Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyisisekelo semiphakathi yentando yeningi, inika abantu amandla okuveza imibono, inselele yegunya, futhi bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi. Nokho lelilungelo alikho ngaphandle kobunzima. Wonke uhulumeni ubhekene nomsebenzi onzima wokuvikela izakhamuzi emanxebeni angalawulwa inkulumo engabangela ubudlova, inkulumo yenzondo, ukudukiswa, ukukhohliswa, nokusongelwa kwesizwe. Izimfundiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula lezindinganiso eziphikisanayo ziyinkimbinkimbi, ziveza, futhi zilandela ngokunamandla.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko lalesisenzo sokulinganisela liwumbuzo obalulekile: Imithetho ilondoloza kanjani ukuphakanyiswa kwemibono obala kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi amagama awazona izikhali?

Isisekelo Esiwubuciko Nesemithetho Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma isekelwe ezimisweni zokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi umqondo wokuthi ukudayiswa kwemibono ekhululekile kubalulekile ukuze iqiniso livele futhi lichume. Izazi zefilosofi njengoJohn Stuart Mill zaphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo noma engamanga kufanele ibekezelelwe ngoba iphoqelela umphakathi ukuba uhlole izinkolelo zawo siqu. Izimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke ziye zahlanganisa lezimiso emithethweni yemithetho nezivumelwano.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

E-United States, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo sinqabela ukwenza imithetho “evimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma.” Lesivikelo sibanzi futhi sinamandla, ngokuvamile sivikela ngisho nokubekwa kwenzondo noma impikiswano ekuhlolweni uhulumeni. I-European Convention on Human Rights ngokufanayo ivikela izimpawu ezikhululekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 10, nakuba ivumela imingcele“ edingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi” ngezinjongo ezinjengokuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nokuvinjelwa kwesiyaluyaluyalu.

Amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke asekela futhi ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (Artle 19) sithi “wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga nokukhuluma; leli lungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokuba nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisela ukwaziswa namasiko nganoma yimuphi umthonga wezindaba nanoma yimiphi imikhawulo.” Nokho, i-International Convention on Civil and Politic Rights (Aricle 19) ivumela ukulinganiselwa lapho inikezwa umthetho futhi idingeka ukuze ihloniswe amalungelo noma idumela labanye, noma ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ukulondeka komphakathi, uhlelo lwezentethelelo yomphakathi, noma impilo yomphakathi.

Lapho Inkulumo Ibhekana Nokulondeka Komphakathi: Imingcele Engokomthetho

Imithetho yomhlaba wonke iveza ngaphandle kwalapho ukulimala okubangelwa inkulumo kudlula ukubaluleka kokukuvikela.

Ukushukunyiselwa Ubudlova

Enye yemingcele eyamukelwa kabanzi engxoxweni ukuvuselelwa kobudlova obuseduze. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa “ukuhlolwa kweBrandenburg” Brandenburg v.Ohio [[1969]. Inkulumo ingavinjelwa kuphela uma “iqondiswa ekuvuseleleni noma ukuveza isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze” futhi kungenzeka ukuba ifinyelele lowo mphumela. Lendinganiso iphakeme ngamabomu, ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba ujezise ukushaya i-dvoccond. Ezinye izizwe zithatha okufanayo, nakuba zivame ukungezwa, izikhawu. Isibonelo, uhlelo lomthetho womthetho ka-Order 1986 lukwenza ubugebengu ekusebenziseni amagama noma ukuziphatha “ukuthuka, noma ukuthuka ubudlova obusheshayo.

Zonda Inkulumo

Imithetho yokukhuluma yehluka kakhulu. I-United States ivikela inkulumo yenzondo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe ehlukaneni okuncane njengokuthi “ukulwa namagama” noma izinsongo zeqiniso. Ngokuphambene, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu nase Canada abeka izijeziso zobugebengu ngenkulumo ekhuthaza inzondo emaqenjini aziwayo. INkantolo ePhakathi eCanada eR v. Keegstra[ [1990] isekela imithetho yokuzonda inkulumo, icabanga ukuthi ukulimala okubangelwa yinkulumo echaphayo kululaza impikiswano yezenhlalo nesilinganiso. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLuntu isekele ngokufanayo izinkolelo ngokuncishwa kweNkathela inzondo nokukhuthaza inzondo yezinhlanga, iyithola phakathi kwemingcele evumelekile yeSiphakathi 10.

Ukuqamba Amanga Nokwaziswa Kwamanga

Imithetho elwayo ivikela abantu ezindabeni ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela labo. Nakuba ukuhlanjalazwa kungabangela ukuthukutheliswa, imingcele iyahlukahluka endleleni ekuvumelanisa ngayo nenkulumo ekhululekile. Izibalo zomphakathi ngokuvamile kumelwe zibonise “inzondo engokoqobo” ukuze ziphumelele ekuhlanekezeleni izinkulumo ezihlazisayo eUnited States, isiqobo esiphezulu esithathwe ku- New York Times Co. v. Sullivan[FLD] [[FLD:1] [1964]. [1964]]. Enkathini yonyaka, ukusakazwa kokwaziswa okungamanga, ngokwengxenye ngokuphathelene nempilo yomphakathi nokhetho.] kuye kwabangela ukusabela okusha okungokomthetho. Amanye amazwe aye ashaya imithetho yokulwa “izindaba ze-flea,” nakuba abagxeki ze-Stuader zingaxwayisa ukuba kuthule.

Ukulondeka Kombuso Nezimfihlo Ezingokomthetho

Ohulumeni bavame ukubekela imingcele inkulumo engasongela ukulondeka kwesizwe, njengokunyathelisa ukwaziswa okungahlelwa noma imithombo yokuhlakanipha. I-United Kingdom’s Secrets Act ne-Espioneage Act ikwenza kube yize ubugebengu bokungagunyazi ukuthunjwa kwezinto ezibucayi. Nokho, abafutha impepho nezintatheli bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi imithetho enjalo ayilifuni ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi. Ubunzima phakathi kwezimfihlo zokuvikela umbuso nokukwazi ukukhipha impepho buhlala buyindawo yomthetho ephikisanayo.

Imisebenzi Engokomthetho Ngaphesheya Kwezinsolo Ezinkulu

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani inkulumo efanayo ingase ibe ngokomthetho kwelinye izwe futhi igebeqe kwelinye.

E - United States: Isivikelo Esinamandla Kunazo Zonke

Umthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma waseMelika uhlukaniswa nokuvikela kwawo okungalawuleki, ngisho noma kucasulwa noma kungamanga. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ukuthi ikhambi lenkulumo embi liyinkulumo eyengeziwe, hhayi ukucusumbula. Amahlelo okuphela asungulwe ngokucacile enkulumo engavikeleki ahlanganisa ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukukhohliswa, ukukhohliswa, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana, izinsolo zangempela, kanye nokukhuluma okubaluleke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kobugebengu. Inzondo, ngaphandle kokuba iwele kwesinye salezi zigaba, ihlala isivikelo somthetho. IUnited States futhi ihlala iyodwa ekuvikeleni inkampani yezentengiselwano yezentengo yezensibe yokuqala, nakuba iphansi.

Lesivikelo esinamandla siye sathonya amasiko nezombangazwe zaseMelika, senza kwaba nempikiswano eshubile yezombangazwe kodwa futhi savumela ukusakazeka kokukhuluma okungeyikho nokunenzondo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isibonelo saseU.S. siyayekelela futhi sivumela ukulimala kwemiphakathi encishisiwe. Abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi noma ikuphi ukuvinjelwa kubeka izingozi kuhulumeni ngokuphamba nokudumaza kwamazwi angokomthetho.

EYurophu: Indlela Esekelwe Eyingozi

Izimiso zomthetho zaseYurophu, ezibunjwe yi - European Convention on Human Rights, zivumela imingcele emikhulu kakhulu emazwini esithunzi, ukulingana, nokuhleleka komphakathi. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganayo: noma imuphi umngcele kumelwe uphishekele injongo engokomthetho, unikezwe umthetho, futhi udingeke emphakathini wentando yeningi. INkantolo inikeza amalungu imingcele yokwazisa, isho ukuthi ayavumelana kanjani nendlela alinganisela ngayo ukukhuluma namanye amalungelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane ibangela inzondo ( ivolksverzeung), ukuphika ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe, nokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zamaNazi. IFrance ivimbela inkulumo yenzondo nokunqatshelwa kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. I-United Kingdom ihlanganisa imithetho evamile namalungiselelo okuhlobisa ukukhuthaza, ukuhlukumeza, nokukhuluma kobuphekula. Lemithetho ibonisa ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo okubeka isivikelo samaqembu angenazisulu ezikhundleni zenkululeko yokukhuluma.

ECanada: Inkululeko Ephelele

Indlela yeKhanada, ngaphansi kweCharter of Rights and Frees, ilinganisela ngokuyingqayizivele ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile namalungelo alinganayo. Ingxenye 2(b) ivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, kodwa isigaba 1 sivumela imingcele enengqondo “ekubekeni okungathandeki emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi.” INkantolo ePhakamileyo yaseCanada iye yasekela imithetho yenzondo, imithetho emelene nokukhuthaza ukuqothulwa kohlanga, nemingcele emelene nokukhishwa kwezithombe ezingcolile zezingane. R. Keegstra[[, iNkanto egcizelela ukuthi ukuzonda inkulumo akuyona nje inselele kodwa futhi isibopho somphakathi sokukhuluma ngokulingana. Ngakho umthetho waseCanada ubheka inkululeko yokukhuluma ngendlela eqondile kodwa njengokunye okumelwe ihambisane nezinye izindinganiso eziyisisekelo.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

IKomiti yamaLungelo eZizwe Ezihlangene ikhiphe uJenene uNo. 34 eSiphakamiso 19 se-ICPR, icacisa ukuthi imingcele yokukhuluma ngenkululeko kumelwe ingadingeki, idingeke futhi ilinganise. IKomiti iye yazwakalisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngemithetho ebanzi ngokuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlambalaza, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke zilwela ukuchazwa okuncane kwemithetho evunyelweyo, ikhuthaza ukuba kubekwe indawo ebanzi lapho ukwenzela ukumelana nenkulumo ebangela ukucwasana, inzondo, noma ubudlova njengoba kuchazwe kuyi-Rabat Plan of Action.

Indima Yezinkantolo: Ukulinganisela Ukuhlola Nokuveza Izimfanelo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlola okulinganiselayo ukuze zinqume ukuthi imingcele ifeza injongo engokomthetho yini ngaphandle kokuphula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokungafanele.

Isimiso Esivelele

I-propotigali iwumnyombo wokuhlola ukukhuluma kweYurophu neCanada. Inkantolo iyabuza: Ingabe imingcele ihlangene ngokunengqondo nomgomo ocindezelayo? Ingabe iphazamisa ilungelo elifanele? Ingabe i-UK House of Lords iclicktingtingtingtings ezinkantolo ezifanele, uma noma yimuphi umgoqo wehluleka. R (Ngokunengqondo) v. unobhala wezwe weMnyango Wasekhaya[[[, i-UK House of Lords provementmentation ecrivementmentment tract proder, igcizelela ukuthi igementations throementations th fault.

U.S. Ubuchwepheshe Obuqinile Bokufunda Nokuhlola

E-United States, izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola. Imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe ihlolwa ngokuqinile: umthetho kumelwe uhlotshaniswe kancane ukuze usebenzise isithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo futhi usebenzise izindlela ezicindezelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushiswa kwefulege okuvinjelwayo kungacishe kuhluleke. Ukuhlanganisa imingcele engekho emthethweni, njengesikhathi, indawo, nezimiso, ukuhlolwa okuphakathi: kumelwe kuhlolwe kancane ukuze kusebenze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile futhi kushiye eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana.

Izici Eziwuphawu

Izimo eziningi eziyinhloko zibonisa isenzo sokwahlulela ngokulinganisela. Scheck v. United States [1919], uMahluleli u-Ourvel Wendell Holmes washo ngokudume kakhulu ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala asivikeli “ukumemeza okungamanga emlilweni we-Antare nokubangela ukuphamba.] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT] v. Johnson[[FLT:] [19] [199], iNkantolo ephakeme yathi ukushisa ifulegi ye-lame eMelika kuvikelwa ukuziphatha okungantengiswa yiSiphaza. [ku-UK,[3] [3] [3] Isinqumo seNkakhulu le-Uniccoult] [3] [3] i-FLT] i-s.V] ivicted project: R [ign.[3] ngaphandle kwe-GN.[3]

Izinselele Ezintsha: Inkathi Yezinombolo Nemininingwane Engalungile

I-Internet iye yashintsha indlela yokusakaza inkulumo, ukukhuliswa, nokulawulwa kwezimiso zezezindaba zezenhlalo ivumela imiqondo ukuba ifinyelele izigidi ngokushesha, kodwa yenza futhi ukuba ukwaziswa okungamanga, inkulumo yenzondo, kanye nokugqugquzela. Ohulumeni baphikisana ngokuthi bangayisebenzisa kanjani imikhakha engokwesiko ezindaweni ezingokwesiko ngaphandle kokuphazamisa noma ukumelana ngokukhululekile.

Ukungaqondi Nempilo Yomphakathi

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ukwaziswa okungamanga mayelana nokwelapha, ukugoma, nezindlela zomphakathi zempilo kwasakazeka kabanzi, okwaholela ekulimaleni okungokoqobo. Amanye amazwe amisa imithetho ephuthumayo yokujezisa ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile. Ngokwesibonelo, iSivikeli seSingapore eMthethweni we-Online Dithodes and Manippect (POFMA) sinikeza izikhonzi amandla okukhipha iziyalezo zokulungisa noma izithiyo ezithintela ezingekho phutha futhi eziyingozi ezithakazelweni zomphakathi. Abagxeki baphikisa lo mthetho bangasetshenziswa ekunqandeni ukuphikisa ukuphikisa okungokomthetho. EUnited States, iSiphendulo sokuqala seSiphendulo sivimbela isinyathelo sikahulumeni ekuxoxiweni, sishiye amapulatifomu kuwe ngaphansi kweSigaxa-Promende se-Decconetic Acts Acts.

Ubuphekula Buye Babhebhethekisa Inkulumo Esetshenziswa Kuyi - Internet

I-Intanethi isiyithuluzi lokuthola amaphekula futhi ishintshe. Amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho efuna amapulatifomu ukuze asuse okuqukethwe amaphekula ngokushesha. I-European Union’s Terrist Confit Online Regatemplifing iphoqelela imfuneko yehora elilodwa yezinto ezinjalo, ibhekene nesijeziso sokungahlangani nenkululeko yokuzichaza. I-UK Online Safety Act 2023 iphonsa umsebenzi wokunakekela emapulatifomuni ukuze ivimbele ukusakazeka okungekho emthethweni, kuhlanganise nenkulumo eqanjiwe ngamaphekula. Lemithetho ibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho zenkululeko nenqubo efanelekile.

Ukulandelana kwePlat process project. Ukuvuselelwa kwezwe

Impikiswano yokuthi ohulumeni noma amapulatifomu kufanele baqondise inkulumo kuyi-intanethi iyakhula. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinkampani ezizimele azinacala lentando yeningi nokuthi umthetho kahulumeni udinga ukuqinisekiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe izindinganiso ezingaguquki. Abanye baxwayisa ngokuthi amaqoqo kufanele asebenzise izinqubo ezicacile ezibonisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu ahloniphekile. IUN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights isikisela umthwalo wemfanelo ofanayo, ifuna ukuba kuvikelwe amalungelo nezinkampani ukuze ziwahloniphe.

Ukulinganisela: Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yabenzi Bomthetho

Umthetho wobungcweti ovikela kokubili inkulumo ekhululekile nokuphepha komphakathi udinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kokwahlulela ngokuqhathaniswa nasesiqondisweni sokwahlulela, izimiso eziningana zingaqondisa abamisi - mthetho.

  • izincazelo ezicutshayo neziqondile. Imithetho kufanele iyichaze ngokucacile inkulumo enqatshelwe, ukugwema amagama angacacisi anjenge-“zindaba ezingamanga” noma“imininingwane” engachazwa kabanzi. I-Rabat Plan of Action itusa ukuba imithetho ishukumise inhloso, ukucutha, nokulimala.
  • Iprojekthi nesidingo. Noma ikuphi ukuvinjelwa kumelwe kube indlela elula kakhulu yokufinyelela injongo engokomthetho. Ohulumeni kufanele bacabangele ukuthi amakhambi omphakathi, imikhankaso yokufundisa, noma ukulinganisela kwezindawo zomphakathi kufanelekile kakhulu kunesijeziso sobugebengu.
  • Ukwengamela okuzimele nokubukeza kokwahlulela. Izinqumo zokuvimbela inkulumo kufanele zihloselwe ukusheshisa, ukubukeza okuzimele kwezinkantolo noma izinkantolo ezizimele. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuphamba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sinecala.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwabafutha impepho nezintatheli. Imithetho ebeka icala lobugebengu lokuveza ukwaziswa komphakathi kumelwe ihlanganise isithakazelo esikhulu somphakathi. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iye yagcizelela indima ebalulekile yezintatheli “njengezinja zikahulumeni.”
  • Indlela esekelwe emongweni. Kunokuba uvimbele imiqondo, gxila enkulumweni ebangela noma engenzeka ibangele umonakalo oseduze. Lokhu kuhambisana nokuhlolwa kweBrandenburg nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

Ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuphepha komphakathi kuyisici esichaza umthetho wanamuhla. Akukho mphakathi ongasho ukuthi ukhululekile uma uthula ukungavumelani, kodwa awukho umphakathi ongasinda uma uvumela inkulumo ukuba ibe isikhali sobudlova noma ukucindezela. Izimiso ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke ziye zasungula izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula lenkinga, kusukela ekuvikelweni okungalawuleki kweSichibiyelo sokuqala kuya emithethweni eyingozi yomthetho wenkululeko yabantu waseYurophu.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi kuvela izinsongo ezintsha, umthetho kumelwe uvumelane nomthetho lapho unamathela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo: isithunzi esingokwemvelo sawo wonke umuntu, ukubaluleka kwenkulumo evulekile, nesidingo sokuvikela abasengozini. Imithetho engcono kakhulu yileyo evimbela ukukhuluma kuphela lapho kudingekile futhi ngendlela enzima, engaphansi kokuqondisa okuqinile kwemithetho yokwahlulela, futhi ebonisa ukuvumelana kwentando yeningi. Ekupheleni, ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuphepha komphakathi akuyona iphuzu eliqinile kodwa okudinga ukunakekela nokunakekela okungapheli. [[FLT:] [FLT:] Inkantolo yaseYurophu yezimiso zomphakathi [[FLT]] [[FLT]]