Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyakhelwe ngayo ezingeni lombuso kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo ekuthembiseni uhulumeni, enqubweni yomphakathi, noma enqubweni yentando yeningi. Nakuba amaMelika amaningi ejwayelene nendlela umthetho kahulumeni osebenza ngayo, inqubo yomthetho kahulumeni isebenza ngezici zayo ezihlukile nezinqubo. Ekujuleni kwalenqubo kungumbusi, omandla akhe angokomthetho nethonya lezombangazwe okuthi izindleko zibe umthetho futhi kungawudingi. Lomqondisi obanzi uhlola uhambo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho kahulumeni futhi ahlola indima enzima yababusi asebenza ekuguquleni iziphakamiso zemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni.

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Ohulumeni bamazwe balingisa ukwahlukana kwesimiso sikahulumeni, behlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Loluhlelo lomthetho-mthetho lwenza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqoqeni amandla adlulele. Igatsha lemithetho, elihlanganisa amagumbi amabili (isigebengu neNdlu yabameleli noma iNdlu YeziNtlalo), linomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokwenza nokudlulisa umthetho. Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umbusi, liphoqelela imithetho futhi liqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi lixazulula izimpikiswano.

Nokho, lemibuso ayihlukene ngokuphelele. Ohulumeni nezishaya-mthetho bahlanganyela amandla okwenza umthetho, futhi ababusi kumelwe basebenze nezishaya - mthetho zemibuso yabo ukuze bafeze cishe yonke imigomo yabo yokwenza imithetho. Leligunya elinanayo lisho ukuthi umthetho ophumelelayo udinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha, nombusi asebenza ndawonye kanye ne-checkss ngesenzo somthetho.

Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye uchaza amandla athile anikezwa umbusi wawo nombuso womthetho, okusho igunya lombuso ohlukile kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu. Abanye ababusi basebenzisa ithonya elikhulu enqubweni yemithetho ngemibuso enamandla yeveto, igunya lokuhlela, namalungelo okumisa, kuyilapho abanye besebenza ngemithetho elinganiselwe kakhulu. Lokhu kubonakalisa umlando wezwe ngalinye wezombangazwe, isiko, namasiko ongokomthetho.

Inqubo Yomthetho KaHulumeni: Ukusuka E - Idea Kuya Esiya Ebhukwini

Lapho Izincwadi Zivela Khona

Inqubo yomthetho iqala ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti sifike edeskini lombusi. Imithetho emisha ingavela emithonjeni eminingi. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu ochwepheshe, amaqembu obuchwepheshe, izinhlangano, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nombusi ngokwakhe angaveza yonke imiqondo yemithetho. Nokho, izishaya-mthetho ezikhethiwe kuphela ezinegunya lokungenisa izikweletu ngokusemthethweni esishaya umthetho.

Uma ummisi-mthetho enquma ukuxhasa isikhwama, basebenza nezisebenzi ezikhethekile ezingokomthetho ukuze benze lesi siphakamiso ngolimi olufanele lwemithetho. Lenqubo yobuchwepheshe iqinisekisa ukuthi imali ihambisana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo futhi ihlangana ngokufanelekile nomthetho kahulumeni okhona. Umenzi wemithetho ongenisa lesi sivumelwano uba umxhasi wakhe omkhulu, futhi igama labo livela ekwakheni umthetho njengoba iqhubeka le nqubo.

Ukubukeza Nenkululeko Yekomiti

Uma sekwamukelwe, izikweleti zabelwe amakomiti asekelwe endabeni yawo yendaba. Imali ekhuluma ngenqubo yemfundo iya ekomitini yemfundo, kuyilapho umuntu okhuluma ngobulungisa bezegebengu ebhekiswa ekomitini yejaji noma yokuphepha komphakathi. Izincwadi ezithinta uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni nazo kumelwe ziye ekomitini yemali ukuze zibukeze. Le komiti ivumela abashaya imithetho abanolwazi ezicini ezithile zezemfundo ukuba baqhube izivivinyo eziningi zomthetho ohlongoziwe.

Izindaba zamakomiti zinikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela komphakathi enqubweni yomthetho. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu ezithakazelo, nezikhulu zikahulumeni zingafaka ubufakazi ekusekeleni noma ekuphikiseni izikweletu, zinikeza abakhi bomthetho imibono ewusizo ngendlela umthetho ohlongozwayo ongase uthinte ngayo imiphakathi yabo. Amalungu amakomiti aphikisana ngenzuzo yezikweletu, ahlongoza ukumiswa kwemithetho, futhi ekugcineni avote ukuthi izowuthuthukisa yini umthetho egunjini eligcwele ukuze acabangele.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

U-Bills osebenzisa inqubo yekomiti ngempumelelo uthuthela esitezi esisemgceni ukuze axoxe ngenkulumo-mphikiswano egcwele amalungu. Ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, umthetho-mthetho uvame ukufundwa kathathu, ngokufundwa kokuqala okusebenza njengesigaba sokwaziswa okuzoqapha amalungu isikhwama semali. Phakathi nokufundwa kwesibili, abashaya imithetho baphikisana ngezinzuzo zemali futhi bangacebisa izinguquko zokuguqula ulimi noma izinga. Uhlelo lwesithathu lufinyelela umvuthwalo wokugcina wevoti.

Uma isikhwama semali sidlula kwelinye igumbi, sidlulela kwelinye lapho sithatha khona inqubo efanayo yokubukeza ikomiti, ukuphikisana ngesesitezi, nokuvota. Uma amagumbi evumela izinqubo ezifanayo zemali, iyabhaliswa futhi ilungiselelwe ukunikezwa umbusi. Nokho, uma igumbi lesibili lilungisa incwadi, kumelwe ibuyele ekamelweni lokuqala ukuze ivume lezo zinguquko. Uma amagumbi engenakuvumelana ngokulungisa, angamisa ikomiti yengqungquthela nezindikimba zombili ukuze kuxoxiswe inguquko.

Amandla oMthetho-mthetho kaMbusi ekwenzeni imithetho

Umbusi Njengomphathi Oyinhloko

Enye indima eyinhloko yombusi enkathini yanamuhla eyomthetho omkhulu, lapho izingqapheli eziningi zigomela ukuthi ababusi banethonya elikhulu enkundleni yomthetho njengabasunguli bezimiso ezinkulu "abashintshi". Lendima idlulela ngalé kokusayina noma ukukhipha izikweleti. Ohulumeni bahlela izinqumo zemithetho nge-Hulumeni yabo yamakheli, lapho bemisa khona imithetho ebekwa phambili futhi batusa khona umthetho othile. Basikisela ukuba kuhlelwe izinqumo ezihlela izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni. Basebenzisa ithonya labo lezombangazwe ukuze basekele izivumelwano zomthetho ezithandwayo futhi baphikise izivumelwano ukuze baphikise.

Abalawuli benza izindima ezintathu ezinkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni: bangamisa umthetho futhi badlulisele izinkambiso eziza kuqala ngoHulumeni wamakheli oMbuso, banganikwa amandla okubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile zomthetho ngezinjongo ezinqunyiweyo nezinqumo, futhi bahlangane futhi basebenze nezishaya-mthetho. La mandla angokomthetho aqinisekisa ababusi ukuba baqhubeke bedlala enqubeni yokushaya umthetho kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni.

Igunya Lokusebenzisa Imali

Abalawuli basungula futhi bathumele izimali ezisetshenziswa minyaka yonke ukuze kubukezwe futhi kuvunyelwe yisishaya-mthetho, futhi ezifundazweni eziningi banamandla okususa iziphakamiso abaphika kuzo, bavumela ababusi nezisebenzi zabo zemali ukuba bafeze indima enamandla ekumiseni izinto zikahulumeni eziza kuqala. Lo hlelo lumelela elinye lamathuluzi abalulekile kakhulu ombusi wokuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni.

Inqubo yokuhlela imali ephethe iqala ezinyangeni eziningi ngaphambi kwesimiso sokushaya umthetho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifaka izicelo zezimali ehhovisi lomphathi wemali. Izisebenzi zombusi zihlaziya lezizicelo, zicabangela iziteshi zemali, futhi zithuthukise uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali olubonisa isimiso sikambusi esiza kuqala. Uma ibekwa kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, le mithetho yezimiso isebenza njengesiqalo sokucubungula imibandela yemithetho, inikeza umbusi ithonya eliqinile esimisweni sokuqala semali esetshenziswa uhulumeni.

Lapho Amabhuloho Efika Ehholo Lombusi

Inkathi Yamanje Neyokubukeza

Isivumelwano ngasinye somthetho esidluliswa yindikimba yesizwe yemithetho sinikezwa umbusi ukuze asayine, nemithetho kahulumeni ibeka umthetho kambusi obekiwe ukuba awusayine noma awunike u-veto ngemva kokudluliswa, futhi umthetho ungasebenza ngaphandle kosayinwa umbusi ngemva kokuba isikhathi esimiswe ngokusemthethweni sesidlulile. I-metafture yesikhathi esikhethekile sesiyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe, ibonisa amalungiselelo namasiko ahlukene omthetho-mthetho.

Lapho isishaya-mthetho sisesiqenjini, ababusi ngokuvamile banezinsuku eziyishumi (ngaphandle kokubala amaSonto) zokusayina noma ukukhipha izikweleti ezidluliswa yizo zombili izindlu, nezikweleti ezisayinwe zibe umthetho futhi zikhiphe izikweleti ezingekho emthethweni, nakuba ukwehluleka komphathi ukusayina noma ukukhipha isitifiketi phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi kusho ukuthi kuba umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Lenqubo ezenzekelayo ivimbela ababusi ukuba babulale umthetho ngokumane banqabe ukwenza kuwona phakathi nesimiso somthetho.

Imithetho ehlukene iyasebenza lapho izikweleti zidluliswa kumbusi ngemva kokuba isishaya-mthetho sesithunyiwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zinwebela isikhathi sokubukeza izikweletu zemali zangemva kokuphela kwe-adjourn, kuyilapho ezinye zilondoloza i-paframe efanayo. Lokhu kungathinta kakhulu icebo lomthetho, ikakhulukazi ngasekupheleni kwesimiso lapho izikweletu eziningi zingadluliswa ngokulandelana.

Izinketho ezintathu zombusi

Uma benikezwa umthetho, ababusi babhekana nezinqumo ezintathu eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, bangasayina umthetho, bebonisa ukuvuma kwabo futhi benza umthetho uphumelele ngokwezimfuneko zawo noma ngokomthetho wezwe. Lena imelela indlela eqondile kakhulu yokuba umthetho ube umthetho futhi ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho umbusi esekela umthetho noma ethola wamukeleka ngisho noma ungawufaneleki.

Okwesibili, ababusi bangakhipha izivumelwano zemali, benqabe futhi bavimbele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba isishaya-mthetho sithathe ifaktha. Izindleko zibuyiselwa endlini eyabadlulisa kuqala, kanye nenkulumo yesizathu sokungamukeleki kwabo. Lo myalezo uchaza ukuphikisa kombusi futhi ungathonya ukuthi abashicileli bazama yini ukuthatha i-veto noma ukubukeza izikweletu zokucatshangelwa esikhathini esizayo.

Okwesithathu, ababusi abanakuthatha isinyathelo, bavumele umthetho ukuba ube yisignesha yabo. Lokhu kungenza ababusi bavumele umthetho ukuba usebenze lapho bebonisa ukungavumelani okungaphakathi noma indlela yokusondela.

Ukuqonda Amandla Okudla

I - Veto Evamile

Bonke ababusi bezwe abangu-50 banamandla okulawula zonke izinyathelo zomthetho. Lo mphathi ovamile noma "Mklamo" uvumela umbusi ukuba alahle wonke umthetho, avimbele noma yimuphi wemiphakamiso yakhe ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuba isishayamthetho sithathe i-veto. I-veto evamile isebenza njengesehlo esiqondile sikambusi ngamandla omthetho, iphoqelela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bacabangele isikhundla sombusi lapho enza umthetho.

Abalawuli basebenzisa amandla ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Bangase bamelane nenqubo yemithetho yokubhalisa, bekholelwa ukuthi ingalimaza umbuso noma izakhamuzi zawo. Bangase bathole umthetho ongekho emthethweni noma ongokomthetho obangela inkinga. Bangase bamelane nethonya elinamandla lokusebenzisa imali. Noma bangasebenzisa i-vetoes ngokukhetha ukuzuza inzuzo yokuxoxa nomthetho wemithetho kwezinye izindaba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isisusa, iveto imelela ithuluzi elinamandla le-gabernator ethonyeni lomthetho wezwe.

IVeto Yolayini

Umbusi angathi "ingxenye-yohlulo xeto" izingxenye zemali, amandla akhona kweminingi kodwa hhayi yonke imibuso. Loluhlobo olukhethekile lweveto luvumela ababusi ukuba bashaye iziphakamiso ezithile ngokuchitha izikweletu ezithile kuyilapho bevumela ingxenye esele yomthetho. Uhlamvu lweveto lunikeza ababusi ukulawula okuqinile kwemali kahulumeni, lubavumela ukuba balahle ukuchitha imali bebheka njengesaphaza noma okungafanele ngaphandle kokwenqaba zonke izikweletu zemali.

Izinga lesikhundla sohlu lwengxenye ye-veto lihluka phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ezinye zilinganisela ukuthi isilinganiso samandla ahlukanisayo sihlanganisa izindleko zokuhlela. Ezinye zinweba kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umngcele oqukethe amalungiselelo asetshenziswayo. Ezizweni eziningi, ababusi baye "bavulela" noma "ingxenye" noma "isikhala" amandla okususa izikhawu zemithetho abayakhele yona, nezinye izinhlobo ze-vetoes zihlanganisa "ukhuphu" (ngokuthi umbusi angasusa ngayo into esetshenziswayo) kanye "indawo yokuhlanganisa i-ayisendida" (ingawundlula"inkulu) (ngendlela umbusi angahlela ngayo umthetho). Lokhu kwenzela izilinganiso ezihlukeneyo amandla phakathi kwababusi nemithetho ehlukene.

I - pocket Veto

Ezizweni ezincane, amafa amafa (i-packet iveto) ngaphandle kokuba umbusi uwaphawule ngokusemthethweni, futhi phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa ezicacisiwe. Ithuna lemali liyenzeka lapho umbusi engathathi nyathelo futhi isishayamthetho esifunze, esivimbela ukuba isigwebo singabi umthetho ngokungenzi lutho. Umbusi angabe "i-pocketveto" isibambiso esidluliswa phakathi nezinsuku ezintathu zokugcina zesimiso ngokungasayini phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-14 ngemva kokugqunywa kokugcina.

Iveto ephaketheni ihlukile ku-veto evamile ngoba ayinakuhlaziswa yisishaya-mthetho, ngoba isimiso somthetho sesiphelile futhi abamisi-mthetho abasasayi vhoti ehholo. Lokhu kwenza iphakethe libe namandla kakhulu, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwalo kulinganiselwe ezimweni ezicaciswe kumthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye.

Amandla Akhethekile E - Veto

Ezinye izifundazwe zinika ababusi bazo amandla engeziwe angaphezu kwezinketho ezivamile. I-verenceto ivumela ababusi ukuba babuyisele izikweletu kumphathi wendlu yomthetho ngokutusa okuqondile kwezinguquko, inikeza abenzi bomthetho ithuba lokwamukela ukushintshwa kombusi noma ukuqhubekelwa nenguquko yokuqala. Lomandla enza ukuba ababusi bahlanganyele ngokukhuthele kakhulu ekulungiseni umthetho kunokuba bamane bawamukele noma bawalahle.

UWisconsin unikeza mhlawumbe igunya elikhulu kakhulu eliphethe izwe. Nakuba zonke imibuso engu-50 inikeza ababusi amandla futhi ivumela ama-veto ase-parse, uWisconsin unikeza umbusi wakhe igunya elikhulu kakhulu lokuguqula umthetho uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifundazwe. Iveto kaWisconsin eyingxenye iye yavumela ababusi ukuba bashaye amagama, izinombolo, futhi ngisho nezimpawu zemithetho ezisuka ezikweletini zohlelo, ezikwazi ukubhala umthetho ngendlela engaguqula ngokuphawulekayo incazelo nomphumela wayo.

Inqubo Engalawuleki Yemithetho

Sebenzisa izimfuneko

Imithetho ingadlula i-vetoes, ngokuvamile ngevoti enkulu. Umnyango oqondile wokuvota ofunekayo ukuze ilawuleke ngokwehluka ngokwezwe, kodwa udinga inani eliphindwe kathathu noma kathathu egumbini ngalinye. Isivumelwano esidaliweyo singaba umthetho uma amalungu amabili-ntathu endlu ngayinye evota ukuba athathe isikhundla sikambusi. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi imvume yemithetho yemithetho iyenzeka uma ikhona uma umthetho we-veto owenziwe ngemvume eqinile.

Inqubo yokuqasha iqala egumbini lapho ubhabhu-mali waqala khona. Uma amalungu amabili-ntathu azo zombili izindlu evota ukudlula i-veto, wonke umthetho uzoba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa ngumbusi. Zombili izingodo kumelwe zivote ngempumelelo ukuze umthetho ube umthetho; uma noma yiliphi igumbi lihluleka ukufinyelela ukufinyelela ukulingana okudingekayo, iveto i-veto ime futhi isamba somthetho awenziwa umthetho.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwegunya

Ukungasebenzisi izimfuneko kuyahluka ezizweni ezibalulekile. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga amavoti amabili-sithathu amalungu akhona nawovota, kuyilapho amanye egunyaza amalungu amabili-sithathu akhethiwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi mangaki akhona. Lomehluko ungabuthinta ngokuphawulekayo ubunzima bokufinyelela i-expressure, kusukela kudinga amalungu amabili-3 awo wonke akhethiwe abeke ibha yokulinganisa ibhande eliphezulu kunamalungu amabili-ntathu akhona.

Imithetho futhi iyahlukahluka mayelana nokuthi ukukhomba kungaqala nini. Izifunda eziningi zivumela ukudluliswa kuphela phakathi nesiqephu esisodwa lapho izindleko zidluliswa khona futhi ziphothulwa khona. Uma isishaya-mthetho se-amen, ithuba lokulawula ngokuvamile liyaphela. Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukuba kubizwa iziqephu ezikhethekile ukuze kucatshangwe ngokuqondile ukudunyiswa, ukunwetshwa kwesikhathi esithatha isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo somthetho.

Iqiniso liwukuthi ukunqamuka kwe-veto kuhlala kungavamile ngokwesilinganiso ezifundazweni eziningi. Imfuneko enkulu yenza umnyango ophezulu okunzima ukuwufinyelela, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezinohulumeni ohlukene lapho iqembu lomphathi libamba khona okungenani ingxenye yesithathu yezihlalo egumbini ngalinye. Lokhu kugcizelela amandla ka-veto njengethuluzi le-gabernorgator futhi kuchaza ukuthi kungani abashaya imithetho ngokuvamile bexhumana nababusi phakathi nenqubo yomthetho ukuze bagweme izihlalo ezingaphezulu kakhulu kunokuthembela emshinini we-gallerator.

Ngaphandle Kokusayina Nokushaya Ikhwelo: Elinye Ithonya Lokuqubuka

Ukuhleleka Okuphethe

Njengabaholi bezwe, ababusi baqhubekisela phambili futhi baphishekele izimiso ezintsha nezinhlelo ezintsha ezibukeziwe besebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, phakathi kwabo kusetshenziswa iziyalezo zezikhulu, izimali zokulawula, nezinhlelo zomthetho nezokushaya umthetho. Iziqondiso eziphethe zivumela ababusi ukuba baqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezisebenzi ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Nakuba imithetho yezikhulu ingeke yakha imithetho emisha noma izimali ezifanele (imibuso egcinelwe isishaya-mthetho), bangathonya ngokuphawulekayo indlela imithetho ekhona esetshenziswa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo.

Ohulumeni basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene: ukuhlela kabusha izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe, ukumisa imisebenzi noma amakhomishane, ukumemezela izifundazwe zezimo eziphuthumayo, ukumisa izinqubo zokuqondisa nokuqondisa indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezichaza futhi zisebenzise ngayo imithetho. Le mithetho iphethe ithonya lezisebenzi zikahulumeni nezinhlangano, nakuba zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo uma zidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma ukungqubuzana nemithetho ekhona.

Izinga legunya lokuqondisa lihlukile phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo nasezincazelweni zokwahlulela. Ezinye izinqubo zikahulumeni zinikeza ababusi amandla abanzi, kuyilapho ezinye ziwachaza kancinci kakhulu amagunya okulawula. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabaqondisi abakhulu bokugcina ukuthi iziyalezo ezithile zesikhulu ziwela emagunyeni angokomthetho kambusi noma zingenele ngokungafanele elungelweni lomthetho.

Ukushayela Isiqephu Esikhethekile Ucingo

Ezifundazweni eziningi, ababusi banamandla okubiza isishaya-mthetho ukuba sibe nesimiso esikhethekile ngaphandle kwekhalenda lemithetho evamile. Leligunya lisiza ababusi ukuba bagxilise ukunakekela kwemithetho ephuthumayo ezindabani ezingakhoni ukulinda kuze kube isiqephu esilandelayo esikhethekile. Lapho bebiza isiqephu esikhethekile, ababusi bavame ukumisa uhlelo, belinganisela izihloko ezingaxoxwa isishaya-mthetho phakathi nesimiso.

Amandla okubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile anika ababusi igunya eliphawulekayo lokuhlela izinhlelo. Bangaphoqelela ukucabangela izinto eziza kuqala, bathathela phambili izimo eziphuthumayo noma izinhlekelele, futhi babangele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni ezithile. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwezikhathi ezikhethekile kuxhomeke ekhonweni likambusi lokwakha ukusekela kwemithetho yezinhlelo zabo, ngoba ukubiza isimiso akuqinisekisi ukuthi isishaya-mthetho esimisiwe sizowudlulisa umthetho othandwa umbusi.

Amandla Okunqumelana Izinqumo

Ohulumeni bafeza imithwalo yabo yemfanelo yokuphatha nokuhola ngokusekela komnyango wesifunda kanye nabaphathi bezinhlangano, abaningi babo abanikwe amandla okumisa, futhi iningi lababusi linegunya lokumisa abahluleli benkantolo yombuso ngokufanayo, ezimweni eziningi kusukela ohlwini lwamagama anikezwa yikomiti yokumisa. La mandla amisayo avumela ababusi ukuba baqondise isimiso segatsha eliphethe futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izinto zabo eziza kuqala zikhona kulo lonke uhulumeni wombuso.

Izinga legunya lokumisa lobubusi lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe. Abanye ababusi bamisa izikhulu eziningi zamagatsha eziphethe, kuyilapho abanye behlanganyela amandla okumisa nendlu yomthetho-mthetho noma bebhekene nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo ezithi ezinye izikhundla zigcwaliswe ngokhetho oluthandwayo. Lokhu kushintsha kuthinta ukuthi ababusi abalawula kangakanani umsebenzi kahulumeni nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.

Ukuhola Kwezombangazwe Neqembu

Abalawuli bangasebenzisa indima yabo njengabaholi beqembu ukuze bakhuthaze ukusekela izinyathelo zomthetho, futhi kanye nezinhloko zeminyango nezisebenzi, bangase bafune ukuthonya intuthuko yomthetho ngemihlangano yasikhathi sonke nezishayamthetho, izikhulu zemithetho, nabanye abafaki bemithetho. Lelithonya elivamile livame ukubonakala libaluleke njengegunya elingokomthetho lomthetho ekunqumeni imiphumela yemithetho.

Abalawuli basebenzisa isikhundla sabo njengesikhulu esibonakalayo esikhethiwe esisezweni ukuze balolonge umbono womphakathi futhi bakhe ukusekela kwabo okuza kuqala. Basebenzisa ukubonakala kwemithombo yezindaba, izenzakalo zomphakathi, nemithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze baxhumane ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi, babangele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kwabashaya umthetho ukuze basekele noma baphikise izikweletu ezithile. Basebenza nabaholi bemithetho ukuze bathuthukise amasu, bavumelane, futhi bakhe izishaya - mvume. Basebenzisa amakhono abo okusekela imithombo yezindaba nokusekela izinhlangano kanye nabaphikisi.

Umbusi onekhono kwezombangazwe ogunyazwe umphakathi ogunyazwe kakhulu angaphumelela ngisho noma enegunya elilinganiselwe, kuyilapho umbusi obuthakathaka noma ongathandwayo engase alwele ukuthuthukisa amacebo awo naphezu kokuba eneziphathimandla eziqinile zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kohulumeni Nemithetho

Ukubambisana Nokuxabana

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwababusi nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni buhlanganisa izici zokubambisana nengxabano. Amagatsha womabili ahlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo wokusingatha izinkinga zikahulumeni kanye nokukhonza abameleli, adala izisusa zokubambisana. Nokho amelela futhi iziphakamiso ezihlukene kanye nemibono, nababusi abakhethwe ngokwesifundazwe nabezishaya-mthetho abamele izigodi ezithile. Lokhu kubambisana nokulwa kulawula amandla ombuso.

Uma umbusi nezikhulu zemithetho ye-avince belungu leqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe, ukubambisana kuvame ukukhula futhi izingxabano zinciphe. Ukuhlangana kweqembu elilodwa kudala imigomo yesimiso kanye nezisusa zezombangazwe ezihloselwe ukusebenza ndawonye. Nokho, ngisho nohulumeni onobunye awukuqedi konke ukungezwani, njengoba izithakazelo zomphakathi nezinhloso zomuntu ngamunye zingabangela ukungavumelani phakathi kwamagatsha.

Uhulumeni ohlukene, lapho umbusi kanye nezikhungo zomthetho ezilawulwa khona yiqembu elilodwa noma zombili, ngokuvamile kubangela izingxabano futhi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubeka umthetho. Ohulumeni bangase basebenzise ama-vetoes kaningi, futhi izishaya-mthetho zingase zingazimisele ukusingatha izinto eziza kuqala. Nokho uhulumeni ohlukene ungaveza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis lapho zombili izinhlangothi ziqaphela isidingo sokuxazulula izinkinga zikahulumeni futhi zibonise ikhono lazo lokubusa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuxoxisana Nokuhlehla

Inqubo yomthetho eminingi ihilela ukuxoxisana phakathi kwababusi nabaholi bomthetho. Kunokuba balinde ukukhipha izikweletu abaziphikisayo, ababusi bavame ukusebenza nabamisi-mthetho phakathi nokumiswa kwenqubo yokuhlela nokulungisa ukumiswa komthetho ngeziqondiso ezamukelekayo. Lokhu kuthembisana komthetho kuvumela ababusi ukuba bathonye imiphumela yezimiso kuyilapho begwema izindleko zezombangazwe zezikhali futhi benqoba izimpi.

Abaholi abashaya umthetho ngokufanayo banezisusa zokuxoxa nababusi. Bafuna ukukhipha umthetho ozoba umthetho kunokuba ubhekene nabadunyiswa, futhi bayaqaphela ukuthi ababusi bangasebenzisa ithonya labo lezombangazwe ukuze basize noma bavimbele ukumiswa kwemithetho. Lokhu kuncika ekumelaneni kukhuthaza ukukhulumisana okuqhubekayo nokuhlehla phakathi nesimiso somthetho.

Inqubo yokuxoxisana ivame ukukhula ngasekupheleni kwezikhathi zomthetho, lapho izikhawu zidala ukucindezela kokuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye. Ngokukhethekile izindleko zokuhlela imali zidinga izingxoxo ezibanzi phakathi kwababusi nabaholi bomthetho, njengoba zombili izinhlangothi zifuna ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuza kuqala phakathi kwemithombo ekhona. Le ngxoxo yeziqephu ingaveza izivumelwano ezibanzi ezihlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi, zivumele womabili amacala ukuba athole ukunqoba futhi enze ukuhlehla okudingekile.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamandla Abangela Ukukhumuzeka Kwamazwe

Ukwehluka Komthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba ababusi benezindima nemithwalo yemfanelo eminingi efanayo, ubukhulu bamandla e-gubernera buyehluka ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye ngokuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe, umthetho, nesiko. Lokhu kushintsha kwakha izinhlobonhlobo zamandla ombuso, abanye ababusi abaphethe phakathi kwezikhulu eziyinhloko ezinamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika kanye nabanye abasebenzisa igunya elilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Izigodlo ze-Strong-governor ziveza izici eziningana: umbusi unamandla amakhulu okumisa phezu kwezikhulu zegatsha; igunya elikhulu leveto elihlanganisa i-wit-tem-tem kanye nezinye izigqebhezana ezikhethekile; ikhono lokusebenzisa amagama amaningi ngaphandle kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo; negunya elikhulu lokwenza uhlelo lwemali. La mandla enza ababusi bakwazi ukulawula inqubo yokwenza isimiso futhi basebenzise ukulawula okubalulekile emisebenzini kahulumeni.

Izifundazwe ezibuthakathaka, ngokuphambene, zivame ukulinganisela igunya lobukhoma ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akhetha ezinye izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ngokuzimele, alinganisela amandla okuzihlela, alinganisela igunya, abeke imingcele, noma anciphise amandla ohlelo lokuhlela imali. Kulezi zifunda, ababusi kumelwe bahlanganyele igunya nezinye izikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi babhekane nobunzima obukhulu ekusebenziseni izinqumo zabo zezimiso.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando

Amandla ombuso ngokuvamile aye anda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba imibuso iye yathuthukisa ohulumeni bayo futhi yasabela ezinkingeni ezikhulayo zesimiso. Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni yakuqala yadala ababusi ababuthakathaka njengendlela yokusabela kubabusi benkosi yekoloni, isusa amandla okubusa phakathi kwezikhulu eziningi ezikhethiwe futhi ilinganisela amagama e-gubernerator. Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laba nokuthambekela ekuqiniseni igunya le-gabernator ngokulungisa nokulungisa okungokomthetho-mthetho owenzisa amandla esikhulu, ukuhlanganisa imingcele yesigaba, nokuthuthukisa imingcele yemithetho yezindawo, kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla emali.

Le nkolelo - mbono ibonisa ushintsho olukhona ngokuhola kwe-gabernator. Ababusi banamuhla kulindeleke ukuba banikeze isiqondiso, balawule izikhundla zikahulumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, babhekane nezinkinga, futhi basebenze njengombuso womphakathi. La mathemba aye aqhube izinguquko ezinika ababusi amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze bafeze le mithwalo yemfanelo yokuhola ngokuphumelelayo.

Ithonya Lokuthatha Isinyathelo Sombuso EMthethweni WoMbuso

Lapho Amabhuloho Eba Umthetho

Uma nje isikweleti sisayinwe ngumbusi noma siba umthetho ngezinye izindlela, singena ekhodini lomthetho kahulumeni futhi siqiniswe. Nokho, isikhathi sokusebenza kwemithetho siyahluka. Ezinye izikweleti zihlanganisa izinsuku eziqondile ezisebenzayo, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenza ngokwezimiso zomthetho kahulumeni. Imithetho eminingi emisha isebenza ngoAugust 1 uma kulandela isimiso somthetho ngaphandle kokuba incwadi isho olunye usuku, ngaphandle kwemali equkethe izikweletu, eziba ngokuphumelelayo ngoJuly 1, usuku olufanayo nonyaka onyaka oqala ngawo.

Usuku oluphumelelayo lungathinta kakhulu indlela umthetho owenziwa ngayo kanye nemiphumela yawo esebenzayo. Izinsuku ezisheshayo ezisebenzayo zivumela imithetho ukuba ixazulule izinkinga eziphuthumayo ngokushesha kodwa zinganika abantu abathintekile isikhathi esanele sokulungiselela ukuthobela. Izinsuku ezimisiwe zinikeza isikhathi sokuhlela nokufundisa umphakathi kodwa zihlehlisela emuva izinzuzo noma izimfuneko zomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelelwa

Ngemva kokuba imithetho iqale ukusebenza, igatsha eliphethe lithatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokuwamisa. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziveza imithetho, zisungule izinqubo zokuphatha, futhi zinike imithombo yezimali ukuze zifeze iziyalezo zomthetho. Indima yombusi kule nqubo yokumisa ibalulekile, njengoba izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zibheka kumbusi ukuze zithole isiqondiso ngokuphathelene nezinto eziza kuqala nokuchazwa kwenhloso yokushaya umthetho.

Abaholi bathonya ukumiswa kwezinhlelo eziningana. Bamisa izinkampani ezihlela izinhlelo ezivumelana nezimiso zazo. Bahlela izimali ngenqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali, banqume ukuthi iziphi izinhlelo ezithola imali eyanele yokufeza impumelelo. Banikeza iziyalezo zezikhulu neziqondiso eziqondisa indlela izinhlangano ezichaza ngayo imithetho futhi zisebenzise ngayo. Basebenzisa ithonya labo lezombangazwe ukuze bakhuthaze noma banqande izindlela ezithile zokuyifeza.

Lokhu kumiswa kwegunya kusho ukuthi ithonya lombuso phezu kwesimiso lidlulela ngalé kwesinqumo sokuqala sokusayina noma ukuthatha umthetho. Ngisho nemithetho edluliswa phezu kwe-veto kambusi kumelwe isetshenziswe yizinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombusi, inikeza ababusi amathuba okuhlela indlela leyo mithetho esebenza ngayo.

Izinselele Nemikhuba Ezayo

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba kuye kwathinta ukubekwa kwemithetho yesifundazwe eminyakeni yamuva. Njengoba amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukene kakhulu futhi ehlangene, uhulumeni ohlukene phakathi, uye waba nombango. Ohulumeni nezishayamthetho ezilawulwa amaqembu ahlukene bavame ukulwa ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kakhulu kwamavetoe, imizamo evame kakhulu ukunqotshwa, nobunzima obukhulu ekudluliseni umthetho omkhulu.

Lokhu kuhlukana kuye kwathinta futhi indlela ababusi abasebenzisa ngayo amandla abo. Abanye ababusi baye bathembela kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu nasemisebenzini yokuphatha ukuze baqhubekisele phambili izinhloso zezimiso lapho ukubambisana kwemithetho kubonakala kunzima. Abanye baye basebenzisa amandla abo okulawula amandla kagesi kakhulu, benqaba izinombolo ezinkulu zezikweletu futhi besebenzisa amaveto njengezinkulumo zezombangazwe kunokuba basebenzise amathuluzi nje esimiso.

Amandla Aphuthumayo

Izenzakalo zamuva, ikakhulukazi umqedazwe we-COVOID-19, ziye zagxilisa ukunakekela emagunyeni aphuthumayo. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni inikeza ababusi igunya elibanzi lokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kuhlanganise namandla okukhipha izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, imithombo eqondile kahulumeni, nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zesikhashana ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwemithetho. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwala mandla phakathi nobhadane kwabangela izimpikiswano ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwegunya lesikhulu nesomthetho phakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasabela ngokumisa umthetho olinganisela isikhathi sezimemezelo eziphuthumayo, udinga imvume yemithetho yezenzo zokwenabela, noma imingcele yezenzo ezithile zomthetho phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo. Lezi zinguquko ziveza ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa ngokushesha phakathi nezinkinga nokukhathazeka ngamandla angenakunqandwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Imibala Egqamile

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo enqubweni yezenqubo yomthetho nokuhlola izenzo zomthetho. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni manje zinikeza i-website yokungena ezikweletini, izimemezelo zamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi, namarekhodi okuvota. Ohulumeni basebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana ukuze bachaze izikhundla zabo ezingokomthetho futhi bakhe ukusekela komphakathi izinto eziza kuqala. Amaqembu amaqembu ombuso akhuthaza abasekeli abasemkhankasweni we-ingosi ye - Internet nakuhlela izinombolo.

Lokhu kukhanya okukhulisiwe nokutholakala kuye kwahlela ukuthatha isigaba somthetho wentando yeningi ekwenzeni umthetho kahulumeni, kwavumela izakhamuzi ezengeziwe ukuba zilandele umthetho, zithintane nabameleli bazo, futhi zenze amazwi abo azwakale.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nabasekeli

Ukuqonda Inqubo

Kubantu abafuna ukuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni, ukuqonda indima yombusi ekwenzeni umthetho kubalulekile. Ukuphumelela ekusebenziseni imvume kudinga ukuthatha amaphuzu amaningi enqubeni yomthetho, hhayi lapho nje kuxoxwa ngezikweletu ekomitini noma phansi. Ukuxhumana nehhovisi lomphathi elihleliwe lomthetho kungathonya ukuthi izikweletu ziyasayinwa noma zisuswe. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nezisebenzi ze-gubernalacritial nabaphathi kungathinta indlela imithetho efakwa ngayo ngemva kwengxenye.

Abameli kufanele baqonde futhi amandla ezombangazwe phakathi kombusi nombuso wesishaya-mthetho. Ezizweni kanye nohulumeni onobunye, ukugxilisa imizamo yokuhola kweqembu elikhulu kungaba nempumelelo kakhulu. Kuhulumeni ohlukene, ukwakha imifelandawonye ye-bipartisan nokubonisa ukusekela komphakathi obanzi kuba baluleke kakhulu ekunqobeni amaveto noma ukuphikisa kwemithetho.

Ukuhlola Izenzo Zesigubhu

Izakhamuzi zingabheka izenzo zobuhlalisane ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Amahhovisi amaningi abaphathi agcina amawebhusayithi abhaliwe futhi aphonswe, kanye nemiyalezo echaza izizathu zokwenqatshwa. Ama-partiome angomthetho athumela izikweletu kumbusi kanye nesimo sawo sokugcina. Imithombo yezindaba ibika ngezinqumo ezibalulekile ze-gubernarator nemiphumela yayo yenqubo.

Ukuqonda isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo sobuphekula nakho kubalulekile. Ukwazi ukuthi izindleko zidluliselwa nini kumbusi nokuthi inkathi yokubukeza iphela nini kwenza abameleli basebenzise isikhathi sokuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo futhi balungiselele ukusabela ezinqumweni zobuphekula. Lokhu kusiza ukuba bavumelane ngokuhleleka okukhulu nangempumelelo nenqubo yokwenza imithetho.

Isiphetho: Indima ebalulekile yoMbusi

Indima yombusi ekubekeni umthetho kahulumeni idlulela ngalé kwesenzo esilula sokusayina noma ukukhipha izikweleti. Abaphathi bahlela uhlelo lwemithetho ngeziphakamiso zabo zezimiso nangokuhlela uhlelo. Bathonya lokho okuqukethwe umthetho ngezingxoxo nabaholi bomthetho. Banquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti eziba umthetho ngokusayinwa, ngokungenamthetho, ngokungenamthetho, noma ngokungenzi lutho. Bathinta indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo ngokulawula ukumiswa kwegatsha.

Lendima ephithizelayo yenza ababusi abasemkhakheni kahulumeni wezwe babe abadlali abaphethe, bahlanganyele amandla omthetho nezishaya - mthetho esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lilawule inqubo yesimiso. Ababusi abathile bamandla basebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo emazweni asekelwe kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, kodwa bonke ababusi basebenza bobabili futhi bahlola isenzo somthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela ababusi abahlanganyela ngayo ekubekeni umthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso sikahulumeni noma ithonya likahulumeni. Amandla angokomthetho okusayina ne-veto, ahlangene nethonya elikhululekile lezombangazwe nokusebenzisa igunya, kwenza ababusi babe abahlanganyeli ababalulekile ekusunguleni nasekuqedweni komthetho kahulumeni. Njengoba ohulumeni bezwe beqhubeka besingatha izinselele zesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, indima yombusi ekubekeni umthetho ihlala iyingxenye ebalulekile ye-soshadialism ne-democracy.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zesizwe zomthetho, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe ye-Legislatures inikeza imithombo eminingi yemali yokuthi izikweleti ziba kanjani imithetho ezizweni ezihlukene. i-Flactal Guardins Association inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana namandla esizwe kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu. Ulwazi olungombuso-fuzene lungatholakala ngemithetho ehlelweni ngalinye nangamawebhusayithi ehhovisi, anikeza ukufinyelela ekwakhelini yamanje, imilayezo, nenye imiyalo eveza inqubo yokwenza umthetho.