Ukumiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso kuyimisebenzi ebalulekile kahulumeni edala impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, ukulondeka kwezomnotho, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kunikeza ifasitela ngendlela izinhlangano ezilinganisela ngayo izithakazelo eziphikisanayo futhi ziguqulela imigomo yezimiso ezimisweni eziphoqelelwe. Imithetho ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke − ngokudla kwethu nokuhamba ngemoto esiya emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi, okuthatha inyathelo lokuhlola indlela iziqondiso ezithathwa ngayo, ezibunjwe ngayo, ezigunyaziwe, futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo, kanye nezinselele zangempela ezisenza lokhu kubaluleke futhi kube yinkimbinkimbi.

Iyini Imithetho?

Imithetho ibopha umthetho okhishwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni noma ezinye izindikimba ezigunyaziwe. Ziguqula umthetho obanzi ube izimfuneko eziqondile, ezisebenzayo abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano okumelwe zilandele. Ngokungafani nemithetho edluliswa yizishaya-mthetho, imithetho inamandla omthetho kodwa isungulwe ngenqubo yobuchwepheshe, yezobuchwepheshe.

Imithetho ingahlukaniswa ibe ngezinhlobo ezintathu:

  • Izimiso zezomnotho[ - - ukungena kwezentengiselwano zokulawula ukuthengiswa, amanani, nemikhuba yebhizinisi (umz., imithetho evimbela ukuthengwa, isilinganiso sezinga lokusebenza).
  • Izimiso ezingokomthetho [ - - uvikela izithakazelo zomphakathi njengempilo, ukuphepha, nendawo ezungezile (umzk., izinga lamanzi elihlanzekile, imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini).
  • Izimiso zokuphatha [ – zibusa imisebenzi yangaphakathi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni (umz., ukugcina amarekhodi, izinqubo zokuthola).

Ekujuleni kwazo, izimiso zihlose ukulungisa ukwehluleka kwezentengiselwano, ukusingatha isimo esingaphandle (njengesokungcola), ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi, nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa.

Inqubo Yemithetho Eshintshayo

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kuyinqubo yamabomu, eneziteji eziningi eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isekelwe kubufakazi, iveza ngaphaya, futhi isabela ku-arhente wezidingo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezimiso, izimiso eziningi zobuqondisi zanamuhla zilandela uhlelo olufanayo. Ngezansi sinweba isinyathelo ngasinye ngomongo owengeziwe nowangempela.

Ukubona Isidingo: Ukusuka Enkingeni Kuya Ekusebenziseni I - Agenda

Lolu hambo lokuqondisa luqala ngokuqaphela inkinga − ingozi empilweni yomphakathi, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, usongo lwendawo ezungezile, noma ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe oludlula umthetho okhona. Lokhu kutholakala kuvela ekugunyazweni kwemithetho, ekuqondiseni kweziphathimandla, ekunxuseni komphakathi, ekutholeni kwesayensi, noma ekunakekeni kwemithombo yezindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S.S. Protection of the Provicetion Protection (EPA) iveza isidingo sezindinganiso ezintsha zomoya ngokuhlola okuqhubekayo kokwaziswa okungokwesayensi ngemiphumela yempilo emisha.

Kuleliqophelo, izinhlangano zihlela ukucubungula kokuqala ukuze kubonwe ukuthi umthetho uyithuluzi elifanele kakhulu. Izindlela ezihlukile njengezindinganiso zemboni yokuzithandela, izisusa ezisekelwe emakethe, noma imikhankaso yokwaziswa ingacatshangelwa. Izinhlelo ezihleliwe zokuqondisa zivame ukunyatheliswa ukuze kuphawulwe izenzo ezizayo.

Ukucwaninga Nokuhlaziya: Ukwakha Ubufakazi Obusekelwe Kubo

Lapho sekwakhiwe isidingo, izinhlangano zicwaninga kanzima futhi zihlole ithonya lazo. Lokhu kuhilela:

  • Ukubukeza izincwadi zesayensi nocwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe
  • Ukulahla izimiso ezikhona nokuphumelela kwazo
  • Ukuhlaziya izindleko zokulungisa ukuze kuhlolwe imiphumela engokomnotho
  • Ukuhlola izingozi emiphakathini esengozini nendawo ezungezile
  • Ukuxhumana nochwepheshe abanolwazi, abameleli bezimboni nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni

E-United States, iziqondiso zezikhulu zifuna ukuba imithetho ephawulekayo inikezwe i-Regateact Impact Analy (RIA) ehlela izinzuzo nezindleko. I-Office of Information and Regatoriation Affairs (OIRA) ngaphakathi kweWhite House ihlola lokhu kuhlola ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana nezinto eziza kuqala zikamongameli. Izinqubo ezifanayo zikhona e-European Union, lapho i-Regatemplificiation Agenda igunyaza khona imiphumela yazo zonke izinyathelo ezinkulu.

Ukushintsha Inqubo: Ukuhlaziya Imithetho

Ukuphothula kuyinqubo yobuchwepheshe nengokomthetho. Abalobi abalawulayo − ngokuvamile abameli, izazi zezomnotho, nabahlaziyi bezimiso − baguqula lokho okuye kwatholwa ekucwaningeni kube ulimi oluqondile. Udwebo lwe-apple Kumelwe lube olucacile, oluphoqelelwe, futhi lungagcinwa ngokomthetho. Izinqumo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • propect -Ubani futhi uhlela umbozeni?
  • [[UMTH:0] Izilinganiso - yimuphi umsebenzi okhethekile noma izimfuneko zokuklama ezibekwayo?
  • Izikhombo zesikhathi ezikhona – izikhawu ezimisiwe zivumela ukufinyelelwa.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Ukufaka nokubika [ - - Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano kuyoqinisekiswa kanjani?
  • [[UMTH:0] Izindlela kanye neziphazamiso – amalungiselelo ezimo ezikhethekile.

Ukuphothula ngokuvamile kuhilela ukubambisana. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ohlongozwayo wezisebenzi ungadinga ukufakwa kuMnyango Wezisebenzi, i-Small Business Administration, ne-Treasurer. Umgomo ukugwema ukungqubuzana nemithetho ekhona futhi uhambisane nemigomo yezimiso.

Ukuhlola komphakathi: Ukubona ngale kanye ne-Scakever Ukufakwa komugqa

Ukuhlola umphakathi kuyisibonakaliso sokuqondisa kwentando yeningi. Emazweni amaningi, iziqondiso ezihlongozwayo zikhishwa ebhalisweni likahulumeni (umzk., i-U.S. Faceral Register[, i-EU's ] Offical Journal [[)] enikezwa inkathi yokwazisholo obala (umklongu 30 kuya kumashumi amathathu eminyaka. Abaxhasi bahlanganisa amabhizinisi, amaqembu ezamabhizinisi, amaqembu ezemfundo, olwazi, nezakhamuzi ezithumela iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe zomuntu siqu, ulwazi, neziphakamiso ezihlukene.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zidingeka ngokomthetho ukuba zibukeze futhi ziphendule ezimpendulweni ezibalulekile ezisekuqaleni komthetho. Le nqubo ifeza imisebenzi eminingana:

  • Kuveza ukwaziswa okungenzeka ukuthi le nhlangano yalahlekelwa yikho.
  • Ivumela abantu abathintekile ukuba bakhulume noma basikisele intuthuko.
  • Kwakha ukufaneleka nokwethembela emphumeleni oqondisayo.

Izinhlangano eziningi ziphethe izikhalo zomphakathi, amashabhu, noma izimboni ukuze zikwazi ukuxoxa. Ukuze kube nemithetho ephezulu, inkathi yokuphendula inganwetshwa, noma inhlangano ingakhipha umthetho ohlongozwayo ngemva kokubukeza okukhulu.

Ukubukeza: Intuthuko Engokwesisho

Kusekelwe ekuvunyelani, indikimba eqondisayo ibukeza ukulungiswa kohlelo. Lokhu kungahilela ukuqinisa noma ukukhulula izimfuneko, ukwenezela ukukhulula, ukulungisa isikhathi sokusebenza, noma ukuhlanganisa ezinye izindlela. Isigaba sokubukeza singaveza: inxusa lingase livule impendulo ngemva koshintsho olukhulu noma ukukhipha isiphakamiso. Umthetho wokugcina uhambisana nokusabela emazwini achaza ukuthi kungani ukusikisela okuthile kwamukelwa noma kwenqatshwa.

Ukuvunyelwa Kokugcina: Indlela Yokuthola Imvume

Ngemva kokubukeza, umthetho uqhubekela ekuvunyelelweni kokugcina. Lendlela iyahlukahluka ngokwegunya. E-U.S., imithetho eminingi ebalulekile kumelwe ivunyelwe umphathi wenhlangano (kaningi i-avene i-asmeo sestude eqinisekiswe yiSigele) futhi ibukezwe yi-OIRA. Eminye imithetho idinga ukubukezwa kwenhlangano ngaphansi kwe-Congregational Review Act, enika izimemezelo ifasitela ukulahla umthetho. E-Europe Union, i-Commission ye-Europe kumelwe ithole imvume eMkhandlwini naku-Palamendel yezenzo zokuphathiswa noma ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ye-Europe.

Lapho seyamukelekile, lomthetho ukhishwa ngosuku oluphumelelayo, ngokuvamile ezinsukwini ezingu - 30 kuya kwezingu - 60 kamuva ukuze kuvunyelwe ababambi bomthetho ukuba balungiselele ukuthobela.

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho: Kusukela Ephepheni Kuya Ekwenzeni Inqubo

Ukubekwa kwemiklamo kuyingxenye yempi kuphela. Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlela, ukukhulumisana, ukuqeqesha, ukuqapha, nokuqinisa. Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwekhono elikhulu, ngisho nomthetho obekwe kahle kakhulu ngeke ufeze izinjongo zawo.

Ukukhulumisana: Ukwenza Imithetho Yaziwe

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo kumelwe zitshele abantu abathintekile ngezimfuneko ezintsha. Izinhlangano zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuposa izifushaniso zolimi olucacile kanye nezincwadi eziqondisayo kumawebhusayithi ezinhlangano.
  • Ukusakaza izixwayiso ze - email, ukukhishwa kwezincwadi, nezimemezelo zokuxhumana.
  • Izincwadi ezigunyazwa ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi kanye nemibuzo evame ukubuzwa (amaFAQ).
  • Ukuya emabhizinisini amancane nasemaqenjini angaphansi.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezokuthutha wase - United States unikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ngeziqondiso ezintsha zokuphepha ezimotweni ezihwebelanayo, kuhlanganise nama - video namathuluzi ahambisanayo ukuze kusizwe abantu abasebenzisa imishini ukuba baqonde izinyathelo zokulalela.

Ukuqeqeshwa: Ukwakha Amandla Okubambisana Nokuphoqelelwa

Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke emsebenzini oqonda kokubili uhlamvu kanye nomoya wesimiso. Ukuqeqesha kungabhekiswa ku:

  • [[[Umthetho:0] Izinhlangano ezilawulwayo[[[QL:1] – amashabhu okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemibhalo, ukubika, nokusebenza.
  • Abahloli nabacuphi bemizwa – iziqephu ezihambelana nemithetho yokuhlola, amasu okuhlola, nezinqubo zomthetho.
  • Izisebenzi ze-Internal - - ukuqeqeshelwa izinqubo ezintsha zemvume yokulungisa noma ukusingatha izikhalo.

Izinhlangano eziningi ezisebenza nezinkampani zezimboni nezinhlangano zohulumeni ezingekho 76 ukuze zinikeze ukuqeqeshwa ngokwezinga. Ngokwesibonelo, iOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inikeza usizo lwesihle ngeOn eziSite Concation Program yayo.

Ukuhlola: Ukuqhubeka Kwezifundo

Ukuhlola kuyiqoqo lokwaziswa elihleliwe lokuhlola ukuthi izinhlangano ezilawulwayo ziyahlangabezana yini nezibopho zazo.

  • UBUZIMAKALI[ - - Izinkampani zifaka ukwaziswa ngezikhathi ezithile okuphathelene nokukhishwa kwegesi, imikhuba yezezimali, njll.
  • Ukuhlola nokuhlola [ - - izisebenzi zenkampani zivakashela izakhiwo, zibukeze amarekhodi, futhi ziqaphele imisebenzi.
  • Ukuzwa nokuzwa okukude - umfanekiso wesiphuphutheki, ama-monitor aqhubekekayo ekhipha igesi, kanye nokwaziswa okusebenza ngemoto kudla.
  • third partic crecty - - imboni ezisemthethweni ziqinisekisa ukuvuma (ovamile ekulondekeni kokudla nakumthetho wezezimali).

Uma ukuhlaziya kubonisa ukuthi umthetho awufinyeleli imiphumela ehlosiwe, ungase ubukezwe noma uqedwe.

Ukuphoqelelwa: Imiphumela Yokungahambisani Nezimfuneko

Izimiso zokuphoqelela ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukulawulwa akuyona nje into efiswayo. Amathuluzi avamile ahlanganisa:

  • Izincwadi ezixwayisayo nezimpawu zokuphula umthetho
  • Inhlawulo Nezijeziso Zokuphatha
  • Ukukhishwa kwemvume noma ama - layisensi
  • Ukuhlangana neziyalezo zenkantolo
  • Ukuquliswa icala ngenxa yokwephula ngamabomu

Izinkampani zilandela umnyango ophoqelelwe wokuphoqelela ukuphoqelelwa kwamaphoyisa, kusukela ngemfundo futhi ukwanda ukuze ubeke izijeziso eziphindaphindiwe noma ezingathi sína. Ukuphoqelelwa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubekwa kwezisebenzi ezifanele negunya elingokomthetho. Emazweni amaningi, imingcele yezimali isho ukuthi ukugcinwa kwamandla emali kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni isijeziso esibonakalayo sabenzi abakhulu abaphulwayo.

Izinselele Ekuvuseleleni Nokufakelwa Kwemizimba

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile kubafundisi nakubafundi abazimisele ukuhlaziya noma ukuthuthukisa ukubusa kwabo.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwezindaba Nokungaqiniseki Kwesayensi

Izinkinga eziningi zokuqondisa − ukushintsha komthetho, ukuphepha kokudla, ukuqina kwezomnotho − ukuhlanganisa isayensi, izomnotho, nezenhlalo. Izimo zemishini kumelwe zenze izinqumo ngokungaqiniseki, zithembele ezifanekisweni nasemibhalweni engaphelele. Isimiso sezexwayiso, esivame ukusetshenziswa ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile, singaholela ekugxekweni kwezezimboni ezishaya imithetho eqine kakhulu, kuyilapho abameleli bengase baphikisane ngokuthi ayiqinile ngokwanele.

Abaziphethe Abamelana Nempi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe

Ukwenqaba kwezezikhundla kuyisithiyo esikhulu. Amaqembu ezokuhweba angase afune ukuba imithetho ehlongozwayo yenze buthaka, ephikisa ngokuthi izindleko zokuthobela iphezulu kakhulu noma ukuthi imisebenzi izolahleka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqembu esithakazelo somphakathi angaphoqelela ukuba athathe izinyathelo eziqinile. Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe noma amaqembu ezezezezezansoli kungabambezela noma kunciphe inqubo yokukhipha imithetho. Inqubo yokubhucunga i-"ascreaded" (applers") ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe incwadi yesiko", ama-aim okunciphisa ukumelana kodwa impumelelo njalo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yemvelo Nokusebenza Kwayo

Amaqumrhu aqondisayo avame ukusebenza ngezimali nangezisebenzi ezinganele zomsebenzi wawo. Lokhu kulinganisela izinga lokucwaninga, ukujula kokuhlola komphakathi, nokuhlola izikhathi eziphindwe kaningi. Emazweni asathuthuka, lapho izinhlangano eziqondisayo zingasungulwa khona noma zingakhucululwa, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezikhona kuyingozi kakhulu. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-OECD zinikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe ukuze ziqinise amandla okulawula embulungeni yonke.

Ubuchwepheshe Obusheshayo Nenguquko Yezenhlalo

Ubuchwepheshe bushintsha ngokushesha kunezindlela eziningi zokulawula. Cabanga ngokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, izimoto ezizimele, ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo, noma i-cypocturences. Ngesikhathi umthetho uqedwa, ubuchwepheshe bungase bushintshe, bunikeze umthetho ophelelwe isikhathi noma ongasebenzi. Umthetho we-Agale (ukulawula) ukusebenzisa izigaba zokushona kwelanga, izinhlelo zokulawula nokulungisa nokulungisa izakhi zofuzo (impendulo esanda kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango wezokuhamba nge-Drone uhlanganise ukumiswa kwemithetho elandelanayo njengobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvuthwa kwemakethe.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nabantu Benze Imithetho Eqinile

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi njenge-United States noma i-European Union, izinhlangano eziningi nezingalo zikahulumeni zingathi zinegunya empikiswaneni efanayo. Izimiso ezishaya izandla zingadala ukudideka, ukwenziwa kwenani, nezimfuneko eziphikisanayo. Imizamo yokuvumelanisa − ngokuhlanganisana kwemisebenzi, ukubeka izivumelwano ze-aspectal, ukubusa, noma izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke (*) ziyaqhubeka kodwa zihamba kancane. Imakethe eyodwa ye-EU ixhomeke kakhulu emithethweni evumelanayo ezindaweni ezingamalungu, inqubo edinga ukuxoxisana okungapheli.

Ukulinganisela Ukuvumelana Nezimo Nokubikezela

Imithetho kumele iqine ngokwanele ukuba inikeze isiqondiso esicacile nenkundla yokudlala, kodwa ivumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nokuhluka okungokomthetho ezimweni. Izimiso ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni (okumelwe ukwenze, hhayi ukuthi kunikeza kanjani) ukuvumelana kodwa kungaba nzima ukuphoqelela. Imithetho ethatha indawo yokuqala (ngokuqinisekile i-preaddiction system) kulula ukuhlola kodwa kungavimbela ukushesha. Ukulinganisela kuholela ekusebenziseni imithetho engasebenzi noma emthwalweni onzima.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuphinde Uvuselelwe

Zisebenzisa amashumi eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho, izazi nochwepheshe abaqondisayo baye baveza izimiso eziningana ezithuthukisa imiphumela:

  • [ Umklamo osekelwe kwi- – sebenzisa ukwaziswa okungcono kakhulu okukhona kanye nokuhlaziywa phakathi nomjikelezo.
  • [ Iprojekthi - ivumelanisa ukuqina kwemithetho nobukhulu bengozi.
  • [ umehluko nokuhlanganyela [ - -vula inqubo ekufakeni okubalulekile kubo bonke abafaki.
  • ukubukeza kwe-Periodic - hlela izinsuku zokushona kwelanga ezizenzekelayo noma ukuhlola kokubuya emuva ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlala ibalulekile.
  • Ukumisa nokuvumelana[ - - ukugwema imithetho ephikisanayo noma engenayo ezinhlanganweni nasezindaweni eziphethe.

Izibonelo eziphambili zokuqondisa ngokuhleleka zihlanganisa i-OECD's i-Applet ye-Regatorial Outlook, efaka amazwe amelene nemikhuba emihle kakhulu, ne-United States' 's wiject.gov's, ehlanganisa ukufinyelela nokuphawula komphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ukumiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso akuzona neze izinqubo zokuqondisa ezilula; ziyimisebenzi ejulile yezombangazwe, engokwesayensi, nezimiso ezilawulayo elololonga izinga lokuphila kwethu. Ngokuqaphela kokuqala isidingo somphakathi ngokuphoqelelwa kokugcina komthetho, isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga ukwahlulela okucophelelayo, ukubopheka kwababambi besivumelwano, nobuqotho benhlangano. Kubafundisi nabafundi, beqonda lenqubo akukona nje imfundo, kuyimfundo ebalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi nokuhlanganyela ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba ijubane loshintsho lishesha, izimiso zokuqondisa kumelwe zivele zivele. Ukuhlanganisa izinto njengokuzivumelanisa nezimiso, amathuluzi okusebenzisa amanani, nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke kuthembisa. Kodwa inselele eyisisekelo iyaqhubeka: indlela yokuhlela imithetho evikelayo nekwaziyo, eqinile nevumelanayo, esemthethweni nephumelelayo. Ngokufunda uhambo lwemithetho yokulawula ukuze sifeze, asizuzi ulwazi olunzulu kuphela kodwa futhi nokwazisa okujulile ngokulinganisela okubucayi kwenkululeko, ukuphepha, nokuchuma okuhloselwe ukusekela.