Amanxusa ombuso asebenza e-Amerika ebusayo, anomthwalo wemfanelo wezimiso eziningi ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zawo. Kusukela ekunikezeleni imfundo nasekunakekeleni impilo umthetho wokuguqula ukwahlulela nentuthuko yezezimali, imithetho yombuso ilawula indawo abantu abahlala kuyo, umsebenzi, nezokusebenza amabhizinisi. Nakuba i-United States Congress inomthwalo wemfanelo womthetho kahulumeni, umthamo omkhulu wemithetho odluliswa yizindlu zomthetho ezingu-50 zikahulumeni uyashaqisa. Lemikhandlu iyonke icabangela amashumi ezinkulungwane zezindleko zemali unyaka ngamunye. Ukuqonda kahle ukuthi umthetho uba umthetho owenziwa ngezinga lombuso akuwona nje umsebenzi owenziwayo embuthweni kahulumeni; iyithuluzi elisebenzayo kubalweli, abani bezohwebi, izintatheli, izikhulu zezindaba, izakhamuzi, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwa ukufisa ukuqondisa noma ukuthonya isimiso sesimiso.

Nakuba isisekelo sophahla sibona isiboniso sikahulumeni, izinqubo zikahulumeni zihlukile, zihlukene, futhi zivame ukufinyelelwa emphakathini. Ziyinkimbinkimbi, ziwuhambo oluningi oludinga umthetho ukuze uqhubeke uhlolwa, impikiswano, futhi uhlehlise izigaba eziningana. Isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo uhlotshiswe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba ufike ezincwadini zemithetho. Lokhu kuhlola okungaqondakali kuyaqhephuka kusuka kusuka ehlahlosweni lokuqala lomqondo kuya ekwakheni kokugcina komthetho wezwe omusha, kunikeza isiqondiso esinegunya ukuya kwenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni.

UGenesise Womthetho KaHulumeni: Ukuphoqelela Nokuphoqelelwa

Uhambo lomthetho kahulumeni luqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba ummisi-mthetho athathe amanyathelo angene esitezini. Ilungu lombuso liqala ngomqondo. Lomqondo ungavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Isethi elwisana nesithiyo sombuso ingabangela inqubo ephithizelayo. Iqembu elinxusayo elimele imboni ethile lingase lisikisele izinguquko ezimisweni zezebhizinisi. Inhlangano kahulumeni ingathola igebe kumandla akhona okuqinisekisa. Impoqo yokugunyaza umsebenzi, ukuphenya, noma isigaba sesimiso somthetho sommisi ngokwaso singaba izilinganiso ezivamile.

Uma nje sekusungulwe umqondo, umbhalo wangempela womthetho kumelwe ukhiqizwe. Lena inqubo yobuchwepheshe obukhulu. Nakuba ummisi-mthetho engase abe nomgomo obanzi, ulimi olungokomthetho oluqondile kumelwe luqonde ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela engahlolwanga futhi kubekelwe izinselele zenkantolo. Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa incwadi engekho eqenjini enikeza imvume yokuhlela, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Legislative Department Services, noma i-Revis of Screctes. Laba bameli abanolwazi bahumushela incazelo yemithetho esemthethweni yolimi lomthetho. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi umbhalo ohlobanayo ufanelana nezimiso zemithetho ekhona, unamathela ezimthethwenisweni zomthetho, futhi uveza ngokunembile izinhloso zomxhasi.

Ukuxhasa ukuxhasa kuyisinyathelo esilandelayo esibucayi. Kwezinye izizwe, umxhasi oyinhloko ungumsekeli omkhulu wemali futhi uyoyilawula ngenqubo yomthetho. Abaxhasi banezela amagama abo ekusekeleni izimpawu, okungabonisa izinga lokusekela kwemali noma ukubaluleka kwayo ekamelweni. Kukhona imingcele enanini le-co-ponsnstors noma imithetho ngokuphathelene nalapho zinganezelwa khona. Lesisigaba sokuqala, ngenkathi kubonakala sengathi sibusa, simisa isisekelo somfutho wemithetho yezezombangazwe. Umthetho owenziwe ngobubanzi, iqembu elihlukeneyo labaxhasi banethuba eliphakeme lokuqhubekela kunelo lomuntu oyedwa osungulwa ngaphandle kokusekelwa okuphawulekayo.

Isingeniso Esivamile Nokufunda Okokuqala

Uma isikhwama sibhaliwe futhi siboshelwe umxhasi, inqubo engokomthetho yokushaya umthetho iqala. Umxhasi uletha lesi sikweleti ngokuyisa kumphathi-mthetho omkhulu noma kunobhala wegumbi labo. Ezizweni eziningi, lesi senzo sihambisana "nokufunda kokuqala," lapho isihloko somthetho sifundwa khona ngokuzwakalayo, futhi sabelwe inani lomthetho. Leli nani liyisazi semali esisemthethweni sohambo lwaso olusele (umz. HB 101 we House Bill 101, noma SB 202 yeSigele seB Bill Bill 202).

Imithetho yesethulo iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe. Ezinye izifunda zinemikhawulo eqinile yokufaka izikweleti phakathi kwesimiso somthetho, kuyilapho ezinye zilula kakhulu. Isimo esifana neCalifornia sinesikhathi "seminyaka emibili" sonyaka wokuqala, lapho izindleko eziqalwe ngonyaka wokuqala zingaqhubekeka khona kuze kube unyaka wesibili ngaphandle kokufuna ukubuyiselwa. Ezinye izikhawu ezinezikhawu lapho noma yisiphi isikweleti esingadluliswanga sifa ekupheleni komjikelezo weminyaka emibili, idinga ukuqala kabusha ngokuphelele esiqephisweni esilandelayo. Umqulu omkhulu wezindleko osungulwe ngonyaka ungaqala ngokusha; umba omkhulu wezindleko ungabona izinkulungwane zezindleko zingeniswa esiqenjini esisodwa. Lomqulu ngokushesha uqokomisa isidingo sendlela yokuhlunga: isimiso sokuhlela: isimiso sokufunda okokuqala izindawo ezisemthethweni ezisemjikelezweni ze-mapane.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Amabhola Esetshenziswa Khona Ngekhono Lokubhala

Isimiso sekomiti siyisikhungo senqubo yomthetho. Ngokuvamile sibizwa ngokuthi "isikhungo somthetho-mthetho," lapha lapho imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yemali ihlolwa khona, kuphikiswana, futhi kuphinda kushintshwa khona. Ngaphandle kwemvume yamakomiti, akuvamile ukuba umthetho uqhubekele phansi ukuze kuvotelwe igumbi eligcwele. Amandla ekomiti okubumba, ukuthuthukisa, noma ukubulala umthetho akhulu futhi abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwendlu kahulumeni.

Indima Yamakomiti Amile

Igumbi ngalinye lihlelwe laba yizimo ezihlala njalo, amaqembu aqondene nezihloko aziwa ngokuthi amakomiti amile. La makomiti ahlanganisa izindawo ezinjenge-Agriculture, Emfundo, iHealth, iJadiary, iHosting, ne-Frams kanye ne-Fractal (ephatha intela nemali kahulumeni). Isihlalo sekomiti, isikhundla esinamandla esibekwa yilungu leqembu elikhulu, silawula uhlelo lwekomiti. Isihlalo sinquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezifanele ukulalelwa futhi kuhlelwe kanjani. Imithetho yekomiti ichazwa ngemithetho yegumbi, iqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zibukezwa amalungu ngekhono elikhulu ngendaba. Isibonelo, umthetho wezemidathako wezokubulala izinambuzane uzakuqondiswa eKomitini yezokulima, hhayi iKomiti yezemfundo.

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nobufakazi Komphakathi

Elinye lamaphuzu afinyeleleka kakhulu enqubo yomthetho wokushaya umthetho ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi. Leli ithuba eliyinhloko lezakhamuzi, ochwepheshe, abashicileli, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zinikeze ukufakwa okuqondile. OFakazi bangafakaza ngasese, ngokubhala, noma cishe ngokwandayo. Bangakhuluma ngokusekela umthetho, ngokuphikisana nawo, noma ukusikisela kokulungisa. Ukuzwa kwabantu kusebenza kwentando yeningi, ukuvumela ukuba abenzi bomthetho bathathe iqhaza elibalulekile, banikeze abaphethe imingcele yangempela futhi banikeze abaphathi bezwe imibono engcono ngenye indlela. [Ingqungquthela yezwe yaMacalatures (NCSL)) esetshenziswa kamuva inkantolo engokomthetho. org/iglafleaultratives/ieacess) inikeza imithombo yemisebenzi emikhulu, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokuphatha kahle kakhulu. I-Reoral Conference of Lancesting (Implations) i-oms) ingenza imvume yokuchaza umthetho kamuva. Uma isikhulu esihlelwe.

Inqubo Yokuphawuleka Nesichibiyelo

Ngemva kokuzwana kwasobala, ikomiti ingena eqenjini "lokubhalisa". Phakathi nesigaba. Phakathi nokubhalisa, amalungu ekomiti ahlongoza, ukuphikisana, nokuvota ekulungiseni izikweleti. "ubuhlobo" bungacacisa ulimi oludidayo noma imbobo yokuvala insimbi yobuchwepheshe. "ukulungisa" kungashintsha ngokushesha inhloso yesivumelwano, ngezinye izikhathi njengecebo lokuvota ngokwanele ukuba sidlule, noma ngokuphikisanayo, ukudalula ubuthakathaka baso. Inqubo yokuvota ingashesha ukuhlukanisa izikweleti eziningi noma inwebeva izivumelwano zemihlangano eyinkimbinkimbi noma ebekwe umthetho wezomthetho wezombangazwe. Inqubo ngayinye iphikisana futhi ibuswa amalungu ekomitini. Lena isendaweni ebanzi, umgqele wemisebenzi.

Isiyalo esithi "Yidlula" nesithi "Pigeyoni"

Ngemva kokubhaliswa, ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingawuthumela yini umthetho egumbini eligcwele. Ukuvota okuqondile kubizwa ngokuthi "Isimemezelo". Ngezinye izikhathi, amakomiti anikeza u "Indlela Ka-Amented" ukutusa, okubonisa ukuthi isikweleti kufanele siqhubeke kodwa kuphela nezinguquko ezamukelwayo phakathi nokubhalisa. Uma ikomiti ihluleka ukusebenza ngomthetho, noma ukuvota ngokumelene naso, imvume ifile ngokuphumelelayo kuleso simiso. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "pigeonho" noma "tabling" isambal". Ngakho, isimiso sekomiti, sisebenza njengohluzo olunamandla, siqinisekisa ukuthi kuphela, umthetho owenzile ufinyelela phansi kwegumbi eligcwele. Ububanzi bezikweleti zendlu eqedweni lendlu, i-'ikhomu enkulu yemithetho ekhona ebhodini le-odsssssssss, iphethe le komiti lemisebenzi ephethe lemisebenzi.

Impikiswano Nezinkulumo Ezisemkhakheni Wemvelaphi

Uma kubikwa kahle isikweleti sekomiti, sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze sihlolwe phansi. IKomiti yeMiyalo egumbini ngalinye ilawula ukugeleza komthetho phansi, inqume ukuthi izindleko ziphi lapho kuxoxwa khona. Lona umsebenzi onamandla wokuhlela, njengoba ukubekwa sekwephuzile ekhalendeni kunganciphisa kakhulu amathuba okudlula ngaphambi kokuba isiqephu siphele.

Imithetho Yokufunda Nempikiswano

Impikiswano egcwele ephethe ibhande lendaba. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahlukahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile, umxhasi uqala ngokuchaza injongo yemali nenhloso yayo. Amalungu abe eseshintshana ngokukhuluma noma ngokumelene nemali. Izigwegwegwe zinganikezwa phansi phakathi nalempikiswano, nakuba ezinye izigodlo zifuna ukuba kulungiswe ukubhalwa kusengaphambili. Lokhu "okwesibili" kuhilela ukubukezwa kwemithetho nokucatshangelwa kokuqedwa kwemali, kuyilapho "Ukufunda kwesibili" kuyindlela yokugcina yokufunda phambi kokuvota. Amanye amazwe adinga isimemezelo sokufundwa ngokugcwele ngezinsuku ezintathu ezihlukene, nakuba lo mthetho ungamiswa ngokuvota okuphambili. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba kuhlanganiswe inqubo yengxoxo ephelele yezizathu zomthetho futhi iqondwe.

Izindlela Zokusakaza

Izishaya-mthetho zisebenzisa izindlela eziningana ukuze zibhale amavoti. Izwi (lithi "yeya" noma "nay") lisetshenziselwa izindaba ezingahlangani nomphumela lapho umphumela ucacile khona. Ukuvota kweqembu kuyisilinganiso lapho amalungu amele ukubalwa khona. Ucingo lubiza amarekhodi evoti elungu ngalinye lelungu ngalinye, okudingeka ukuba lidlulise umthetho wemali ebhaliwe. Uma umthetho uthola ukuthi amavoti ayindaba yomphakathi, uvumela ukuba amalungu alo aqaphele ukuthi livote kanjani. Ingxenye elula yamalungu akhona futhi avote, ukuthatha i-vhoti (ngokuvamile inani lamalungu onke), kuyadingeka ukuba lidlulise isikhwama. Uma imvume imvume ifunda ingxenye enkulu, iyayidlulisa "e" ekufundeni kwesithathu.

Isigungu Sesibili: Ukudlula Emshinini Ohlaba Umxhwele

Uma isikweleti sesidlulise elinye igumbi, sidluliselwa kwelinye igumbi ukuze siqale inqubo entsha. Umyalezo uthunyelwa ngokusemthethweni komunye umzimba, kanye nekhophi ematasa ehlanganisa zonke izimemezelo ezenziwa egumbini lokudayisa. Igumbi lesibili kumelwe lidlulise umbiko ngendlela efanayo ukuze uqhubekele kumbusi.

Inqubo egumbini lesibili ayisona isitembu senjoloba. Ihamba kuyo yonke imishini yemithetho futhi: okokuqala ifunda, ikomiti i-arhesral, ukuchoma, ukuvota kwasobala, impikiswano yaphansi, nevoti yokugcina. Igumbi lesibili linamandla agcwele okulahla imvume, liyidlulise ngaphandle koshintsho, noma liyidlulise ngokulungisa injoloba. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlulisa umlomo ngaphandle koshintsho, libizwa ngokuthi "i-concurrence," futhi loluphawu luthunyelwa ngokuqondile kumbusi. Nokho, lokhu akuvamile ukuba kunikezwe umthetho obalulekile. Ngokuvamile, amagumbi wesibili aveza izintambo zawo siqu, athumela isimende sendalo emuva, abuyela emuva egumbini lokusungula.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani: AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Uma amagumbi amabili engenakuvumelana ngolimi lokugcina lwesivumelwano, kumiswa ikomiti yengqungquthela. Lena ikomiti yesikhashana, eyisikhangiso eyakhiwe ngamalungu amancane egumbi ngalinye, ngokuvamile amalungu amasha amakomiti azimele ahileleke ezitejini zokuqala zemali. Lamalungu amiswa nguSheaker wendlu neSigele iMajority (noma uMongameli weSigele).

Ikomiti yengqungquthela yenza imihlangano yokuvumelana. Umgomo uwukwenza umsuka owodwa wesibhaka-bhuthi ongasamukela womabili amagumbi. Umphumela womsebenzi wabo "umbiko wesivumelwano," owukuhumusha okuphelele, okubhaliwe kwencwadi. Lombiko ubuyiselwa emuva kuwo womabili amakamu okuvota. Uma amagumbi evumela umhlangano, umbiko awugunyaziwe kulesigaba. Uma enye imishini ivunyelwe kulendawo. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe bawamukele wonke umbiko wengqungqungquthela noma bawenqabe ngokuphelele. Lokhu "kuwuthatha noma ukuwushiya" kugxilise amandla abalulekile ezandleni zamalungu ekomiti yengqungquthela. Uma kokubili amagumbi evumela umbiko, umbiko ubhaliwe futhi uthunyelwe kumbusi. Uma enye indikimba yomthetho noma yomibili ingafa, noma ifomu yekomiti yokuhlela ikomiti entsha.

Isenzo Sokuhlinza: Isinyathelo Sokugcina

Imali, njengoba isiphumile e-labyrinth yomthetho, ihlala phezu kwedeski lombusi. Ukukhetha kombusi kuyahluka ngokomthetho-sisekelo wombuso kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa nalezizenzo ezilandelayo:

  • Uphawu kuMthetho: Umbusi uvumelana nomthetho futhi awuphawule, ewenza umthetho wezwe. Lokhu kuvame ukuhambisana nomkhosi womphakathi.
  • Veto:[ Umbusi uyayenqaba imvume aphinde ayithumele egumbini eliqalile enomyalezo weveto ochaza ukuphikisa. Iveto iyisehlo esinamandla kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho.
  • Vumela ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle komnyombo: Ezizweni eziningi, umbusi angamane athathe nyathelo. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezikhankanyiwe (kancane-futhi, amaSonto, noma izinsuku ezingu-30 uma isishayamthetho sifunwe), umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo uba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa umbusi. Lokhu kungaba yisinqumo esingcono uma umbusi engafuni ukuvuma ngokugcwele ukuthi umthetho uvunyelwe kodwa engafuni ukuwugunyaza.
  • Ilayini-ingxenye-yesi-ingxenye: Ihlukile ekufakeni izikweleti (izigwegwe), umugqa-ingxenyeveto uvumela umbusi ukuba ashaye izihloko ezithile noma isilinganiso semali uma evumela yonke imali. Lokhu kunikeza amajaji amandla aqinile ekuhleleni imali yombuso nasekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala.

IVeto Ilawula Inqubo

I-gubernonatorial vhato ayisona isiphetho semvume. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingakhipha imvume ngokudlulisa futhi imvume ngevoti enkulu. I-supermajorial ivame ukuba izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zamalungu akhethwe egumbi ngalinye. Lokhu kuyisiqobo esiphezulu ngamabomu ukucacisa, futhi ukudlula kwevela ngokulinganiselwe. Zivele zidlule ngemithetho ephakeme kakhulu noma ngemithetho ephawulekayo lapho i-pactive izizwa yanele ukuhlanganisa amavoti adingekile. [Inhlangano ye-National Guvergards Association (NGA)] (https:/ww.g.g.org/) inikeza imininingwane ebanzi ephetheyokuhlela amandla nezimiso zezwe ngalinye, inyusa imibandela ephawulekayo ehlela izinhlangano eziphawulekayo ezweni ngalinye.

Izinsuku Eziphumelelayo Nezibopho

Uma nje isikweleti sisayinwa umbusi (noma siba umthetho ngenye indlela yomthetho-sisekelo), saziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "umthetho obhaliwe."Umthetho awusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imithetho eminingi yombuso ihlanganisa "usuku olusebenzayo" lombhalo. Imithetho eminingi isebenza ngosuku oluqondile, njengoJanuary 1 wonyaka olandelayo, noma izinsuku ezingu-90 ngemva kokuphela kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kulibala kuvumela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zilungiselele ukusebenzisa umthetho futhi zinikeze izakhamuzi isikhathi sokuqonda izimfuneko ezintsha. Izinyathelo eziphuthumayo, njengemithetho edingekayo ngokushesha ukuze kugcinwe uhulumeni usongela umphakathi ngokushesha, zingasebenza ngokushesha esigqeshini somthetho.

Ngemva kosuku oluphumelelayo, umthetho omusha ufakwa eqoqweni elingokomthetho lemithetho ehlala njalo kahulumeni, eyaziwa ngokuthi "izimiso zezwe," "izimiso eziphindiwe," noma "imithetho emisiwe" le nqubo yokuhlanganisa ihlela umthetho ngezihloko. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho omusha ophathelene nezimfuneko zothisha ungahlanganiswa ngesihloko semfundo yemithetho kazwelonke. Lenhlangano ehleliwe iyindlela imithetho efinyelelwa ngayo emphakathini, kubameli, nakwabahluleli besizwe. Izinkonzo ezifana [novula i-top [isptns].org/) unikeza amathuluzi amahle kakhulu okuhlela izikweleti zemikhondo ngenqubo yomthetho nokuthola imithetho yomthetho.

Ukuqonda Uhambo Lomthetho KaHulumeni

Inqubo yokunikeza umthetho kahulumeni iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu futhi ibekwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ihilela amasango amaningi, amathuba okufakwa komphakathi, kanye namandla ahlukene aklanyelwe ukuvimbela umthetho osusheshayo noma ocatshangelwa kabi. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala nokuhlolwa kwekomiti ukuya ezimpikiswaneni zobuso kanye nokubukezwa kwe-gubernerate, isinyathelo ngasinye senezela ungwengwengwele lwezinga lokulandisa futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi ububanzi bamazwi anethuba lokuzwakala. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi sicotha futhi sikhubaza, siyitshe lesisekelo esizinzile, esingummeleli.

Ukuqonda le nqubo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufakazelwa ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, ukuxhumana nomenzi wemithetho ukuze asho umbono, ukulandela intuthuko yemali ngokubhalisa ikomiti, noma ukuvota ngombono oqondiswe ngendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, ukuhlanganyela kulesi simiso kubalulekile empilweni yayo. Ngokuvamile uhulumeni uyingxenye kahulumeni oseduze nabantu, futhi inqubo yakhe yemithetho iklanyelwe ukufinyelela. Ngokuqonda izinyathelo ezibekwe lapha, noma yimuphi umuntu noma inhlangano ingasebenzisa kangcono indlela yokuqondisa isimiso futhi ifeze indima ekulungiseni imithetho ebusa umphakathi wayo.