Indlela Isimemezelo Sokuzibusa Esiyithonya Ngayo Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

ISimemezelo se-Independent singesona nje isiqinisekiso esingokomlando esimemezela ukwahlukana kwamakoloni aseMelika neBrithani. Siyisisekelo sefilosofi salo lonke i-United States somthetho. Isimiso esiyinhloko sokuthi ohulumeni bathatha amandla abo alungile kulelo lungelo livumelana nemvume yalabo abalawulwayo [[ ngokuqondile ihlela indlela imithetho esungulwa ngayo, iphikisana, futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo namuhla. Imithetho yonke edluliswa yi-Congressborress noma i-partimen iyindlela ewusizo yokusebenzisa ilungelo labantu lokuzibusa. Ukuqonda indlela lenqubo enikeza ngayo ukucaca ukuthi kungani imithetho ethile ikhona, ukuthi ivikela kanjani amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani uma umthetho uhluleka ukufeza okuhle.

Idwala Eliyinqaba LasePhilosophiya: Ukuvunyelwa Kwababusi

ISimemezelo sigomela ngokuthi bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo angaphunyuki − ukuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo. Ukuze bavikele lamalungelo, ohulumeni bamiswa phakathi kwabantu, bathola amandla abo alungile ngokuvumelana nababuswayo. Lomqondo, osuselwa kubantu abahlakaniphile njengoJohn Locke, ususa ubuhlobo obungokwesiko phakathi kombusi nesihloko: uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu, hhayi enye indlela.

Lapho abasunguli bebhala uMthetho-sisekelo eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kweSimemezelo, bakha isimiso esisebenzayo sokwenza lefilosofi. Igatsha lemithetho ((Conrell) liyisibonakaliso sokuqala nesiqondile sobukhosi obuthandwayo. Umthetho awusona inqubo ephezulu kodwa inqubo ephansi esekelwe ekumeleni. Wonke umthetho ulindeleke ukuba ubonise intando yabantu, uvikele amalungelo abo, futhi uthuthukise inhlalakahle yabo. Uma umthetho uhluleka ukwenza kanjalo, ukuhluzeka kwaleSimemezelo kunikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuguqula noma lokusiqeda ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuthula njengokhetho, ukuphikisa, noma izinselele zokwahlulela.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Ekubeni Yisithakazelo Kuya Esiya Emithethweni

Nakuba iSimemezelo singasho inqubo ethile eqondile yokwenza imithetho, izimiso zaso zigcinwe kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Nansi indlela isikweleti esiba ngayo umthetho eUnited States, esibhekiselwe njalo emicabangweni yemvume namalungelo.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Umbono Nokuphoqelelwa

Noma imuphi umthetho uqala njengomqondo wesakhamuzi, iqembu lenzalo, inhlangano kahulumeni, noma ilungu lesiKhongolozelo. Lowo mbono ubhalwe kuyisivumelwano ummeleli noma ummeli. Umxhasi wemali kumelwe awuthethelele njengokhonza amalungelo omphakathi navikela amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 isuka ezimfuno eziphikelelayo zabashisekeli bempini eziphikisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga kwakuphula isithembiso soMthetho wenkululeko nokulingana. Umxhasi, uSenter Hubert Humphrey, wabeka isibambiso njengesidingo sokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zonke.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukubukeza Nezindlebe Zekomiti

Imali ibhekiswa ekomitini, lapho ochwepheshe abaphethe izihloko, abagcini bezindaba, nomphakathi bengase balinganisele khona. Lesi sigameko sihlanganisa ukuvuma kwabalawulwa [ ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene azwakalayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke. Amakomiti ngokuvamile abamba ukuqulwa, futhi ofakazi banikeza ubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokufakwa kwe-Affordable Care Act, amakomiti aqhuba izindlebe eziningi ukuqonda indlela ukufinyelela kwezenhlalakahle yezempilo okwathinta ngayo “ukuzuza injabulo ” kwamaMelika eMelika."

Isinyathelo 3: Impikiswano Nesichibiyelo Esiphathelene Nendawo Ezungezile

Uma ikomiti ivumela lesi sivumelwano, siya egumbini eligcwele (Indlu noma iSigele) ukuze kuxoxwe ngakho. Abenzi bomthetho baxoxa ngezimfanelo zaso, bahlongoza ukulungisa, futhi bazame ukusihlela ukuze sihambisane kangcono nezimiso zeSimemezelo. Ingxoxo ngokwayo iyisivikelo: iphoqelela abameleli ukuba baphikisa obala ukuthi kungani umthetho udingekile ukuze uvikeleke. Abaphikisi bangase bathi umthetho uphule inkululeko (ngokwesibonelo), bethi umthetho oqaphile uwe ngokwephula imfihlo, okuhlangene “inkululeko” evikelwe yiSimemezelo.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukukhanyisa Nokudlula

Njengoba uhulumeni ethola amandla akhe emvumeni yababuswayo, kudingeka ivoti eningi (futhi kwezinye izimo i-costance). Lokhu kubonisa intando yabameleli, futhi ngakubo, intando yabantu. Ngemva kokuba zombili izindlu zidlulise inguquko yesivumelwano, noma yikuphi ukungezwani kuyabuyisana ekomitini yengqungquthela. Inguquko yokugcina ibhekisa kumongameli.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Isinyathelo Sobumongameli Noma Uvalo

Umongameli angasayina incwadi yomthetho noma ewugunyaza. Uma i-vetoto, i-Congress ingalawula ngevoti ephindwe kabili emathafeni omabili. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elinamandla okulawula intando yabantu. Indima kamongameli iwukuhlola ukuthi umthetho uvikela yini amalungelo futhi ukhonza isizwe (a) nakanjani umthetho ogunyaza ukuba uhulumeni uvikele lawomalungelo.

Isinyathelo Se 6: Ukugcwalisa Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Uma umthetho usumisiwe, izinhlangano eziphethe ziyawusebenzisa. Kodwa le nqubo ayipheleli lapho. Noma isiphi isakhamuzi esikholelwa umthetho siphula amalungelo aso ngaphansi kweSimemezelo `njengelungelo lempahla noma inkululeko yokukhuluma] ibekela inselele enkantolo. Ijaji, ngo- ihlola (ibekwe ku-[FLT:]]] [FLT]]] [Marbury v. Madison]]), linquma ukuthi umthetho uvumelana yini noMthetho, owakhiwe ngezimiso. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi umthetho uwephula amalungelo angenamthetho, ungawushaya phansi.

Indlela Izimiso Zokukhipha Izincwadi Eziqinisekisa Ngayo Imithetho Evikela Amalungelo

Akuyona yonke imithetho evumelana ngokuzenzekelayo nalesiSimemezelo. ISimemezelo seSivumelwano samaLungelo (izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo) ibala ngokucacile isivikelo esiqondile njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, nenhlangano − konke okuthathwe kuyifilosofi engokwemvelo yamalungelo eSivumelwano. Nokho, uhlu alwephuthi. ISimemezelo seNight sisho ukuthi “Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, wamalungelo athile, ngeke ucaciswe noma uxoshe abanye abantu." Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma umthetho ungawephuli i-sodwa ngokuqondile, kusengabelwa uma uphula i-sombululo, njengamalungelo okumelwe umuntu abe wedwa.

Ngokwesibonelo, Roe v. [773], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko evikelwe ngenqubo elindelekile yeSichibiyelo se 14 ihlanganisa ilungelo lowesifazane lokuzifihla ngokomthetho ngokuphathelene nezinqumo zezokwelapha. Nakuba isinqumo kamuva sapheliswa, impikiswano esekelwe ekutheni umthetho wavala “inkululeko” eshiwo kokubili eSivumelwaneni naseMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokufanayo, iSimemezelo esihlangene [ isom] iso somthetho sokuphatha izikhali siye sabekwa phansi kakhulu, izinkantolo zisho ukugcizelela komthetho ukuzishaya umthetho ngokwawo njengendawo engokwemvelo.

Imithetho ehlulekayo ukuvikela amalungelo ingancishiswa ngezindlela zentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo se-18, esamisa iProhibition, kamuva sancishiswa iSichibiyelo sekhulu lama-21 lapho kucaca ukuthi ukunqatshelwa kotshwala kukhubazeka futhi kwadala intengo emnyama. Lo mjikelezo wokubekwa kwemithetho, inselele, nokukhishwa kwemithetho kubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayinciphiseki.

Izinga Lezwe: Imithetho Nemvume Yabantu

Inqubo yomthetho echazwe ngenhla isebenza kuhulumeni, kodwa ithonya lesiSimemezelo linamandla ngendlela efanayo kohulumeni bezwe. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ivame ukuba nezikhombo ezicacile zeSimemezelo noma ulimi olufanayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo angenakuthathwa. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilandela inqubo efanayo: isimemezelo sesivumelwano sifakwa, siqhutshwe ngamakomiti, siphikiswana, sivotelwe, futhi sisayinwe noma sithathwe ngumbusi. Izifunda eziningi zinezinyathelo futhi zinezikhombo, ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlolwe futhi zivote imithetho ephelele.

Ngokwesibonelo, njenge California ne Colorado njalo kusetshenziswa izinyathelo zokunquma izindaba ezinjengokwenza insangu ibe ngokomthetho, intela, noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo. Lezi zinqubo ziyinzalo eziqondile zesinqumo seSimemezelo sokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula uhulumeni wabo. Uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana namalungelo kahulumeni noma ongokomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zenza kube nzima ukungenela, ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mthetho owehlisa amalungelo ayisisekelo abekwe ku-Simemezelo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuvimbela Ukubusa Okungaphezu Komthetho

ISimemezelo sixwayisa ngokuthi noma isiphi iSimo sikaHulumeni esibhubhisa lezizinjongo, kuyilungelo labantu lokuguqula noma ukusiqeda.” Lesisixwayiso sisetshenziswa ngesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okufakwe eMthethweni. Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo ihlanganisa amasheke amaningi: Indlu neSigebengu kumelwe kuvumelane, umongameli angagxambukela, futhi izinkantolo zingabukeza. UFederali uyaqhubeka ehlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezifundazwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa ongafaka imithetho ephula amalungelo.

Izinhlelo ziwukuhlolwa okuqondile kakhulu. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, yonke indlu yabameleli imele ukhetho. Abameleli basebenzisa ama-gamente athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, kodwa i-3-3 iyakhushulelwa ekukhetheni njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lo mkhosi ohamba njalo owenzelwa ukujikeleza ufuna imvume emisha elawulwayo. Uma isishaya-mthetho udlulisela umthetho ongathandeki obonakala uphucwa amalungelo, abavoti bangathatha indawo yamalungu ayewusekela. Lokhu kulandisa okungokomsizi wesithembiso sikahulumeni ukuthi amandla kahulumeni aphuma emvumeni yabantu.

Uhlelo: Izibonelo ezingokoqobo zezwe Zokwenza Umthetho Ziqondiswa yisimemezelo

Imithetho eminingana ephawulekayo ibonisa indlela inqubo yokushaya umthetho eboniswa ngayo izimiso zoBufakazi:

  • IVoting Rights Act ka-65: Lomthetho wamiswa ngemva kokuba abashisekeli bephikisa ngokuthi imithetho kahulumeni enqanda amavoti amancane yaphula uhlobo lukahulumeni lweriphabliki oluqinisekiswe yiSimemezelo. IsiKhomisha sasebenzisa amandla aso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seMithetho seshumi nane nesihlanu ukuze siphoqelele isimiso sokuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinezwi elivumelana nohulumeni wazo.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (1990): Abameleli bamalungelo adidekile bahlela isidingo sokuthola okulinganayo njengendaba yokufuna injabulo. Umthetho uvimbela ukucwaswa futhi udinga indawo yokuhlala, uqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile bangahlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini.
  • Inkululeko yomthetho wolwazi (1966): Lomthetho uvula imibhalo kahulumeni ekuhlolweni komphakathi, wenza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine uhulumeni zinobuphindu/ukusebenza okuqondile kwesimiso sokubona ngale.

Ngamunye wale mithetho wafakwa enqubweni egcwele yemithetho, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala emphakathini, impikiswano, ukuvota kwamakomiti nokuvota okuningi.

Lapho Imithetho Ihluleka Kulesimemezelo: Izinselele Nezinqumo

Akuyona yonke imithetho evumelana namalungelo emvelo. Kuwo wonke umlando, uMkhandlu uye wabeka imithetho kamuva eyaqashelwa njengephulwayo kwemibono yaleSimemezelo. Ukugxekwa kwe-Alien neSedition Acts ka-1798 ebekwe ubugebengu, ephikisana ngokuqondile nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ekugcineni yasuswa. Ukubekwa imvume yamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, okwagunyazwa yi-Gredevitive Order 906, kamuva kwalahlwa njengokuphulwa kwenqubo efanele. I-Civin Liberesties Act ka-rect ka-1988 yanikeza ukuvumelana nokuxolisa nokuxolisa, ivuma ukungabi nabulungisa.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza indlela yokulungisa ukuhluleka okunjalo. Inqubo yokulungisa idinga amavoti amabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zoKhongolo kanye nokuhlanjululwa yizifunda ezintathu kwezine zezifundazwe. Ukulungisa ngokwako ngokuvamile kusiza ekwandiseni amalungelo ngokuvumelana noMthetho weSimemezelo. ISichibiyelo se-13 seSichibiyelo saqeda ubugqila, sigcwalisa ukusho kwalesiSimemezelo ukuthi “wonke amadoda adalwa alingana.” ISichibiyelo sekhulu sekhulu saqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane bayazimela bonke abantu abadala, sandisa imvume yokubuswa. ISiphendulo se-26 sehlisa amalungelo okuvota kuqaphela ukuthi intsha nayo inesigxobo emithethweni ebusayo.

Okuhlobene Nangaphandle Nokuqonda Okujule

Kulabo abafuna ukuhlola okwengeziwe ngobuhlobo obuphakathi kweSimemezelo Sokuzibusa nokwenza imithetho, lezi zinto ezilandelayo ziwusizo ngokukhethekile:

  • [[INDABA:0] Isimemezelo senkululeko: Umbhalo ogcwele (Izinqolobane Zesizwe)
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Inqubo yomthetho ichazwa (Ikhorale.gov)
  • [[Umthetho:0] Indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo (USA.gov)[[Umthetho:1]

Indaba Efingqiwe: Isimemezelo Sokubhala Imithetho

Inqubo yokwenza imithetho e-United States ayiyona inqubo ezenzakalelayo noma engahloniphi. Iwukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezimiso ezibekwe eSimemezelweni senkululeko:

  • Ukuvuma kwababuswayo kusho ukuthi imithetho kumelwe ivele kubameleli abakhethiwe nokuthi umphakathi unelungelo lokuhlanganyela ezindlebeni, okhethweni, naku-astendendum.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo angamukelwayo kudinga ukuba wonke umthetho uhlolwe ngenxa yethonya lawo ekuphileni, ekufuneni inkululeko, nasekufuneni injabulo. Imithetho ephula lamalungelo ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo noma incishiswe izishayamthetho zesikhathi esizayo.
  • ngakwesokudla sokuguqula noma ukuqeda kusetshenziswa ngokhetho, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, nokubukeza kokwahlulela. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukulungisa amaphutha aso.
  • [ Jikelele [ iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifeza okuhle okukodwa hhayi izithakazelo zezinye ezimbalwa.

ISimemezelo asisona nje isingeniso esisankondlo somlando waseMelika. Siyincwadi ephilayo eqhubeka ilawula wonke umthetho odluliswayo, isinqumo ngasinye senkantolo, nanoma iyiphi impikiswano mayelana namalungelo. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo ngenxa yeSimemezelo kunika izakhamuzi amathuluzi okuhlola ukuthi uhulumeni wazo uyayifeza yini injongo yawo .(ukuqinisekisa amalungelo anikezwe uNkulunkulu angenakunikezwa noma asuswe nguhulumeni.)