Isingeniso: Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Okungaphili

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, umthetho wemisebenzi wakhiwa ezindaweni ezilandelanayo: ukungena ezindaweni zomsebenzi: usebenze usebenze ngokugcwele kuze kube yilapho uthatha umhlalaphansi, bese uphuma. Lowo mfanekiso uyawa ngaphansi kobunzima obunamandla kakhulu bokukhula kwenani labantu emlandweni . [1] Ukuguga kwembulunga yonke kwezisebenzi. Cishe zonke izizwe ezathuthukayo futhi zikhula kakhulu kwezomnotho, inani lezisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-55 nangaphezulu likhula kakhulu, kuyilapho ingxenye yezisebenzi ezincane incipha kakhulu. Ngokwezinga lokuzalwa [ECD] , ngo-2050] izisebenzi ezine emazweni amane e-OECRC, lizoba ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-5, uma kuqhathaniswa neyodwa kweyisithupha namuhla. Lokhu kungoko ukushintsha kwenani lesikhashana; ukuvusehlakazeka kokuphila okuqhubekayo, ukuphakama kwenani lokukhula kwezomnotho.

Imiphumela yomthetho wemisebenzi ibalulekile. Imithetho eyake yathatha umhlalaphansi lapho ineminyaka engu-65, eyanikeza isivikelo esincane ekucwaseni ngeminyaka, futhi leyo enikeza izisebenzi esezikhulile izindawo zokuhlala ezimbalwa manje ibhalwa futhi ezindlini zomthetho ukusuka eTokyo ukuya eStockholm kuya eWashington, D.C. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yokuguga nenguquko engokomthetho kubalulekile kubaqashi, abaphathi bezemithetho, nezisebenzi ngokwazo. Lesihloko sihlola abashayeli abayinhloko boshintsho lwenani labantu abakhulile, izinguquko ezithile ezingokomthetho ezikhona, izinselele nalamathuba akha, kanye nezindawo ezizayo zomsebenzi wokuguga.

Izinguquko Ezibangelwa Yisimo Sengqondo Nethonya Lazo Emsebenzini

Okwenza Umsebenzi Uguge

Ukuguga kwabasebenzayo akuyona imfihlakalo − kuwumphumela olindelekile wemiqondo emibili ehlangene. Okokuqala, abantu baphila isikhathi eside. Isilinganiso sokuphila kwembulunga yonke lapho bezalwa sakhula kusukela eminyakeni engu-67 ngo-2000 kuya kwengaphezu kwengu-73 ngonyaka ka-2020, futhi kuyaqhubeka kwenyuka. Okwesibili, amazinga okuzalwa ancipha kakhulu. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, eJapane, e-South Korea, ngisho nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeNyakatho Melika, izinga lokuzala lingaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso esithathelwa indawo yezingane ezingu-2,1 ngeminyaka. Umphumela uyiqembu elikhulayo lezisebenzi esezikhulile nezisebenzi ezincane ezithatha indawo yazo.

Lokhu kuminyana kwenani labantu kuphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba baphinde baphinde bahlole iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, iJapane, inesinye sezakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni, cishe amaphesenti angu-30 ezakhamuzi zayo ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Uhulumeni waseJapane uye waphakamisa isilinganiso sempesheni futhi wabeka imithetho ekhuthaza abaqashi ukuba bagcine izisebenzi kuze kube iminyaka engu-70. Ngokufanayo, e-United States, i-Social Security egcwele umhlalaphansi iyanda kancane kancane kuya ku-67, futhi amaMelika amaningi asemadala aphuza ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ngenxa nje yokuthi awakwazi ukuyeka ukusebenza. .S. U. U. Ud Bureau of Olity staties of Mority izibalo zezisebenzi [FLT] ezineminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu] iyokwenza isigaba esikhula ngokushesha phakathi kuka-2030.

Imiphumela Engaphezu Kwezesayensi Zokubala Emsebenzini

Izisebenzi ezindala ziletha kokubili izinzuzo nezinselele. Izisebenzi ezindala zithambekele ekunikezeni ulwazi, ukwahlulela, nolwazi lwezeziqu zomphakathi. Kodwa zingabhekana futhi nezinkinga zempilo ezihlobene nobudala, imithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela abazali asebekhulile noma abashadile, kanye nokuvela kwezimo ezingamahlala-khona. Lezi zici zithinta kakhulu umkhiqizo, ukungaholi komsebenzi, nezinhlobo zemithetho yomsebenzi edingekayo. Imithetho yemisebenzi kumele ishintshele ekusingatheni lezi zinto zimo zikhona, futhi isebenzise indawo yokuhlala, futhi izuzise izimpawu eziqinile. Inhlangano ye-International Labour iqaphele ukuthi imithetho yeminyaka yobungane yomsebenzi iwulindele ukugcinwa kwezimiso zemisebenzi.

Umthetho Oyinhloko Wemisebenzi Uqondiswa Izisebenzi Ezigugile

Ukundisa Inkathi Yomhlalaphansi Nokwephulwa Umhlalaphansi

Enye yezimpendulo eziqondile ezingokomthetho kuye kwaba ukulungisa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ephoqelelwe. Amazwe amaningana aye aqeda iminyaka emisiwe yomhlalaphansi ngokuphelele (umz., i-United States, iNew Zealand, nenkonzo yomphakathi kahulumeni waseCanada). Amanye, njengeUnited Kingdom, asusa inkathi engcono yomhlalaphansi yezisebenzi eziningi, avumela abantu ukuba baqhubeke besebenza isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. EJapane, [FLT: 0] i-Law ngenxa yokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi yasebekhulile [ manje] ikhuthaza izinkampani ukuba ziphakamise iminyaka yazo yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ziyenze i-70 noma ukusebenza “inqubo eqhubekayo.

Umhlalaphansi ungolunye ushintsho olusanda kuqala. Imithetho evamile yezisebenzi ibopha umsebenzi wengxenye yengxenye yesikhathi ngemva kokungawutholi umhlalaphansi, noma ithathe izinsuku ezincishisiwe njengokuqedwa komsebenzi, ukubangela izijeziso. Imithetho emisha emazweni anjenge-Sweden, iDenmark, neJalimane ivumela izisebenzi ezindala ukuba zinciphise amahora azo kancane kancane lapho zithola impesheni elinganiselwe. Lemithetho iqaphela ukuthi izisebenzi eziningi ezindala zifuna ukuhlala zithembisene kodwa ngejubane eliphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwaseJalimane “ama-Alterteilzeit” (isigaba esingaphansi komhlalaphansi) lwaba yisibonelo semithetho yokuguqula i-EU.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Emsebenzini Nezimo Ezingezona Ezifanele

Izinguquko ezingokomzimba ezihlobene neminyaka zenza ukuba kube namandla anciphileyo, ukuthatha kancane, ukubona nokulahlekelwa yizindlebe . Imithetho ifuna ukuba abaqashi banikeze “izindawo zokulala ezifanele” hhayi nje ngenxa yokukhubazeka kodwa futhi nokulinganiselwa okuhlobene nokukhula. I-U.S. Ecompalition Opportunity Commission ([[FLD: 0]EOC) [i-FLT]) ikhiphe isiqondiso esikwenza kucace ukuthi ukuhluleka ukusingatha imingcele eyaziwayo yezisebenzi ezindala kungakha ubandlululo lweminyaka ngaphansi kwe-Active Act.

EYurophu, iFrameodcramediation Directive on Occupational Safety and Health iye yachazwa njengehlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezisebenzi esezikhulile. Amazwe anjengeFinland ne-Netherlands anezinhlelo zesizwe ezilungisa imisebenzi, njengokulungisa imisebenzi elungisekayo, izibani ezingcono, nokunciphiswa komsindo. Imisebenzi yaseNingizimu Korea [[FLT: 0] ekuhlolweni kwenkathi yeminyaka ephakathi emsebenzini nakwasebekhulile ngokufanayo igunyaza ukuba abaqashi bathathe “izinyathelo ezidingekile zokusekela izisebenzi ezindala”. Lezizindawo zokulala azigcini nje kuphela izisebenzi ezindala futhi zikhiqize izikwe zokukhokha.

Ukuqiniswa Kwezivikelo Zokulwa Nokuphazamiseka Kwemizwelo

Ubandlululo lweminyaka luhlala luyinkinga enenkani. AARP njalo kubonisa ukuthi cishe izingxenye ezimbili zezisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-45 nangaphezulu ziye zabona noma zabhekana nobandlululo lweminyaka yobudala emsebenzini. Ngokuphendula, ama-overential amaningi aqinisa ukugcinwa nokukhuliswa kwezigaba ezivikelweyo. I-U.S. inenkathi yeNkathi Yenkathi eMsebenzi (ADEA) Act ka-19677, kodwa isebenza kuphela kubaqashi abasebenzi abanezisebenzi abangamashumi amabili nangaphezulu noma abangaphezulu futhi ababopheleli abasebenzela abazimele. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho eqinile, njengaleyo ye-Fairkinglectal Breance ne-Act, enqanda ukuhlukunyezwa nokungalawule ukuhlukunyezwa komqashiswa kwemisebenzi, okuthiwayo ngisho noma umqashi ewuncane.

I-UU Account Elagence Directive inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala emsebenzini naseqenjini lokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi. UMthetho we-UK we-Enimaturect ka-2010 uqinisa futhi uqinisa isivikelo. UMthetho we-Age Discivation Act ka-2004 uye wavuselelwa ukusingatha izinhlobo ezicashile zobandlululo, njengothi “ukubekwa phambili” ukulahla okuthinta kakhulu abantu abadala abacela usizo. Ukuthambekela kusekususe umthwalo wobufakazi esisebenzini; amazwe amaningi manje adinga abaqashi ukuba bathethelele noma isiphi isigaba sobudala obusekelwe ngokwesilinganiso nadingekile. Izazi ezingokomthetho zibikezela ukuthi igagalelo elilandelayo liyohlanganisa isivikelo sokungahlolwa kwabantu abadala ngokunganaki ngokunganaki okungahlolwa abantu abadala abathwe iziqulwe noma ngokujeziswa ngemisebenzi.

Ukulahlwa Nokuzuza

Njengoba iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ikhula, ukuhlobana phakathi komthetho wemisebenzi nezimiso zempesheni kuya kuba okunzima. Izinguquko zihlanganisa ukukhushulwa kweminyaka lapho impesheni yombuso ikhona khona (i-U.S. iqala ukufinyelela ku-67; i-UK iye yayinyusela ku-66 kanye namahlela 68). Kodwa izinguquko eziphambili ezingokomthetho zihilela “inkululeko yokusebenza” umthetho ovumela izisebenzi esezikhulile ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha ingxenye yemali yazo yempesheni uma zisasebenza, ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Izinguquko zempesheni ze-UK's densitary zanika abantu ngabanye inzuzo yabo echazayo kusukela eminyakeni engu-55. Ngokufanayo, amalungiselelo ashintshiwezicishicilo awe awe abalulekile manje avumela izisebenzi ezisezingeni elivamile ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha umhlalaphansi.

Izinzuzo zokunakekela impilo nazo zingaphansi kwenguquko. E-U.S., i-Affordcable Care Act inqabela ukukhokhwa kwempilo okusekelwe ebudaleni, kodwa abaqashi babhekene nezindleko zokunikeza umshuwalense wempilo kubantu abadala okungenzeka ube nezindleko eziphakeme zezokwelapha. Amanye amazwe, njengeSingapore, aye asungula “iProjekthi” enikeza usizo lokulungisa izindleko zomsebenzi owenziwe abaqashi abadala, kuhlanganise nokuhlola impilo nezinhlelo ezingcono. Izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezifuna ukufinyelela ukuqeqeshwa, ukukhushushiselwa, nezinzuzo ezilinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubudala beminyaka buni ziyabalula ngokwengeziwe.

Izinselele Kubaqashi Nabenzi Bemithetho

Izindleko Nemiphumela

Abaqashi bavame ukuzwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile zibiza kakhulu — iholo elibizayo, izindleko ezikhokhelwa kakhulu, nezindleko ezinkulu zempilo. Nakuba lezi zinkathazo zingekho ngokomthetho, ngokuvamile aziwanaki amazinga aphansi okuhamba, ukwethembeka okuphakeme, nekhono elikhulu kuhlela izisebenzi esezikhulile eziletha. Noma kunjalo, ukusingatha izingcindezi, izinguquko ezithile ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa ukukhokhela imali noma ukukhokha intela. Ngokwesibonelo, “i-Eliylidungszuschus” inikeza izimali zokuqasha izisebenzi ezisebenza isikhathi eside ezingasebenzi. I-“ Izisebenzi ze-Olshiplustra Provetion Act" yaseNingizimu inikeza izisusa ezinkampani ezikhokhelayo nezikhokhwayo izisebenzi esezikhulile ezineminyaka engu-60 nangaphezulu.

Ukukhiqizwa kungokunye ukukhathazeka. Izinguquko emzimbeni nasebuchosheni zingathinta ijubane namandla, kodwa indawo yokuhlala nomsebenzi kubomvu − njengokusuka emisebenzini enzima emzimbeni kuya ekulawuleni noma ekulawuleni izinga eliphansi(-asecutting thisting). Umthetho wemisebenzi uqala ukudinga abaqashi ukuba bacabangele ezinye izindima ngaphambi kokuqeda izisebenzi esezikhulile ezingakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yazo yokuqala. Lokhu kufana nomsebenzi wokuhlala ngaphansi komthetho okhubazekile futhi kuyindawo ekhulayo yokuzimela.

Ukuqondisa Izisebenzi Ezisebenza Ngezizukulwane Ezihlukahlukene

Izizukulwane ezine noma ezinhlanu zisebenza ndawonye, kungaphakama izingxabano. Izisebenzi ezisezincane zingakucasukela ukukhushulelwa phambili noma zinomuzwa wokuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile zivimbela ukuthuthuka. Izisebenzi esezikhulile zingazizwa zingaphansi noma zicindezelwe ukuba zithathe umhlalaphansi. Imithetho yemisebenzi ikhuluma kancane kancane ngalemisebenzi eshukumisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zavinjelwa “umhlalaphansi" izimemezelo zemisebenzi, zivimbela izinkampani ukuba zinqande ukuphoqelela izisebenzi esezikhulile ukuba ziqashe indawo yokuqasha abasha abashana. i-France’s de cohéion sociocee ifuna ukuba izinkampani zisebenzise izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zokudlulisela ulwazi kuzisebenzi ezindala. Le mithetho ikhuthaza ukucabanga ngaphandle kokubambisana nezokubambisana okuqotho.

Amakhono Nokufunda Isikhathi Eside

Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe zingahlanganisa ilungelo lokuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa kwe-software entsha noma amathuluzi e-mitayela. Izimiso zokuqeqesha zenkathi yobudala zisiba imfuneko engokomthetho ezifundeni eziningi. I-EU’S Pillar of Social Rights[ ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa kanye nokufunda ukuphila. EFinland, i- i-Act on the Proventiation of Labour Market Intatection [ inikeza abaqashi imali yokuxhasa izisebenzi ezindala ezibulalayo. Ngaphandle kwezinsizazo ezingokomthetho, izisebenzi ezindala ezinjalo zigcina isikhathi eside ziphelelwe isikhathi, zikhula amathuba okuphelelwa umsebenzi noma ukuphuma kwasekuqaleni kwemisebenzi.

Amathuba Okuzivuselela Nokuthungatha

Umsebenzi Ovumelana Nezimo Namalungiselelo Akude

Isifo se-COVOID-19 esithathelwanayo sokwamukelwa komsebenzi owenziwe kude noxubene. Kuzisebenzi ezindala, lokhu kuwumshintshi wemidlalo. Ukuncishiswa kwekhono lokulawula indawo yomsebenzi, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihambelanayo emsebenzini kungandisa kakhulu isikhathi somsebenzi. Amazwe amaningana (kuhlanganise i-Ireland, i-New Zealand, ne-Spain) awenzile ukuba asebenzise imithetho eguquguqukayo yomsebenzi esebenza kuzo zonke izisebenzi, kodwa enezinto ezikhethekile ezizosetshenziswa izisebenzi ezindala. Abanye abaqashi abangamaphayona basebenzisa izinhlelo zomsebenzi zamasonto amane noma “izinhlelo zokungalawuleki” ezivumela abantu ukuba babuye babuye ngesisekelo somsebenzi. Lezi zinyathelo lokuthatha isinyathelo, uma zisekelwa umthetho, zingagcina imali eyigugu.

Umklamo Wemisebenzi Weminyaka Nezinhlelo Zempilo

I-Ergonomics imane iyisiqalo. Izimpawu zika-Job ezinciphisa ukucindezeleka okuphindaphindwayo, ziletha ukushintshashintshana kwemisebenzi, futhi zigcizelela ukuqapha ngemisebenzi engokomzimba zingazuzisa zonke izisebenzi kodwa ziwusizo kakhulu kubantu asebekhulile. Imithetho kahulumeni waseJapane “Silver Human Resources Centers” ihlanganisa izisebenzi ezindala ngengxenye, ngenkathi ephansi yemisebenzi. Imisebenzi yezomthetho ifuna ukuba izinkonzo zezempilo zezempilo zihlanganise ukuhlola izingozi zokuguga. Njengoba isayensi yentuthuko yokuguga, ilindele imithetho yemisebenzi ukuba ihlanganise izindinganiso eziningi zokukhanyisa, umsindo, izinga lomoya, nohlelo lokulungisa imisebenzi yezisebenzi ezindala.

Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kokuthutha Njengempahla Ehlelekile

Kunokuba babheke izisebenzi esezikhulile njengezindleko, abaqashi abathuthukayo nezimiso zomthetho baziqaphela njengenqolobane yenkumbulo yezemfundo nobuqeqeshi. ESingapore, i- “National Silver Academy” abaqashi abasebenza nabo ukuze bakhe izindlela zokuba izisebenzi esezikhulile zibe abaqeqeshi. Ezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S. zikhokha intela ngokuqa izisebenzi esezikhulile njengabaluleki bezinhlelo zokuqeqeshela umsebenzi. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezivikela umhlalaphansi nengxenye yomsebenzi zenza ukuba lolu lwazi ludlulise ngaphandle kokuphoqesha phakathi komsebenzi ophelele womsebenzi womsebenzi womsebenzi.

I - “mouse ”: Ukuzohlanganisa iMithetho Ehlanganisa Inkathi

Ubuchwepheshe, I - al, Nokuvuselelwa Kwayo

Enye yezinselele eziphuthuma kakhulu esikhathini esizayo ukucwaswa kwenkathi yobudala. Amathuluzi okujoyina anamandla e-Al angasenzela izisebenzi ezikhulile ngokuzinika itsheli-mvume lamuva lemfundo noma ukunqanda umsebenzi. I-U.S. I-Umedial Proclation Opportive Commission iqala ukuthatha isinyathelo sokukhuluma nobandlululo lwe-Al. I-Actal Intelligence Act ye-UUUURENT izohlela ukuqasha amanani okuyimfihlo njenge-alkinglensity , idinga ukuba ukukhanya okuphezulu nokungadiscrinion. Imithetho yesikhathi esizayo idinga ukuba noma isiphi isinqumo sokwenza imishini ihlolwe ubandlululo, njengalokhu kuhlolwa ubandlululo nobandlululo lobulili.

Ukwakheka Kwezindinganiso Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba izwe ngalinye lifuna ukushintsha imisebenzi ngokungafani, kuvela ukuhlangana. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili yeZizwe Ezihlangene ‘ Yokuhlangana Kwezempilo' (2021-2030) ikhuthaza amalungu ezwe ukuba asuse izithiyo ezisebenzayo ezikhulile. Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene “Izisebenzi Ezidala Ziyanconywa” (R162) inikeza isimiso esisetshenziswa amazwe amaningi njengesisekelo esiyisisekelo. Ilindele ukuvumelana okungaphezulu kwemingcele, ikakhulukazi emabuthweni ezokuhwebelana njenge-EU neCPTPP, lapho izinhlelo zemisebenzi zidinga khona ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo ezisebenzi ezindala.

Ithonya Eliphawulekayo

Ekugcineni, ukuthambekela kwabasebenzi abagugile akuyona inkinga okumelwe ixazululwe kodwa kufanele kutholwe. Izinguquko zomthetho wemisebenzi ezenza izisebenzi esezikhulile zihlale zikhuthele, zihloniphekile, futhi zilondekile ngokwezomnotho azilungile kuphela kubantu abahlukene. Kubalulekile ekusekeleni izimiso zomphakathi, ukudlulisela ulwazi, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwezizukulwane. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho manje ezingaphansi kwesikhathi zibeka isisekelo sesikhathi esizayo lapho inkathi ingasasikho isithiyo sokuhlanganyela, kodwa isici esidumile sokwahlukahlukahlukana. Abaqashi nabenzi bemithetho abafaka izimali emsebenzini bayoba nesikhundla esingcono sokukhanga abantu abanolwazi, ukuhambelana nokwehlalisanisa abantu, nokuchuma kwamashumi eminyaka azayo.

Njengoba sibheka phambili, imiphakathi ephumelela kakhulu iyoba yileyo ephatha izisebenzi ezigugile njengendlela ewusizo. Umthetho uyindlela engaguqula lowombono ube yiqiniso, ngokuvikela izisebenzi esezikhulile, ngokufaka imikhosi egcwele, nangokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo nesithunzi sazo zonke izisebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ubudala bazo, zikhona. Izinguquko esizamukelayo namuhla ziyoguqula izizukulwane ezizosebenza.