I-Federalism iyisimiso sokubusa esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi (wezwe) nohulumeni besifunda, njengezifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma ama-canton. Lesi sakhiwo sidala ukulingana kwegunya, sivumela isilinganiso ngasinye ukuba sisebenze ngokwezikhundla ezithile kuyilapho sibambisana ezindabeni zezwe. I-Federalism iklanyelwe ukuhlalisa abantu abahlukahlukene ezindaweni ezinkulu, iyenze kube ukukhetha okufanayo ngamazwe anempucuko ephawulekayo, uhlanga, noma umehluko wezimiso zolimi. Ngokungafani nezimiso ze-ocester, lapho uhulumeni omkhulu uphethe igunya eliphethe zonke, izimiso zezifunda zomhlaba zivikela khona ngokomthetho kokubili ubunye ne-O656.

Ukuqonda Umbango

Ekujuleni kwayo, uhulumeni ufuna ukuhlanganisa isizwe kuyilapho uhlonipha izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda zaso nokuzibusa kwazo. Kuyisisekelo sokulawula ubunkimbinkimbi bezindawo ezinkulu, amazwe azimele. Ukwaba imibuso kuhlelwe ngokwesiko kuhlelwe kumthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe, osho ukuthi yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni wezwe, okungamazwe noma izifundazwe, futhi okuhlanganyelwa kuzo. Lengxenye isiza ekuvimbeleni ukunqwabelana kwamandla futhi ivumele izimiso ukuba zivumelane nezidingo zendawo. I-Frederalism ayiyona indlela ehlukile; iqala ekusabeleni ekusabeleni kwezombangazwe, kwezenhlalo, nakwezomnotho, kuholele ezindleleni ehlukahlukene nemikhuba esemhlabeni.

Umlando

Isisekelo sombuso we-constal singalandelelwa emuva empucukweni yasendulo, njengedolobha lase-Greek ­tate protections kanye neRiphabliki lamaRoma, elazama ukubusa ngokuhlanganyelwa kwezakhiwo. Nokho, isimiso sombuso wanamuhla savelela ngokumiswa kwe-United States. UMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., wagunyaziswa ngo17888, wamiswa uhulumeni ophethe owenziwe ngemibuso ngesikhathi ubeka wonke amanye amagunya ezwe noma abantu. Le nqubo yayiwukuhlehlela phakathi kwalabo ababefuna igunya elinamandla nalabo ababesaba ukubusa ngohulumeni okude. I-Profekthespita yaseMelika yaphefumulela ezinye izizwe, kuhlanganise neSwitzerland (1848), iCanada (1867), i-Australia (1901), kanye neJalimane (19999). Izwe ngalinye lazivumelanisa izimiso zezimiso zomlando nezomphakathi womphakathi emhlabeni wonke.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zobuzwe

  • Ukuhlelwa kwama-Power: I-Federalism ihlanganisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni, ngokuvamile achazwe kumthetho-sisekelo. Lamagunya angaba akhethekile (yizinga elilodwa kuphela elinegunya), i-acision (yomibili imigangatho ingathatha isinyathelo), noma igcinelwe (eshiyelwe ezizweni). Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, amazwe ahlanganisa ukukhokha imali nokuqondisa ibhizinisi lezwe, kuyilapho amazwe ephatha imfundo kanye nokugcinwa komthetho wendawo.
  • [ Izindawo ezizimele zama-Union: amaZwe noma izifundazwe zinegunya lokuzibusa ezindaweni ezimisiwe, njengokuhamba, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemithombo yemvelo. Lokhu kuvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba benze imithetho ebonisa izinto eziza kuqala zendawo nezimiso zamasiko.
  • I-presence in National Government:[[FT:1] Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukuveza isishaya-mthetho se-bimeral, lapho elinye igumbi limelela khona inani labantu (umzk., iNdlu yabameleli yase-U.S.) futhi elinye linikeza izimpawu ezifanayo ezindaweni noma ezindaweni (umz., iSigebengu sase-U.S.). lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili izithakazelo eziningi nedlayodwa ziyazwakala.
  • I-Intergovernmental Relations:[ Ukubambisana nokuphikisana phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni kubangelwa yi-socialism. Imishini enjengezibonelelo, izimvume, kanye nezingxoxo yokusiza ekulawuleni lobungane, kodwa ukungavumelani ngokomthetho namali kuvamile.
  • A Umthetho-sisekelo Olotshiwe: Izimiso zikahulumeni eziningi zincike kumthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe ochaza amandla ohlobo ngalunye lukahulumeni futhi unikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokubukeza kokwahlulela.

Izinhlobo ZobuFenisi

I-Federalism ayiyona i-size נgradactrusts. Izazi ziye zathola imifanekiso eminingana echaza indlela amandla ahlanganyelwa ngayo nendlela ohulumeni abasebenzelana ngayo. Lezi zinhlobo zisiza ekuchazeni izindlela ezihlukahlukene izimiso zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo.

Ubumbano Lwama - Dual

Dual unistism, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi “layer àcake universtinist,” uphatha ohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni njengabahlukile, nezimbulunga ezihlukene ngokusobala zegunya. Isigaba ngasinye sisebenza ngokwaso ezindaweni zaso, futhi kuncane ukuvumelana. Lesisibonelo sasibusa e-United States phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, lapho indima kahulumeni yayilinganiselwe kakhulu ekuvikeleni izwe, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nezentengiselwano ephakathi. Amazwe alondoloza igunya elikhulu ezindabeni eziningi zasekhaya. Isifanekiso sekhekhe elinongqiwe sasibonisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kwemithwalo yemfanelo.

Ukubambisana

I-conoperative university, noma “marble àcakeism,” yavela ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka lapho uhulumeni wesizwe uthatha indima ekhuthele kakhulu ezindaweni ezivame ukugcinelwa imibuso, njengenhlala - kahle yezenhlalo, izakhiwo, nemfundo. Kulesibonelo, womabili amazinga kahulumeni ahlanganyela imithwalo yemfanelo kanye nokusebenza ndawonye ukuze afinyelele imigomo efanayo. UFederal unikeza u-griinēnaviaid, ngokuvamile onezimo ezihlangene, waba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokubambisana okukhuthaza umbuso. Izinhlu zegunya eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezifana nezinhlakaniphithi zemabula. Lokhu kwanweba phakathi nenkathi entsha ye-New Fare and Great Societys eUnited States.

Ukubusa Kwabantu Okudala

Uhulumeni womphakathi, ohlangene noMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ‘ izinhlelo zeNhlangano Enkulu” kuma 1960, wagcizelela ukuhileleka okuqondile kukahulumeni ekusingatheni izindaba zomphakathi ezinjengobumpofu, amalungelo omphakathi, nokukhula kwamadolobha. Kwadlula ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni kwezinye izimo ngokuthumela izimali ngokuqondile kohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano ezingahwebi nzuzo, namaqembu omphakathi. Lokhu kwandisa ithonya likahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile kwabeka izimfuneko eziqinile ekutheni imali isetshenziswa kanjani, kuholela engxabanweni ngezindaba ezazinomuzwa wokuthi igunya labo liyalulazwa.

Ubumbano Olusha

I-constitus entsha yavela njengendlela yokusabela ekumelaneni nokubekwa kwegunya phakathi nekhulu lama-3520. Ikhuthazwa nguMongameli uRichard Nixon noRonald Reagan, yayihlose ukubuyisela amagunya athile nemithwalo yemfanelo ezwe. Lokhu kwafezwa ngezipho ezivimbelayo (okunikeza ukuvumelana okwengeziwe ekusebenziseni izimali zikahulumeni) nokuncishiswa kwezinhlelo ezinjengenguquko yezenhlalakahle. Umqondo wawuwukunciphisa i-patroli kahulumeni futhi uvumele amazwe ukuba asebenze “njengemisebenzi yentando yentando yeningi,” ukuhlola izinhlelo ezintsha ezingase ziphinde zisetshenziswe kwezinye izindawo.

UbuFederalism

I-Fiscal unistism ibhekisele ebuhlotsheni bezimali phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Ihlola indlela izimali ezikhushulwa ngayo futhi izindleko ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Ezindaweni eziningi, uhulumeni wezwe uqoqa ingxenye enkulu yentela kunesidingo, kuyilapho amazwe encike ekuthunyelweni nasekuxhaseni izinhlelo zawo. Lesimiso singadala i-266 nenxushunxushu, ikakhulukazi uma izimo zezwe zivela nezimfuneko ezingase ziphikisene.

Izinzuzo Zokulwela Uhulumeni

Lezi zinzuzo zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezinomthelela ekubuseni nasekumeleleni okuphumelelayo.

  • Indawo ezungezile i-Autonomy ne-Responsivence: Izwe lingavumelana nezimiso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhethekile zomphakathi walo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuso onengxenye enkulu yezolimo ungamisa indawo yamalungelo amanzi nezakhiwo zasemaphandleni, kuyilapho isifundazwe sasedolobheni singagxila ekuthutheni komphakathi nasezindlini. Lokhu kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba bathathe indiva ezinkathalweni zezakhamuzi.
  • Izimiso ze-Focty Expisttion: zivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokucwaninga ngentando yeningi. Uma omunye uhulumeni uzama indlela entsha yokuthatha i-athobon (njengendlela yokunakekela impilo yendawo yonke) eMassachusetts noma ukuhweba ngekharbon eCalifornia/omunye bangaqaphela imiphumela futhi bamukele izimiso eziphumelelayo. Lokhu kuhlola okuhloniphekile kunciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka ezweni lonke.
  • Izimpawu kanye nokulinganisela: Ukuhlukana kombuso phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni kwenza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okulinganisela ukubekwa kwegunya. Zombili izinga lingahlola izenzo zomunye nomunye, ukuvikela inkululeko yakhe futhi kuvimbele noma isiphi isici ukuba sibe namandla kakhulu.
  • Ukugunyaza ukuthatha igalelo kwezombangazwe: Umbuso wobuFederal udala izinkundla eziningi zokubopha kwezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi zingavota endaweni, kuhulumeni, nakukhetho lwesizwe, futhi zingafuna noma zifune isikhundla nganoma iliphi izinga. Lesi sakhiwo esibanzi sikhuthaza ukuhileleka kwezembutho futhi senza uhulumeni ufinyeleleke ngokwengeziwe.
  • Ukuvikelwa Kohlobo Oluphakathi: Emazweni anezinhlanga, ulimi, noma inkolo embalwa, uhulumeni unganikeza isilinganiso esithile sokuzimela ezindaweni, usize ukulondoloza isici esingokwesiko futhi unciphise ukucindezela kobuzwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo sikahulumeni saseNdiya sihlanganisa amaqembu aso amaningi ezilimi ngokuhlela amazwe emikhakheni yolimi.

Izinselele Zobuzwe

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, imibuso ebusayo iveza nezinselele ezinkulu ezingabangela ukuba ukubusa nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso kube nzima.

  • Ukusakaza nokudideka: Ukusakaza kwemibuso kungaholela ekungaqiniseki ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elibangela izinkinga ezithile. Izakhamuzi zingazama ukuthola izikhundla ezihlukene, futhi izimpikiswano zokulawula zivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iziyalezo eziphikisanayo ezivela kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni eUnited States zadala ukudideka ngezikhundla ze-odoma kanye nezigqibo zezebhizinisi.
  • Ukulingana phakathi kwezifunda: Ukungafani kwemithombo yengcebo, intuthuko yezomnotho, kanye nezimiso eziza kuqala phakathi kwezifundazwe kungadala umehluko ezinkonzweni zomphakathi nasezingeni zokuphila. Izifunda zengcebo zinganikeza imfundo engcono nezokunakekela impilo, kuyilapho amazwe ampofu ezama ukuqoqa izinhlelo eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kungaholela “ekugcineni phansi” njengoba amazwe encintisana ngamabhizinisi ngokusika intela nemithetho.
  • Impicabadala yezezimali: Izingxabano zivame ukuvela phakathi kohulumeni abaphethe isifundazwe nohulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ezinjengokufuduka, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, nokunakekela impilo. Lezi zimpi zingaphumela ekwamacala, iziyalo eziphethe, nezimpi zemithetho ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso.
  • Izinkinga zokuhlela: Ukubambisana okusebenzayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Nokho, ukuwohloka kokukhulumisana, izinto eziza kuqala, nezimbano zezombangazwe zingaphazamisa ukusabela okunobunye. Ukusabela okuhamba kancane kweSiphepho uKatrina ngo 2005 kwaqokomisa lezinselele zokubambisana.
  • [ Ukukhokha kanye nokungaphumeleli: Uma womabili amazinga kahulumeni enikeza izinkonzo ezifanayo, njengokugcinwa komthetho noma ukuxhaswa kwemali yezokuhamba, amakhophi angavela, ukuchitha imali ekhokhisa intela. Ukuhlela lemizamo kudinga ukuhlela nokubambisana.

Izibonelo Zobuhlanga Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuhlola lezi zibonelo kwembula ukuvumelana nokubusa kukahulumeni nokuhlukahluka.

United States

I-United States iyisibonelo esivelele sobuzwe. Umthetho - sisekelo wayo ubala imibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni (umz., ukumemezela impi, ukulawula ukuhwebelana kwezwe) kanye nokugcina yonke eminye imibuso emise ezindaweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulinganisela kuye kwashintshela egunyeni likahulumeni elikhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwe-New Deal kanye nokwanda kweminikelo kahulumeni. Nokho, amazwe ayaqhubeka elawula kakhulu imfundo, ubulungisa bobugebengu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezwe. INkanto ePhakakhulu ifeza indima eyinhloko ekuchazeni imingcele yamandla.

EJalimane

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseJalimane sisekelwe eshumini nesithupha Länder (izifunda) ezihlanganyela ezinqumweni zikazwelonke ekwenzeni iBundesrat, indlu ephezulu yephalamende. I-Sisic Law (constitution) inikeza i-Länder amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kwemfundo, i-Protop, nezindaba zamasiko. IJalimane igcizelela ukubambisana kwe-guvernism, lapho uhulumeni umisa khona imithetho ebanzi futhi u-Länder uyayisebenzisa. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukuvumelana kwezindinganiso zesizwe kuyilapho silondoloza ukubusa kwesifunda.

Canada

I-constitution yaseCanada isakaza amagunya phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe nezifundazwe eziyishumi. Umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ka-1867, unika amagunya akhethekile isigaba ngasinye, izifundazwe ezilawula izindawo ezinjengezempilo, imfundo, nempahla engokwemvelo. Ngokungafani nesimiso se-U.S. uhulumeni wezwe laseCanada unegunya kumthetho wobugebengu nasemshadweni, kuyilapho izifundazwe ziphatha impahla namalungelo omphakathi. Isimiso futhi sihlanganisa ukulandisa okuhlukile kwe-French (asmenutementation) ngamalungiselelo esizwe anika isifundazwe esinye isikhulu isimiso somthetho wezokufuduka nolimi.

Australia

Isimiso sikahulumeni wase-Australia, esakhiwa nguMthetho-sisekelo wayo ngo-1901, sahlukanisa imibuso phakathi kukahulumeni weCommonwealth (wesizwe) nezifundazwe eziyisithupha. ICommonwealth isingatha isivikelo, izindaba zangaphandle, kanye nokuhwebelana, kuyilapho amazwe elawula imfundo, impilo, kanye nezokuthutha. Intela yemali ekhokhwayo iqoqwa ngokuyinhloko nguhulumeni kahulumeni, obe usukhipha imali ekhona ukuze ithole imvume. Lokhu kungalingani kwemithetho kudala ukuncintiswa kodwa futhi kuvumela ukukhokha imali efanayo ukuze kusizwe izifunda ezimpofu ezisiza ekulondolozeni izinkonzo.

eNdiya

INdiya iyirepublic kahulumeni kazwelonke ebanzi kakhulu. IConstitution yayo yakha uhulumeni onamandla onoHlahlu lwemibuso ekhethekile, uHlu lwaMbuso lwemibuso ekhethekile, noHlahlu lweSizwe lapho kokubili kungahlelwa khona. Amazwe ngokuvamile ahlelwa ngolimi, olusiza ekulawuleni izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezwe. Nokho, uhulumeni waseNdiya uchazwa njalo ngokuthi “u-quasijéfederal” ngoba uhulumeni oyinhloko ungalahla ohulumeni bezwe futhi ulawule izimo eziphuthumayo.

Isiphetho

UFederalism uhlala uyisimiso esinethonya elivumelana nesidingo sobunye besizwe nesifiso sokuzimela ngokwezifunda. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla ezindawo ngomthetho-mthetho, uvimbela noma iliphi izinga likahulumeni ukuba libuse, ukhuthaza ukusungula izinto, kanye nokwehlukahluka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kudinga ukuqondisa okucophelelayo ukusingatha ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi, ukungalingani, nokulwa kwemithetho ehlangene. Njengoba amazwe ebhekene nezinselele ezintsha mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kube yizimfihlo ze-adiumga--"$] Izimiso zesimiso sombuso ziyaqhubeka nokuziveza, zibonise ukuzinza kwazo nokusebenza embusweni nakusebenzeni. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni onesithakazelo ngayo ekwakhelweni lwezombangazwe nasekusakazweni kwamandla ezweni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka incazelo engokomthetho kahulumeni wezwe [[FLT:], Britannica ekungeneni kwe-contist [, kanye ne-Government ye-precision ye-Canada ye-contistism.