinokulinganiselwa okulandela iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye)
  • Izimpikiswano ezihilela amazwe angaphandle noma izakhamuzi zawo nombuso waseU.S.

Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa igunya lokuqala, isebenza kokubili njengenkantolo equlwayo nenkantolo yokugcina yokudlulisa icala. Ayikho inkantolo ephakeme engahlola isinqumo sayo. Nokho, ngoba lamacala akhethekile futhi avamile, amelela ingxenye encane kakhulu yomsebenzi weNkantolo.

Ukumangalelwa: Indlela Eyinhloko Eya Enkantolo Ephakeme

Ukuphakanyiswa kwemithetho kusho ukuthi iNkantolo inegunya lokuhlola izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi, futhi amacala amaningi aqulwa yiNkantolo ePhakeme ayizikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi. Lo msebenzi wokukhipha isigwebo umelela umsebenzi omkhulu weNkantolo futhi uyinqubo iNkantolo emisa ngayo umthetho waseMelika.

UKhomishane uye wagunyaza ukubukezwa kwezinqumo zezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ngezindlela ezimbili ezingokwenqubo: ukunxusa nokunxusa kwesertiori. Nakuba ukunxusa okuqondile kwake kwajwayelekile, uMkhandlu uye walinganisela lomzila ngokuqhubekayo, wenza isicelo secertiorari sibe indlela eyinhloko yokufuna ukubukezwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukubusa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kudlulela emacaleni avela emithonjeni emibili eyinhloko: isimiso senkantolo yenkantolo yenkantolo yezwe nezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni. Amacala angafinyelela iNkantolo Ephakeme evela ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, zivela ngokuqondile ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. ingawabukeza namacala ezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni lapho zinquma imibuzo engokomthetho kahulumeni, njengalapho zibusa emacaleni ahilela imithetho kahulumeni noma amalungelo ombuso.

Uhambo Oludabuka Enkantolo

Ukuqonda ukuthi amacala afinyelela kanjani eNkantolo Ephakeme kudinga ukujwayelana nokwakheka kwakho kokubili izinhlelo zenkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso. Icala liqala enkantolo equlweni futhi liqhubeke lidlula ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene ngaphambi kokuba lifinyelele enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yezwe.

Indlela Inkantolo Yomphakathi Ehamba Ngayo

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisebenza ehlelweni elinezintathu. Icala liqala kwenye yezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94, ezisebenza njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Lezinkantolo zizwa kokubili amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (ukubusa kwezwe), kanye namacala lapho i-United States iyiqembu khona.

Uma iqembu linganelisekile ngesinqumo senkantolo yesifunda, bangadlulisa icala kwenye yezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme livela ezinkantolo zesifunda zase-U.S., ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme futhi zibukeze izinqumo zenkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni. Kukhona izinkantolo zesifunda ezihlanganisa izifunda zomhlaba eziyi-12 — ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Yezikhalo Zesifunda yase-U.S.

Izinkantolo zesifunda noma zezenkantolo zesifunda zihlola irekhodi lenkantolo yesifunda futhi zifune amaphutha. Imicimbi ivame ukuvela phambi kweqembu labahluleli abathathu ukuze linikeze izimpikiswano zomlomo, futhi abahluleli babuza imibuzo ukuze bahlole inkolelo engokomthetho yabo bobabili abahlukene. Indawo-nkene ibhala umbono ochaza isinqumo sayo, ngezinye izikhathi esidinga ukulinda okukhulu. Inkantolo ye-appelta ayibukisi icala noma izwe ubufakazi obusha; kunalokho, ibukeza umlando wenkantolo wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze ithole ukuthi amaphutha akhona yini athinta umphumela.

Ngemva kokuba inkantolo yesifunda ikhiphe isinqumo sayo, umkhandlu olahlekelwayo unezindlela eziningi. Umncintiswano olahlekile unezindlela ezimbili zokukhetha ukuqhubeka ecindezela icala lawo: isicelo sokuphinda uphinde uhlolwe "en brec," kusho inkantolo yesifunda ephelele (noma iqembu elikhulu kakhulu lenkantolo enjenge-Justile Ninth Transter) uzwa izimpikiswano zomlomo futhi uphikise omunye umbono, noma umbutho olahlekelwayo angakhetha ukuyeka lesi sinyathelo futhi aqonde ngqo eNkanto Ephakeme.

Indlela Yenkantolo Yasesifundazweni

Izimiso zenkantolo yoMbuso zinezakhiwo zazo ezizimele, ezihlukahluka ngokwendlela ezweni ngalinye kodwa ngokuvamile zilandela indlela efanayo. Amacala aqala ezinkantolo zecala likahulumeni, ezingase zibizwe ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma amanye amagama kuye ngombuso. Lezi zinkantolo zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho eUnited States, kuhlanganise nokumangalelwa komthetho, izindaba zomkhaya, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, kanye namacala omuntu siqu okulimazayo.

Izifunda eziningi zinezinkantolo eziphakathi ezibukeza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ezinkantolo zamacala. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esifundazweni ngasinye, ngokuphawuleka ibizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme yezwe, nakuba ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa amagama ahlukene", zisebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wemibuzo yomthetho kazwelonke.

Ukuze kususwe isimiso senkantolo yezwe ukuya eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., kumelwe kuhilele umbuzo kahulumeni − impikiswano ephakamayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. INkantolo Ephakeme ayibukezi izinqumo zenkantolo ezisekelwe kuphela ezisekelwe enkantolo yomthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlala zinegunya lokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho wezwe kuyilapho ivumela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba igcine ukuvumelana kwencazelo yomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukudluliswa Okuqondile Kwezinkantolo Zesigodi

UKhongolo-mthetho ugunyaze ukubukezwa okuqondile kwesinqumo senkantolo ephethe emacaleni kahulumeni. Kulezi zimo ezilinganiselwe, umthetho kahulumeni unikeza ukuthi amacala angadlula izinkantolo zezicelo. Nakuba kungavamile, lamacala avame ukuba ne-pane ngenxa yokuthi avame ukuhilela izindaba ezinjengokuvuselelwa kwecala noma amalungelo okuvota ezinqunywe izinkantolo ezikhethekile zesifunda ezintathu.

Lezi zikhalo eziqondile zimelela ingxenye encane kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ebalulekile yechweba leNkantolo. Zivumela ukuba kuxoxwe ngesinqumo semibuzo engokomthetho ebaluleke kakhulu noma ezwelayo yesikhathi ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba amaqembu aqhubeke ngenqubo evamile.

Isicelo Sesikhalo Se - Certiorari: Indlela Eya Enkantolo Ephakeme

Emacala amaningi kakhulu, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokufinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme iwukufaka isicelo sesicelo se - certiorari, esaziwa futhi njengesimemezelo esingokomthetho, ngemva kokuba inkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni noma inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni inqume. Ukuqonda inqubo ye - certiorari kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amacala afinyelela ngayo eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Uyini Usizi Lwe - certiorari?

Igama "i-certiorari" livela kwelesiLatini, elisho "ukutshelwa ngokugcwele." I-chertiorari iyincwadi yeNkantolo lapho ivuma ukuzwa icala. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza i-certiori, iyala inkantolo ephansi ukuba ithumele umbhalo wecala ukuze ibukeze.

Isicelo se-certiorari siyisicelo esisemthethweni esicela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. Lencwadi kumelwe ichaze ngokucacile ukuthi kungani icala lifanele ukunakwa yiNkantolo futhi ngokuvamile lihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • Amazwi emibuzo enikezwa ukuze ibukezwe
  • Uhlu lwamaqembu aqhubeka
  • Uhlu lokuqukethwe neziphathimandla okukhonjiwe
  • Imikhomba emibonweni nasemiyalweni engezansi
  • Inkulumo yegunya echaza ukuthi kungani iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokulalela leli cala
  • Amalungiselelo oMthetho - sisekelo nomthetho ayehilela
  • Amazwi endaba anikeza amaqiniso ahlobene nawo nomlando
  • Izizathu zokunikeza leli qembu elibucayi kakhulu elichaza ukuthi kungani leli cala lifanelwe ukubukezwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme

Imithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme ilinganisela izicelo zolwembu oluqondile ezisemakhasini aphakeme nezidinga ukuhlelwa, iphoqelela abameli ukuba bakhiphe izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho zibe izintshumayelo ezicacile nezishukumisayo.

Izinombolo Ezishaya Indiva: Ziningi Kangakanani Izimfuno Ezibhaliwe?

INkantolo Ephakeme ithola izicelo eziningi unyaka ngamunye, kodwa inikeza ukubukeza ingxenyana encane kuphela. Igama ngalinye, amacala amasha angaba ngu-5 000 000 kuyagcinwa eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi kubuye kuhlolwe, kunikezwe izimpikiswano ngomlomo ngabameli, cishe kuma-80 kulamacala ngalinye. Imininingwane yamuva ibonisa ukuhluka okuthile kulezi zibalo, kodwa iqiniso eliyisisekelo lihlala likhona: ukuqulwa kwecala yiNkantolo Ephakeme kunzima kakhulu.

Igama ngalinye, iNkantolo ithola izinkulungwane zezicelo zokubukeza kodwa inikeza ukubukeza okulula emacaleni angaphansi kwekhulu − imvume yokuhamba ngenani elingu-1% ukuze icele zonke izicelo kanye nezingu-3-5% zezicelo ezikhokhelwayo. Lokhu kubonakalisa indima yeNkantolo hhayi njengenkantolo yamaphutha avamile, kodwa njengenhlangano egxile ekuxazululeni imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho ebhekene nesizwe.

Izibalo zembula ukuthi iNkantolo iye yaba yikhethelo kanjani. Okwamanje, izimpikiswano zeNkantolo Ephakeme zasayina izinqumo ezimalunga angu-60 ngonyaka. Lokho kwehla kusukela kuma- 160 kuma-80 futhi kuphansi kakhulu kunenani lamacala anqunywe eminyakeni engu-15 edlule. Lokhu kuncipha kwezibuko kubonisa izici ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinguquko eziza kuqala zeNkantolo, isimo sempikiswano engokomthetho efinyelela eNkantolweni, nezinqulwini.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezicelo. Izicelo eziningi ze-certiorari zifakwa pro, ngokuvamile emacaleni obugebengu. Izicelo ze-se. pro se_izicelo ezibekwa amaqembu azimelela ngaphandle kommeli . Zinempumelelo ephakeme kakhulu kunezicelo ezidluliswa abenzi beNkantolo Ephakeme abanolwazi oluphakeme. Ukugxila kuphela ezicelweni ezivunywe ngokulandelana kwemvume, izinga lempumelelo liseduze kakhulu ne6%, izinga elinikeza okungenani inhlansi yethemba.

Uphenduleka Kafushane Kuphikisa

Ngemva kokuba sekufakwe isicelo secertiorari, iqembu eliphikisayo (elibizwa ngokuthi i - receritent) linethuba lokusabela. Lapho kufakwa isicelo se-certiorari, ummeli unezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu zokubhala imfishane ngokuphikisa (nakuba abaningi bekhetha ukuliyeka lelilungelo futhi balinde ukubona ukuthi iNkantolo icela ukusabela).

Impikiswano emfushane yokuphikiswa iphikisa ukuthi kungani iNkantolo kufanele iphike i-certiorari. Ingase iphikise ngokuthi icala alisho izindaba ezibalulekile ezimangalelwa yisicelo, ukuthi inkantolo ephansi yanquma kahle icala, ukuthi akukho ukuxabana kwangempela phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, noma ukuthi icala liyimoto engalungile yokulungisa lendaba engokomthetho ngenxa yezinkinga ezingokomthetho noma amaqiniso asekelwe ecaleni.

Ngezinye izikhathi, abantu ababuzwa bangase bakholelwe ukuthi ukukhipha ikhefu elifushane kumane nje kudonsele ukunakekela esicelweni, kuyilapho kwezinye, bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi ukuphikisa okunamandla kuncane kuyadingeka ukuze iNkantolo ingabukezi.

Indlela INkantolo Ephakeme Enquma Ngayo Ukuthi Yimaphi Amacala Okumelwe Azwe

Inqubo yokukhetha icala yeNkantolo Ephakeme ihilela izigaba eziningi namalungu ahlukahlukene. Ukuqonda le nqubo kukhanyisa indlela iNkantolo ephatha ngayo izikhumulo zayo futhi ihlela izikhalo ezizobukezwa.

Uhlu Lokuxoxa Nokuhlola Kokuqala

Akuzona zonke izicelo ezithathwa yizo zonke izijaji ezingu-9. INkantolo isebenzisa inqubo yokuhlola ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-discus" ukuze ilawule umqulu omkhulu wezicelo. Amaphesenti amathathu kuphela amacala ayenza isohlwini oluxoxweyo, okusho amaphesenti angu- 97 ezicelo anqatshelwa ngaphandle kokuxoxa.

Uma kungekho bulungisa obucela ukuba kuxoxwe ngakho, inqubo evumela iNkantolo ukuba ilahle ngokushesha izicelo ezingakufanelekeli ukubukezwa, ikhulule isikhathi nemali ukuze kucatshangelwe kahle amacala athembisayo.

Uhlu oluxoxiwe luye lwancipha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uhlu oluxoxiwe namuhla lumelela ukwehla okukhulu kusukela emashumini amabili noma amathathu eminyaka adlule. Ijaji eliyinhloko uRehnquist lathi uma engqungqutheleni ethile kunezicelo eziyikhulu ze-certiari ohlwini lwengqungquthela, inani okuxoxwa ngalo engqungqungqutheleni lizoba ngu-15 kuya ku-30. Inani lamanje elingamaphesenti amathathu limelela ukwehla okuphawulekayo kulokhu kuziphatha kwangaphambili.

Indima Yabakhohlisi Bomthetho

Omabhalane bezomthetho baseNkantolo ePhakeme bafeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni ye-certiorari. Izikhulu eziningi zamajaji zihlanganyela e-"cert dame," lapho omabhalane bomthetho abavela emagumbini ahlukene bebambisana khona ukuze babukeze izicelo futhi balungiselele ukufushaniswa kwamacala futhi batuse ukuthi i-certiorari kufanele ivunyelwe noma inqatshwe.

Lemisebenzi yesandla inikeza izinqubo zokuhlaziya izicelo ngokuningiliziwe, kuhlanganise nokufushaniswa kwamaqiniso, umlando wezindaba, imibuzo enikezwayo, nezimpikiswano ezinikezwayo futhi ezingavumelani nokubukeza.

Abanye abahluleli bakhetha echibini le - cert futhi omabhalane babo babukeze zonke izicelo ngaphandle kokuzihlola.

Ukubusa Kwezine

Ngokwemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme, amaJaji amane kwayisishiyagalolunye kumelwe avote ukuze avume icala. Leli "Icala lesine" liyisiko elithathe isikhathi eside elivumela idlanzana lokwahlulela ukuba libukeze ngisho noma iningi lingabaza ekuqaleni.

Umthetho ka-4 ufeza izinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile. Uvimbela iningi elingenamuntu ekulawuleni ngokuphelele idokodo leNkantolo, uqinisekisa ukuthi imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho ithathwa ngisho noma ekuqaleni ingayaleli ukusekela okukhulu, futhi ivumela abahluleli abakholelwa ukuthi icala lifanele ukubuyiswa phambi kweNkantolo egcwele ukuze kuqulwe impikiswano nesinqumo.

Nokho, ukunikeza i-certiorari akuqinisekisi ukuthi labo bamajaji abane ekugcineni bayovota ngendlela efanayo ngamalungelo. Umthetho ka-Four usebenza kuphela esinqumweni sokuzwa icala, hhayi esinqumweni sokugcina. Icala elinikezwa abahluleli abane lingase ekugcineni linqunywe ngokumelene nesikhundla sabo uma amajaji amahlanu noma ngaphezulu engavumelani nalokhu.

Ukuphinde Ubhale Izindaba

Inkantolo ivame ukumisa izinombolo ukuze inqume ukuthi yini eshiwo inkantolo cishe ukuthi izokwenzani ngalawo macala ayiphinda yawakhipha. Amacala abonisa ukuthi okungenani abanye abahluleli bafuna ukulihlolisisa icala, ngokuvamile okuyisibonakaliso esingase siwafune ukulibukeza noma mhlawumbe senze isenzo esifingqiwe kulelocala.

Lapho isicelo siphinda sibhalwa, kusho ukuthi abahluleli baye banquma ukungasivumeli noma ukuphika i-certiorari emhlanganweni wabo wamanje kodwa bayosihlola kabusha emhlanganweni olandelayo. Ukubhala phansi kungavela ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene: amajaji angase alindele ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bacabangele ukuthi bacele imibono kaSolitorite General, noma baxoxe phakathi kwabo ukuthi bangayibukeza yini.

Amacala aphindaphindwa kaningi adonsa ukunakekela kwabaqaphi beNkantolo ngoba asikisela ukucatshangelwa ngokungathi sína abahluleli. Nokho, ukuphinde kuhlolwe akuqinisekisi ukuthi i-certiorari izonikezwa, kodwa amacala amaningi aphinde ahlolwa anqatshelwa.

Ukunxusa Imibono Yojenene Ongumgunyathi

Inkantolo ngezikhathi ezithile imema uSolicitor General ukuba abhale i-project echaza imibono ye-United States − eyaziwa ngokuthi "inxanela imibono kaSolitoritor General" noma CVSG. Lezi zimemo ziyivelakancane kodwa ziphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi impela inikeza imvume.

USolicitor General umelela i-United States phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme futhi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Ubulungisa Beshumi" ngenxa yethonya eliphawulekayo lehhovisi. Uma iNkantolo icela imibono kaSolicetor General esicelweni, ibonisa isithakazelo esingathi sína ecaleni futhi ukungaqiniseki ukuthi ingaliphendula yini.

Impendulo kaSolicitor General ingaba enqumayo. Uma uSolicitor General etusa ukunikeza i-certiorari, iNkantolo ilandela lokho kutusa. Ngokuphambene, uma uSolicitor General ephikisa, iNkantolo ivame ukuphika isicelo. INkantolo ithambekele kakhulu ekulaleleni amacala lapho uhulumeni ucela ukulingwa, okuhilelekile cishe ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zonke izikhalo iNkanto ePhakathi yase-U.S.

Isimo Sengqondo Sokunikeza I - Certiorari

Umthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme we-10 uhlela izici iNkantolo ecabanga ngazo lapho inquma ukuthi inganikeza i-certiorari. Nakuba iNkantolo inokuqonda okuphelele futhi ingaboshelwanga ngalezi zici, inikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zecala ezingase zibukezwe.

Ukuhlukana Kwesifunda: Isici Esibaluleke Kakhulu

Imithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme ihlela izinqumo eziphikisanayo phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlukene zecala elibalulekile njengento yokuqala ecatshangelwayo ukuthi inganikeza yini i-ceretari. IJaji uRuth Bader Ginsburg yalinganisela ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-70 echweba leNkantolo Ephakeme avela ngokwehlukana kwezifunda.

Isifunda sihlukana lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene zifinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo ngombuzo ofanayo ongokomthetho. Lezingxabano zidala ukungaqiniseki emthethweni kahulumeni futhi zingaphumela emithethweni ehlukene engokomthetho esetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ibheka lezingxabano njengenye yemithwalo yayo eyinhloko.

Nokho, akuzona zonke izigaba ezithi ziyiqiniso. Abahluleli nonobhala babo bayakwazi kakhulu ukubhema abahlukene abangokoqobo futhi abakho. Ukukhangisa amagama ngokuhlukana ngamathemba okubukezwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme akusebenzi. Abaceli kumelwe babonise ukuthi izinkantolo zifinyelele iziphetho eziphikisanayo ngempikiswano efanayo engokomthetho ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.

Izigebengu zesifunda eziphoqelela kakhulu zihlanganisa ukuvumelana okucacile, okuvumayo phakathi kwezifunda eziningi ezibhekene nombuzo obalulekile ongokomthetho. Uma izifunda zihlukene ngokulinganayo, ngokwesibonelo, izifunda ezine ezithatha indawo eyodwa futhi ezine zithatha enye, futhi icala lokubukezwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme liba namandla kakhulu.

Imibuzo Ebalulekile Yamahlelo

Inkantolo ivame ukuqulwa kuphela uma icala lingaba nencazelo yesizwe, lingase livumelane nezinqumo eziphikisanayo ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni, futhi noma kungaba nokubaluleka okungokomlando. Ukubaluleka kwendaba engokomthetho kuwukucabangela ngokuhluzekile enqubweni ye-certiorari.

Kuyi-certet, iNkantolo ithambekele ekufuneni amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi lawo athinta amalungelo omphakathi noma ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Izimpikiswano eziphakamisa izindaba ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuchaza imithetho emikhulu kahulumeni, noma ukuphendula imibuzo ethinta imisebenzi kahulumeni noma amalungelo abantu kungakhanga kakhulu eNkantolo.

Inkantolo inesithakazelo ngokukhethekile emacaleni azoyivumela ukuba icacise noma ithuthukise imfundiso engokomthetho. INkantolo ayihlanganyeli ekulungiseni "imposiso" isaziso salowo owayeyiJaji enkulu uRehnquist siwukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ifuna amacala anikeza imibuzo engekho "engaphenduliwe yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke noma umthetho wemithetho" ngisho noma inkantolo ephansi yenza iphutha, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile ayivumi ukubukeza ngaphandle kokuba icala linikeza umbuzo ongokomthetho ofanele ukuphendulwa.

Izindawo Ezihlanzekile Nokulondoloza Okufanele

INkantolo Ephakeme ikhetha icala lapho icala elizonqunywa lilondolozwa kahle, libekwe ngokuhlanzekile, futhi ligwetshwe umphumela. Uma indaba ehlukanisa izinkantolo eziphansi yalahlwa, noma imongo, noma uma icala linganqunywa kalula ngezizathu ezihlukile, cishe i-certiorari iyophikwa.

"Imoto ehlanzekile" icala elinikeza ngokuqondile umbuzo ongokomthetho iNkantolo efuna ukuphendula ngaphandle kokubangela izinkinga. Inkantolo igwema amacala ngezinkinga ezingokwesiko, izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso ezingase zifihle udaba olungokomthetho, noma ezinye izizathu zesinqumo ezingavumela iNkantolo ukuba igweme ukufinyelela umbuzo oyinhloko.

Ukulondoloza okufanelekile kusho ukuthi impikiswano engokomthetho yaphakanyiswa futhi yaphikiswa ezinkantolo eziphansi. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile ayinakucabangela izimpikiswano ezinganikezwanga ngezansi, ngoba ikhetha ukuthola inzuzo yokuhlaziywa kwenkantolo ephansi ngaphambi kokuphendula imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho.

Izinqumo Zenkantolo Ephansi Eziphikisana Necala LeNkantolo Ephakeme

Lapho isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi sibonakala singqubuzana nesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme, cishe iNkantolo izozibukeza. Lamacala avumela iNkantolo ukuba iphinde iqinisekise igunya layo, icacise izenzakalo eziqondwa ngokungeyikho, noma iphinde icabangele izinqumo zangaphambili ngenxa yezimo ezishintshile.

Nokho, iNkantolo ayiphenduli ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzo zonke izindaba lapho icala elithile lithi inkantolo ephansi isebenzisa kabi inkantolo ePhakeme. Impi okuthiwa ikhona kumelwe icace futhi ibe nencazelo, hhayi ukuphikisana nje ngokuthi isibonelo sisebenza kanjani emaqinisweni athile.

Izithakazelo Zikahulumeni Olawulayo

Icala lapho i-United States iyiqembu lithola ukunakekela okukhulu eNkantolo ePhakeme. Ukuhileleka kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthi izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile zisengozini, nehhovisi likaSolitoritor General lihlola amacala ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba lifune ukubukezwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme.

Impumelelo kahulumeni ekutholeni i-certiorari iphakeme kakhulu kuneyamaqembu azimele. Lokhu kubonisa izinga lokukhetha kukaSolicitor General icala nokuqaphela kweNkantolo ukuthi amacala ahilela izithakazelo zikahulumeni kahulumeni ngokuvamile aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho kahulumeni.

Okwenzekayo Ngemva Kokuguliswa I - certiorari

Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza i - certiorari, icala liqala isigaba esisha esihilela ukufushaniswa okukhulu, izimpikiswano zomlomo, futhi ekugcineni isinqumo sabahluleli. Lenqubo ingathatha izinyanga eziningi kusukela ekuvumeni kwe - certiorari kuze kube umbono wokugcina.

Amaphimbo

Ngokwemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme, umceli unesikhathi esithile sokubhala isikhashana, hhayi ukudlula amakhasi angu-50, ukuveza icala lakhe mayelana nendaba yenkantolo egunyazwe yiNkantolo. Ngemva kokugcinwa kafushane kwesicelo, omunye umnxephezeli, unikezwa isikhathi esithile sokubhala i-endice ye-apply. Lokhu kufushane akudluli namakhasi angu-50.

Ngokungafani nama-cert print, agcizelela ukuthi kungani iNkantolo kufanele ilalele icala labo, lezi zici ezimfushane zikhona, futhi zigcizelela ukuthi kungani iNkantolo kufanele ilawule ngokuvumelana nazo. Imfanelo yalowo ophendulayo ithatha isikhathi esifushane ngemva kwesicelo salowo ocelayo.

Iziphakamiso ezimfushane zezimpikiswano ezibanzi ezingokomthetho eziphendula imibuzo encinci enikezwa kulendaba. Zivame ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo eziningiliziwe zezimiso ezihlobene nomthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso. Lezi zinqumo ezifushanisiwe zidingida futhi inqubo kanye nezingahlongozo ezisebenzayo zemithetho ehlukahlukene engenzeka.

Ngemva kokuba izicelo zokuqala sezifakwe, umceli nophendulayo uvunyelwe ukubhala ngemifushana yobude obufushane obuphendula isimo somunye umuntu. Lempendulo ivumela amaqembu ukuba akhulume ngempikiswano entsha ephakanyiswe ngokufingqiwe futhi agcizelele amaphuzu awo aqinile.

Amafishane E - Amicus Curiae

Ama-Amicus curiae − ngesiLatini asho "umngane wenkantolo"""" wanikwa abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano ezingezona ezinhlangothini zecala kodwa ezinesithakazelo emphumeleni walo. Izinhlangano zangaphandle zinelinye ithuba lokubhala ama-amicus amafushane ukuze zisekele isinqumo esithandwa umphakathi. Iziphakamiso ze-Amicus zingahlanganisa izizathu ezihlukile noma ezengeziwe ezenza iNkantolo ithathela icala icala.

Ama-Amicu mifushane inganikeza imibono ewusizo leyo leyo engayibe ikhona. Banganikeza ulwazi lobuchwepheshe, imininingwane esekelwe embhalweni, umlando, noma ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela isinqumo esingathinta ngayo izimboni ezithile, imiphakathi, noma izithakazelo. Ezimweni eziphambili, ama-amicu amaningi angabekwa, amelela imibono eminingi.

UJenene waseSolicitor uvame ukubhala izibalo ezimfushane ezicatshangelweni lapho iUnited States ingeyena umthelela kodwa inesithakazelo emibuzweni engokomthetho enikezwayo.

Amampikiswano Omlomo

INkantolo izwa izimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo emacaleni kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-April. Kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-December, kuzwakala izimpikiswano phakathi namasonto amabili okuqala enyanga ngayinye. Kusukela ngo-January kuya ku-April, izimpikiswano zizwakala emasontweni amabili okugcina enyangeni ngayinye. Phakathi nesimiso ngasinye samasonto amabili, izimpikiswano zomlomo zizwakala ngoMsombuluko, ngoLwesibili, nangoLwesithathu kuphela (ngaphandle kokuba iNkade iNkanto efuna ukuba kuthethwe ngenye indlela).

Ngokuvamile, amacala amabili aqulwa usuku ngalunye, kusukela ngo - 10 ekuseni icala ngalinye linikezwa ihora lokuphikisana.

Izimpikiswano ezisobala phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme zihluke kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni ezinkantolo eziphansi. Amajaji abuza abameli ngenkuthalo, ngokuvamile aphazamisa izigijimi ukuze ahlole ubuthakathaka ezimpikiswaneni, ahlole izimo ezicatshangelwayo, noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwabo. Ama-Attorney kumelwe akulungele ukuphendula imibuzo enzima nokuphenduza ngokushesha njengoba amajaji eqondisa ingxoxo.

Umbuzo ungaveza ukukhathazeka kwamajaji namavoti, nakuba izimpikiswano zomlomo zingazibikezeli imiphumela. Abanye abahluleli basebenzisa imibuzo ukuze bahlole imibono yabo, kuyilapho abanye bengase badlale ummeleli kadeveli noma babuze imibuzo ngenxa yabanye.

Impikiswano yomlomo ivulekele umphakathi. Amalungu omphakathi angahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ekhulumayo, futhi iNkantolo manje yenza amakhasethi aqoshiwe atholakale kuwebhusayithi yayo ngokushesha ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano. Lokhu kukhanya kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele inqubo yeNkantolo ekhethayo futhi ziqonde ukuthi amahluleli abheka kanjani imibuzo enzima engokomthetho.

Ingqungquthela Nenkululeko

Ngemva kokuphikisana ngomlomo, amaJaji axoxa ngecala emhlanganweni wangasese futhi anqume ukuthi lizovota kanjani. Lemihlangano iqhutshelwa ngasese, kunezintambo eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela ezikhona.

Phakathi nengqungquthela, uMahluleli Omkhulu ukhuluma kuqala, elandelwa abanye abahluleli ukuze kubekwe izintambo. ukwahlulela ngakunye kuveza imibono yabo ecaleni futhi kubonisa indlela abahlose ngayo ukuvota. Ngemva kwengxoxo, abahluleli bavota kuqala.

Ivoti yengqungquthela inquma umphumela wecala, kodwa akusona isiphelo senqubo. Amajaji angashintsha amavoti awo njengoba kufakwa futhi kusakazwa imibono, futhi ukuhlelwa kokugcina kungahluka kwevoti yokuqala yengqungquthela.

Ukubhala Umbono Nokugqugquzela

Uma amalungu angaphezu kwengxenye eNkantolo evumelana ngomphumela, isinqumo sawo sibhalwe yinye yamaJaji (akhethwe nguMahluleli omkhulu phakathi kweningi). Iningi liba nombono weNkantolo. Uma uMahluleli oyinhloko ephakathi kweningi, uMahluleli oyinhloko unikeza umbono; kungenjalo, umahluleli omkhulu kunabo bonke abaningi wenza lesi sabelo.

Ijaji elibekiwe lihlela umbono ochaza indlela iNkantolo echaza ngayo. Phakathi nenqubo yokuhlela, eminye imibono ingabukezwa izikhathi ezingu-12 noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuba imenyezelwe. Lo mshini udluliselwe kwabanye abahluleli, abangase basikisele izinguquko, baphakamise izinkathazo, noma babonise ukuthi bazohlanganyela kulowo mbono.

Le nqubo yokusakazwa kwezincwadi ingathatha isikhathi eside futhi ihlanganisa ukuxoxisana okukhulu. Umlobi wombono kumelwe alondoloze iningi lapho eqamba ukubheka okuzonikeza inhlonipho futhi kunikeze isiqondiso esicacile ezinkantolo eziphansi. Ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli abaqale bavote neningi bangase benqabe ukuvumelana nombono uma bephikisana nokucabanga kwayo, bengase bashiye iNkantolo ngaphandle kombono wabaningi.

Imibono Ephicanayo Nengavumelani

Uma uMahluleli evumelana nomphumela weningi, kodwa hhayi umbono weningi, angabhala umbono ovumelanayo. Imibono ephikiswayo ingaba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ubulungisa bungavumelana kuphela ekwahluleleni, buvumelane nomphumela kodwa hhayi nomqondo. Noma umahluleli angase avumelane ngokwengxenye futhi angavumelani ngokwengxenye, avumelane nezici ezithile zombono weningi kodwa angavumelani nabanye.

Uma idlanzana lamaJaji likholelwa ukuthi kufanele kufinyelelwe isinqumo esihlukile, umbono ongavumelaniyo ungase ubhalwe uMahluleli (okhethwe uMahluleli omkhulu phakathi kwabaphikisi). Ukungavumelani nemibono kuchaza ukuthi kungani abahluleli abaphikisayo bekholelwa ukuthi iningi lafinyelela isiphetho esingalungile.

Nakuba abaphikisani bengenawo umthelela ongokomthetho obophayo, bafeza imisebenzi ebalulekile. Bangase bathonye amacala esikhathi esizayo, banikeze ezinye izincazelo inkantolo ezamukela kamuva, futhi banikeze izimpawu kuKhongolo-mthetho noma emphakathini ukuthi isinqumo seNkantolo sasiyimpikiswano. Ezinye izimpikiswano ezidumile ekugcineni ziye zaba umthetho lapho iNkantolo ilawula izenzakalo zangaphambili.

Ukumemezela Isinqumo

Uma iNkantolo isikulungele ukumemezela isinqumo, ikhipha umbono emphakathini. Ngokwesiko, amajaji angafunda ukufushaniswa kwemibono yawo ngezinsuku zesinqumo.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo zingathatha izindlela eziningana:

  • Afrith: Isinqumo senkantolo engezansi sasilungile futhi kufanele sihlale sisebenza.
  • landela i-'[[FLT'] inkantolo esezantsi isinqumo sasingalungile, futhi isinqumo seNkantolo kufanele sifezwe.
  • Ukukhipha noRemand:[ Isinqumo senkantolo ephansi sasingalungile futhi asisasebenzi; inkantolo ephansi kufanele iphinde ihlole icala ngokusekelwe eziyalweni ezisembonweni weNkantolo.

Inkantolo ingase inikeze ezinye izinhlobo zezimo zengqondo, kuhlanganise nokulahla amacala ngendlela ewujuqu (lapho iNkantolo inquma ngemva kokufushanisa nempikiswano ukuthi akufanele ithathe icala) noma ukukhipha ukubukezwa okufushanisiwe ngaphandle kokufushaniswa ngokuphelele nempikiswano.

Izimo Ezikhethekile Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Nakuba inqubo ye - certiorari imelela indlela eyisisekelo yokuya eNkantolo Ephakeme, kukhona ezinye izindlela zokuletha amacala phambi kweNkantolo noma ukuthola usizo oluphuthumayo.

Izithobo eziphuthumayo kanye nokuhlala

Abahlanu kwabayisishiyagalolunye abaMahluleli kumelwe bavote ukuze banikeze isigwebo sokufa imvume yokuhlala, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlala bebulawa ecaleni lesigwebo sokufa.

Izicelo eziphuthumayo ziye zavelela kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lezi zicelo zicela iNkantolo ukuba ingenele ngokushesha, kaningi ngaphambi kokuba kuphendulwe amacala asenkantolo aphansi. Zingafuna iziyalezo eziphansi zenkantolo, izimemezelo ezilindele isikhalo, noma ezinye izikhalo eziphuthumayo.

Ukwanda kwezinhlelo eziphuthumayo kuye kwabangela impikiswano, lapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo yenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokufingqa ngokuphelele, ukuphikisa ngomlomo, noma ukuveza izinkulumo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhululeka okuphuthumayo ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okungalungiseki kuyilapho amacala eqhubeka ngezindlela ezivamile.

Ukugunyaza

Izinkantolo ze-Federal applate zingaqinisekisa imibuzo yomthetho eNkantolo Ephakeme, zicela iNkantolo ukuba iphendule imibuzo ekhethekile engokomthetho ezonquma umphumela wamacala alindele izinkantolo eziphansi. Lenqubo ayivamile ukusetshenziswa kodwa inikeza indlela yokuthola isiqondiso seNkantolo Ephakeme engolwazini noma ikakhulukazi emibuzweni ebalulekile engokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba amaqembu adlule ngenqubo ephelele ye-certiorari.

Amadwala Amangalisayo

INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokukhipha amaqhinga ahlukahlukene angavamile, kuhlanganise nama - writ e - mandamus (ayala isikhulu sikahulumeni noma inkantolo ephansi ukuba senze umsebenzi) nemithetho evimbelayo (kwandulela ukuthi inkantolo ephansi ingalawulwa kakhulu). La ma - writ anikezwa ngokusesilinganisweni futhi ezimweni ezingavamile kuphela.

Imithetho Ehlelekile Yenkantolo Ephakeme

Ukucabangela okuqondile kunendima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amacala afinyelela eNkantolo nokuthi akhishwa kanjani.

Ukuthatha Isikhathi Nokukhethwa Kwecala

Odokotela beNkantolo Ephakeme abanokuhlangenwe nakho bacabangela ngokucophelela isikhathi lapho benquma ukuthi bazofuna yini i-certiorari. Bangase balinde ukuba izigaba zesifunda zikhule ngokugcwele, ukuze amacala engeziwe angene ezinkantolo eziphansi, noma ukuba ihlelwe iNkantolo ishintshe.

Izinhlangano ezithinteka ekumangalelweni ngokuvamile ziveza amacala aklanyelwe ukufinyelela iNkantolo Ephakeme. Zikhetha ngokucophelela izingqiniso, izinkolelo zomthetho zobungcweti, futhi zakhe amarekhodi ayiqiniso ngokubheka phambili ekubukezweni kweNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni. Lendlela efanelekile ingathatha iminyaka eminingi kodwa yandise amathuba okuthola ukubukezwa nokuphumelela ezicini ezinhle.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqashelwa Inkantolo Ephakeme

Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iyinhlangano yabameli ekhethekile enolwazi olunzulu enqulwini. Labameli baqonda lokho okukhethwa yiNkantolo, amafilosofi okwahlulela, kanye nezindlela ezingafani zenqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ubuchwepheshe babo bandisa kakhulu amathuba okuthola i-certiorari futhi banqobe ngalokhu.

Izinhlangano eziningi eziwina ezinkantolo eziphansi kodwa ezibhekene nezicelo zomshoshaphansi zilondoloza iseluleko seNkantolo Ephakeme esinamasuntlwana sokusingatha ukuphikiswa kafushane.

Indima Yezinhlangano Eziyizisebenzi Zokuqeqeshelwa Ukuphatha Abanye

Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zomphakathi, amaqembu ezohwebo, kanye namaqembu ezezimali afeza indima enkulu enkantolo ePhakeme. Lezi zinhlangano zingaxhasa amacala, ama-amicu, noma izindlela zokuhlanganisa phakathi kwamacala amaningi. Ukuhileleka kwazo kunganikeza imithombo, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nombono obanzi ongantuleki.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Inkululeko yomphakathi yase-America Union, [ Pacafic Foundation yasemthethweni, futhi amanye amaqembu ahlukene asungule izinhlelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eyinkimbinkimbi. Aveza amacala athembisayo, anikeze ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, futhi aqhubekisele ukusekela ukuqhubekisela phambili imigomo yawo yezimiso ngezinkantolo.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngokufinyelela INkantolo Ephakeme

Kukhona imibono eminingi eyiphutha ngenqubo yokukhetha icala yeNkantolo ePhakeme iyaqhubeka phakathi komphakathi wonke ngisho nabameli abathile. Ukuqonda lemibono eyiphutha kusiza ekucaciseni indlela iNkantolo esebenza ngayo ngempela.

Umbono Oyiphutha: INkantolo Ephakeme Ilungisa Wonke Amaphutha Angokomthetho

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uma inkantolo ephansi yenza iphutha, iNkantolo Ephakeme izothatha isinyathelo ukuze ilungise, eqinisweni, iNkantolo ayikhathazeki ngokuyinhloko ngokulungisa amaphutha. Ngisho noma inkantolo ephansi yenza iphutha, iNkantolo Ephakeme iyokuphika ngempela ukuqulwa kwecala le-certiorari ngaphandle kokuba icala linikeze umbuzo omkhulu ongokomthetho ofanele ukuphendulwa.

Lendlela ibonisa indima yeNkantolo. Izicelo eziyizinkulungwane zifakwa unyaka ngamunye kanye nethuba lokuzwa amacala acishe abe ngu-60-80 kuphela, iNkantolo kumelwe igxile emacaleni ayoba nokubaluleka okungokomlando futhi ixazulule imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho, hhayi nje ukulungisa amaphutha emacala ngamanye.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Ukudelela Ukukhohliswa Kusho Ukuthi INkantolo Ivumelana Nenkantolo Engezansi

Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iphika ukuthi i-certiorari, kusho kuphela ukuthi iNkantolo inqume ukungalibukezi icala. Ayibonisi ukuvunyelwa kwesinqumo senkantolo ephansi noma ukuvumelana nokucabanga kwayo. INkantolo iphika i-certiorari ngenxa yezizathu eziningi ezingavumelani nenzuzo, kuhlanganise nokungahlukaniswa kwesifunda, izinkinga zezesifunda, noma ngenxa nje yokuthi amanye amacala aveza icala elifanayo ngokuhlanzeka kakhulu.

Ngezinye izikhathi amahluleli abhala izinkulumo eziphathelene noma eziphikisana nokuphika i - certiorari ukuze acacise ukuthi ukuphika akubonisi imibono yabo ngezimfanelo noma ukunikeza uphawu lokuthi bakholelwa ukuthi lendaba ifanelwe ukucatshangelwa esikhathini esizayo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Noma Yiliphi Icala Lingafinyelela Enkantolo Ephakeme

Nakuba noma iliphi iqembu lingafaka isicelo se-certiorari, akuwona wonke amacala afanele ukubukezwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Icala kumelwe lihlanganise umbuzo kahulumeni − impikiswano ephakamayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. INkantolo ayinakuzibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezisekelwe enkantolo yombuso ezifanele nezimele, futhi ngokuvamile ayinakubukeza izindaba ezingafaneleki noma ezingakafaneleki zesinqumo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacala kumelwe azimele ukuze akhiphe izikhalo zawo, futhi amacala kumelwe anikeze izimpikiswano zangempela kunokuba anikeze imibuzo ecatshangelwayo.

Ukushintsha Imvelo Yomkhuba WeNkantolo Ephakeme

Umkhuba weNkantolo Ephakeme uyaqhubeka ushintsha ukuze kulungiswe ukuma kwemithetho, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, nokushintsha kwendlela iNkantolo eyakhiwe ngayo nezinto eziza kuqala.

I - Docket Enciphile

Isikhulu seNkantolo Ephakeme siye sancipha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Izincazelo ezihlukahlukene ziye zanikezwa ngenxa yalokhu kuthambekela, kuhlanganise nokuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi (ukuhlukanisa izigaba), ukukhethwa kwecala okucophelela kakhulu yiNkantolo, izinguquko zomthetho kahulumeni eziye zaxazulula izimpikiswano ezazisaphikisana, nezinqumo ezihlelekile zezahluleli ngendima yazo yokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo.

Lokhu kuncipha kwetheku kunezici ezihilelekile ekuthuthukiseni umthetho kahulumeni. Uma sekunqunywe amacala ambalwa, imibuzo ethile ebalulekile engokomthetho ingase ingaxazululwa isikhathi eside, futhi izinkantolo ezincane zingase zingabi nasiqondiso esincane ezindabeni ezivelayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubona Ingaphandle

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamukela ubuchwepheshe ukuze yandise ukubonakala kokukhanya nokutholakala komphakathi. Inkantolo manje ifaka imibono, iziyalezo, nezingxoxo zomlomo kuwebhusayithi yayo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iNkantolo yabamba izimpikiswano ngocingo futhi yanikeza imidanso ephilayo yemisindo, imikhuba eyaqhubeka ishintshashintsha.

Lezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe ziye zenza ukuba umsebenzi weNkantolo ufinyeleleke kakhulu kumphakathi, izintatheli, nakuzazi. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yamelana nokuveza izimpikiswano ngocingo, igcina ukuthi ukutholakala komsindo kunikeza ukubonakala okwanele kuyilapho kulondoloza isithunzi nokuziphatha okuhle kwemicimbi.

I - dicure Docket

Ukunaka okwengeziwe kuye kwagxila ezinhlelweni zeNkantolo "isithunzi sedokisi" − − nezinye izindaba zinqunywe ngaphandle kokufushanisa nokuphikisa okuphelele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo yenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngalenqubo ephenyayo ngaphandle kokubona kahle noma ukucabangisisa. Abavikeli beNkantolo baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhululeka okuphuthumayo ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka futhi isithunzi sedokisi besilokhu siyingxenye yomsebenzi weNkantolo.

Le mpikiswano iveza imibuzo ebanzi ngendima yeNkantolo nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokucabangisisa ngokucophelela nesinqumo esifike ngesikhathi semibuzo ephuthumayo engokomthetho.

Iseluleko Esiwusizo Samaholide Acabangela Ukubukezwa Kwenkantolo Ephakeme

Kubantu abacabangela ukuthi kufanele yini bahlole iNkantolo Ephakeme, ukucatshangelwa okuningana okuwusizo kufanele kuqondise isinqumo.

Ukuhlola Ukwakheka Kwempumelelo Ngokoqobo

Uma kucatshangelwa amazinga aphansi kakhulu anikeza imali, abahilelekile kufanele bahlole ngokunengqondo ukuthi icala labo linikeza uhlobo lwendaba iNkantolo cishe lungabukezwa. Ingabe lelicala lihilela ukuhlukana okuqotho kwesifunda? Ingabe liphakamisa umbuzo obalulekile womthetho ngokomthetho? Ingabe liyimoto ehlanzekile yokuphendula lemibuzo? Uma impendulo ingucha, amathuba okubukezwa anele aphansi.

Cabangela Izindleko Nezinzuzo

Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme libiza kakhulu futhi lithatha isikhathi. Imikhosi kumelwe ihlole izindleko zokulungiselela isicelo esiqinile, ukugcina iseluleko esikhethekile, futhi ngokunokwenzeka iqhubeke ngokufushanisa okuphelele nokuphikisayo ngokumelene nempumelelo nokubaluleka kwezindaba ezihilelekile.

Kumaqembu anqobayo ezinkantolo ezincane, isinqumo sokuthi abhale ikhefu eliphikisana nesicelo sidinga ukucatshangelwa okufanayo. Ngezinye izikhathi icebo elingcono kakhulu ukuphendula futhi sithemba ukuthi iNkantolo iyaphika ukubukezwa ngaphandle kokubiza impendulo.

Funa Iseluleko Esinokuhlangenwe Nakho

Inqubo yeNkantolo ePhakeme ikhethekile. Imikhosi ezimisele ngokufuna ukubukezwa kufanele ithintane noma igcine abameli abanolwazi olubalulekile lweNkantolo Ephakeme. Laba ochwepheshe banganikeza izibalo ezingokoqobo zokufaneleka kwebele, futhi uma kuhlolwa, izicelo zobuciko eziveza amathuba empumelelo.

Cabanga Isikhathi eside

Ngezinye izikhathi indlela engcono kakhulu iwukulinda kunokuba ufune ukubukezwa ngokushesha eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuvumela impikiswano ukuba iqondiswe kwezinye izindawo, ukulinda imoto eyiqiniso, noma ukuhlela isicelo sokuvumelana nokuqanjwa kweNkantolo elungile kungase kwandise amathuba empumelelo.

Ukubaluleka Obanzi Kwenqubo Yokwahlulela Icala LeNkantolo Ephakeme

Inqubo amacala afinyelela ngayo iNkantolo Ephakeme anemiphumela ejulile emthethweni waseMelika nasemphakathini. Isinqumo seNkantolo siyivumela ukuba ihlele intuthuko engokomthetho ngokusemthethweni, igxile emibuzweni ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ishiye amanye ukuba axazululwe izinkantolo eziphansi noma ngenqubo yezombangazwe.

Le ndlela ekhethayo inezinzuzo nezingaphumeleli. Ngokwalokho, iNkantolo ivumela ukuba ilawule umsebenzi wayo, igxile emacaleni lapho ukungenela kwayo kuyoba nethonya elikhulu khona, futhi igweme ukungena ezimpikiswaneni ezingase zixazululwe noma ezingakadingi isinqumo esiqinisekile. INkantolo ingalinda izimpikiswano ukuze ikhule, ukuze izinkantolo eziphansi zikwazi ukusingatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi izimpawu zemithetho ehlukahlukene yemithetho zicace.

Ngapha kwecala elibi, ukukhetha kweNkantolo kusho ukuthi eminye imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho ingaxazululwa isikhathi eside. Izinkantolo eziphansi zingafinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo, zidala ukungaqiniseki nokuguquguquka komthetho kahulumeni. Amadili angase aphiwe ubulungisa ngoba amacala awo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ahloniphekile, awafanelani nezimiso zeNkantolo ukuze abukezwe.

Inqubo ye-certiorari iphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuthola ubulungisa. Izindleko eziphakeme zeNkantolo Ephakeme zikhokhelwa abadlali nezinzuzo ezijatshulelwa yizimpi eziphindaphindwayo namaqembu aneziphetho ezinhle zingabangela ukuba izikhungo zeNkantolo zingene ezinhloboni ezithile zecala neziyizithako. Nakuba iNkantolo inikeza izinqubo zokungenela amaqembu angenayo ukuze angene enkantolo e-Forma paupers, lamacala abhekene ngisho nane nobunzima bokubukeza obude.

Isiphetho: INkantolo Ephakeme Njengomgcini - khaya

Ukuqonda indlela amacala afinyelela ngayo eNkantolo Ephakeme kwembula indima yeNkantolo njengomgcini wesango ocophelelayo, ukusebenzisa ukwahlulela ukukhetha amacala azololonga umthetho waseMelika. Uhambo olusuka enkantolo enkantolo eya eNkantolo Ephakeme lude, lunzima, futhi aluqinisekile. Izigebengu ezinganeliseki ngesinqumo senkantolo ephansi kumelwe zinxuse iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ukuba ithole icala lazo. Kodwa impumelelo idinga ukungeneliseki okukhulu, kodwa kudingeka ukuba kunikezwe icala elivumelana nezindinganiso zeNkantolo ezifuna inzuzo.

Inqubo ye-certiorari, nezigaba zayo eziningi zokubukeza, izinhlelo ezihlelekile, futhi iphansi kakhulu, iqinisekisa ukuthi iqeshana elincane lamacala lithola ukunakekela kweNkantolo. Lokhu kukhetha kuvumela iNkantolo ukuba igxile ekuthunyelweni kwayo okuyinhloko: ukuxazulula imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho kahulumeni, ukuqinisekisa ukuchazwa okungokomthetho ezweni lonke, nokuvikela izimiso zomthetho.

Kubameli nakubafundi, ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokuthi kufanele yini kubukezwe iNkantolo Ephakeme nokuthi ingawasingatha kanjani amacala ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu.

Inqubo yokukhetha icala yeNkantolo Ephakeme ibonisa ukukhetha okuyisisekelo ngendima yejaji embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Ngokukhetha ngokucophelela ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe azwe, iNkantolo ayihleli nje kuphela ukuthuthuka kwemfundiso engokomthetho kodwa futhi nezindlela ezibanzi zomthetho waseMelika nomphakathi. Inqubo amacala afika ngayo eNkantolweni (/i-Countlex, ekhethayo, futhi ephethe ngokusemthethweni) inquma ukuthi yimiphi imibuzo engokomthetho ethola isinqumo esiqinisekile nokuthi yimaphi amazwi azwakala enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yesizwe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguchwepheshe ongokomthetho olawula inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yeNkantolo Ephakeme, umfundi ofuna ukuqonda isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, noma isakhamuzi esinesithakazelo endleleni iNkantolo esebenza ngayo, oqonda indlela amacala afinyelela ngayo eNkantolo Ephakeme abalulekile ekuqondeni umthetho waseMelika. Umsebenzi weNkantolo wokugcina isango, osetshenziswa ngenqubo ye-certiorari futhi uqondiswe ngokucabangela ukubaluleka okungokomthetho, izingxabano zesifunda, nemfanelo, uqinisekisa ukuthi izimali zeNkantolo ezilinganiselwe zinikezelwe emacaleni abaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umthetho kahulumeni namalungelo omthetho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zeNkantolo Ephakeme namacala amanje, vakashela iwebhusayithi ePhakeme Court noma ukuhlolwa SCOUSTUSblog[[, enikeza ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi komsebenzi weNkantolo.