Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Ukubuswa KoMbuso Ngezindlela Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Umthetho - sisekelo wombuso usebenza njengezincwadi eziyisisekelo ezichaza isakhiwo, imibuso, nemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni phakathi kwe-50 ye-United States. Nakuba umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni futhi ubeka isisekelo esiqinile sesivikelo samalungelo ombuso, imithetho yemithetho ngokuvamile inikeza imininingwane ebanzi, ebanzi, futhi iziqondiso zendawo ezihlelelwe indlela imibuso esebenza ngayo. Le zincwadi aziyona nje amakhophi omthetho-sisekelo kazwe; zibonakalisa umlando oyingqayizivele wombuso ngamunye, amasiko ezombangazwe, nezinto eziza kuqala. Kusukela ekusekeleni imfundo yomphakathi ukubeka imithetho yentela yempahla nesivikelo sendawo, imithetho engokomthetho ehlela ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezigidi zaseMelika. Ukuqonda le mithwalo yezincwadi esemthethweni kahulumeni ayiyona into ebalulekile kubafundisi, abakhiqiniswe ukuphatha inqubo yezentengo yezwe, nakubantu besizwe abafuna ukuthatha isilinganiso esiphethwe yizwe lonke elaseMelika.

Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebucayi yomthetho-sisekelo wezwe ofeza ukuchaza imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni, ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi, nokuzivumelanisa nezinselele zesimanje. Sizohlola izici eziyinhloko ezivamile kumthetho-sisekelo wombuso omningi, izindlela ezihlukahluka kuzo, kanye nezingakhokhwa eziwusizo ezicini zezimiso njengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nokuphepha komphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Okungokomlando Nangokomthetho Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni wangaphambi komthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wamiswa ngaphambi komthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wezwe phakathi neNguquko yaseMelika, njengoba amakoloni aguqulwa aba yimibuso ezimele. Ngokwesibonelo, iMassachusetts yamukela umthetho - sisekelo wayo ngo-1780, osalokhu umthetho-sisekelo omdala olotshiwe. Le mibhalo yakudala yamisa isiko lomthetho oyisisekelo obhalwe phansi, obekwe ngokwezinga likazwe elingu-$a isiko eliye lahlala futhi laguquka iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-240. Namuhla, umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, ngaphandle kwembalwa osebenza ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezenzo zomthetho-mthetho (kodwa angu-50 ubizwa njengomthetho).

Ukubaluleka okungokomthetho komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kusendimani yawo njengomthetho ophakeme ngaphakathi kwezwe, ungaphansi komthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kuphela nomthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iye yasekela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inganikeza isivikelo esikhulu samalungelo abantu kunomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, kodwa ayinakwephula amalungelo amiswe umthetho kahulumeni. Lesi simiso, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi “isimo esizimele”, sivumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zichaze amalungelo azo siqu adlulele.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ehluke Ngayo EMthethweni Kahulumeni

Nakuba zombili izincwadi zivumelana nesakhiwo esifanayo − kuhlanganise nesandulela, isigqebhezana samalungelo, nezihloko ezimayelana nenhlangano kahulumeni − imithetho-mthetho yesifundazwe ivame ukuguqulwa kade, imininingwane eminingi, futhi kulula ukuyiqeda. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uye washintshwa izikhathi ezingu-77 kuphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu- 230, kanti imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ibuye ilungiswe ngokulungisa, ngemithetho-mthetho, noma ngemihlangano yezomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-Alabami (1901) uguqulwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-90, wenziwa umthetho-mthetho-mthethwenamende kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kubonisa isidingo samazwe sokukhuluma ngezindaba zendawo, imithetho yezemfundo, imithetho, noma imingcele kahulumeni yendawo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Naphezu kobude nokuhluka kwemithetho, imithetho - sisekelo yesifundazwe inezici eziningana ezichaza indlela ehlelwe ngayo nenjongo yayo.

Inkulumo Engenangqondo Nezimiso

Umthetho - sisekelo ngamunye wezwe uqala ngesandulela esichaza injongo yencwadi kanye nezimiso eziqondisayo. Lezi zingeniso zivame ukunanela ulimi loMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kodwa zingabonisa futhi izindinganiso eziqondene nombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, isethulo saseCalifornia sigcizelela “ukulinganisa izibusiso zenkululeko” kuyilapho sikhuluma futhi ngokuthi“ ubulungisa nokuphepha komphakathi.” Isingeniso sikaTexas simane sithi “abantu baseTexas bayamisa futhi bamise loMthetho-sisekelo.” Isiqalo simisa iphimbo lokuchaza yonke lencwadi futhi singathonya ukuchazwa kwezimiso zokwahlulela kamuva.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Wonke umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uhlanganisa imvume yamalungelo ahlukanisa inkululeko eyisisekelo yezakhamuzi. La malungiselelo avame ukudlula ku-Bill of Rights kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho-mthetho eminingi ivikela ngokuqondile amalungelo anjengelungelo lokuthola isodwa, ilungelo lokufundisa umphakathi mahhala, nelungelo lokuzingela izinhlanzi. Ezinye izizwe, njenge New York ne California, zinezivikele ezengeziwe zezisebenzi, njengamalungelo okuthengwa. Izivumelwano zikahulumeni zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba zinganikeza isisekelo sezinselele ezingokomthetho eziphumelelayo ngisho nalapho umthetho uhulumeni uhluleka.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni umisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: ukushaya umthetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Nokho, imininingwane iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundane zinesimiso esibuthakathaka sombuso (umz. Texas, lapho umbusi enegunya elilinganiselwe khona, kuyilapho amanye enababusi abanamandla abanegunya eliqinile (umz., iNew York), izakhiwo ze-Legislatiss ziyahluka futhi: izifundazwe ezingu- 49 zinezishaya umthetho (umklomo we-bibraska ingeyodwa nendikimba ehlangene ne-ontaraligile). Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ichaza izimfanelo, amagama, amajaji, amajaji, nabahluleli, kanye nezimiso zokudlulisa imithetho, intela, nokuchitha.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ihlanganisa izinqubo ezithile zokwenza izinguquko. Iningi livumela ukulungisa ngevoti yomthetho elandelwa yi-patriam yomphakathi. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukushintshwa kwezakhamuzi ngezindlela zokuthatha i-collet [1] inqubo engekho ezingeni likahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwezicelo zeCalifornia kuye kwaholela ekulungiseni izinqumo eziningi zomthetho-mthethweni ezisukela ezintelani zempahla (Isivumelwano 13) ekulungiseni ukwahlulela okungemthetho (Inqubo 47). Ukulula okulinganiselwe kokulungisa i-andementmentment kuchaza imithetho-mthetho kazwe kungavumelana ngokushesha, kodwa kungaholela nasekusebenziseni iziqulo zezicelo, amabhukwana amaningi angaphakathi.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Echaza Ngayo Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni

Mhlawumbe indlela eqondile yokulawula imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni iwukunika uhulumeni wezwe imithwalo yemfanelo ethile. Lezizabelo zakha izibopho ezibophayo okumelwe izishaya - mthetho nabaqondisi bale mithetho bazenze. Sizohlola izindawo eziningana eziyinhloko lapho iziqondiso zomthetho-sisekelo zivame khona ukumenyezelwa.

Imfundo

Cishe wonke umthetho-mthetho udinga ukuba kusungulwe futhi kuxhaswe isimiso sezikole zomphakathi ezikhululekile. Ulimi luyahlukahluka: amanye ama-system agunyaza “isimiso esiphelele nesiphumelelayo sezikole zomphakathi” (New Jersey), kuyilapho amanye edinga“ ukusakazwa okuvamile kolwazi” (iTexas). Lomcimbi womthetho-sisekelo uye waholela emacaleni amaningi enkantolo. [ekwaziwa ngokuthi] ukuxhasa kwezemfundo ezikoleni ezisemthethweni [1] (amacala ahlukene) /aphonsiss aphikisa ukuthi umbuso uhlulekile ukuhlangabezana nesibopho sawo somthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNew Jersey e[FLT:] Abbatt v. I-Burke] i-mthetho wezwe ukuba ihlele izifunda zemfundo ezimpofu. Labsmessa izikhulu zeze izikhulu zeze izifunda zeze

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uvame ukumisa uhlelo lokugcina ukuphepha komphakathi. Bangase bakhe amaphoyisa kahulumeni, bachaze amagunya abameli, futhi bamise imithetho yokumiswa kwabahluleli nabashushisi. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi futhi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo elungelo lokuphatha izikhali, kanye namanye amazwe avikela ngokucacile ubuni bezibhamu ngaphezu kweSiphendu sesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ifuna ukuba umbuso unikeze ummeli we-soshane noma umlindiwe. La zimiso zokwakha imithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nokusakazwa kwegunya phakathi kwezwe nezinhlangano zendawo.

Impilo, Inhlalakahle, Nokunakekela Impilo

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungahlanganisi ilungelo lokunakekela impilo, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingana yenza. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni waseHawaii ugunyaza ukuba umbuso “ugcine isivikelo nokukhuthazwa kwempilo yomphakathi.” Ezinye izifundazwe, njengoMassachusetts, zinelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lomshuwalense wezempilo, isisekelo somthetho wesimo sezwe senguquko yempilo ka 2006. Izimiso zezwe ngokuvamile zifuna ukuba uhulumeni unakekele abampofu, asebekhulile, nabakhubazekile. Lezi zibopho zomthetho zingaqhubela izindleko zemali futhi zakhe izibopho ezingokomthetho zabenzi bomthetho.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uvame ukubeka imisebenzi ephathelene nokunakekelwa kwemigwaqo, amabhuloho, amatheku, neminye imisebenzi yomphakathi. Eminye imibuso iye yanikezela izimali zokuthutha, ivikelwe yizinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezivimbela isishayamthetho ukuba siphambukise izimali zomgwaqo zisebenzise ezinye izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo waseCalifornia uhlanganisa “ilungiselelo lokukhokha intela yegesi” elinikezela kuphela imali yentela yokuthutha. Lemiyalo yomthetho-sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sihlala singumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni oyinhloko, ovikelwe ekusebenziseni imali ezombangazwe zaminyaka yonke.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Inani elikhulayo lomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni lihlanganisa amalungiselelo aqondene ngokuqondile nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile nemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo kaMontana umemezela ukuthi “umbuso uzolondoloza futhi uthuthukise indawo ezungezile ehlanzekile nenempilo eMontana kulezi zizukulwane zamanje nezizayo.” Lelilungiselelo liye lasetshenziswa izithakathi ukubekela izinselele ezisongela izinga lamanzi amanzi noma indawo yokuhlala yezilwane zasendle. Ezinye izizwe, njengePennsylvania, zinezinguquko zomthetho zenza ukuqaphela ilungelo lomoya ohlanzekile namanzi. Amalungiselelo anjalo aphakamisa isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sibe umthetho omthetho, adinga izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zihlele isilinganiso esiqinile esihlala isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlukahluka Phakathi Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni: Izibonelo Nokuqhathaniswa

Awukho umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ofanayo. Ukuhluka ngobude, imininingwane, ukushintsha, namalungelo akhethekile kubonisa izizinda ezihlukene namasiko ezombangazwe ezwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisihluthulelo sokwazisa isimo sobuzwe sase-United States.

Ubude Nemininingwane

UMthetho-sisekelo we-Alabama udume kakhulu emhlabeni, unamagama angaphezu kuka-300,000. Uhlanganisa izinguquko eziningi zendawo ezisebenza kuphela ezindaweni ezithile noma emadolobheni. Ngokuphambene, iVermont Camplinity ifinyezwe ngokwesilinganiso samagama (amagama angu-8,200) futhi igxile ezimisweni ezibanzi. Uma kuqhathaniswa, uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., ungaba cishe amagama angu-7 500. Ubude buvame ukuhlanganiswa nokushelela okulula: kusho njenga-Alaba no-Alaba noTexas, lapho kuvame khona ukugcinwa njalo, kunqwabelane isikhathi esiningi.

Ukuphindaphindeka Kwesichibiyelo

Abanye bathi inqubo yabo yokulungisa imithetho-mthetho ivame ukuncishiswa, kanti eminye ayivamile. iCalifornia ihola isizwe ngezinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-500 kusukela ngomthetho-mthetho - sisekelo waso ka-1994. ITexas iye yathatha izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-500 futhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isho ukuthi amaMassachusetts namaNew Hampshire alungise imibhalo yawo yokusungula iphindwe ka-200. Izikhathi zithonywa ukuba khona kwenqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala (Califon), i-Oregon, ne-Coloradoradow ziye zathatha izimiso zokuthatha isinyathelo ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphume esivumelweni somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Isivikelo Samalungelo

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni unikeza isivikelo esibanzi kuneSigqebhezana samaLungelo sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho wezwe uqinisekisa ilungelo lokungafihli muntu (umz., California, Florida, Alaska) ngisho nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. ungakhulumi ngokukhululekile. Ezinye izizwe zivikela ilungelo lokukhipha isisu esilinganayo noma inkululeko yokuzala ngaphandle kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Kulokhu kulandela [[FLT:] [umk] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:] (2022), iziphakamiso ezingaphezu kwezingu-mbili ziye zashukumisela ekukhipheni izisu ezimo zecala ezisezweni kwezimo ezisebusweni zesizwe ngomthetho noma ngemithetho yenkantolo. Lesi simo sibonisa ukulandelanisa imithetho yemithetho yemithetho esebenzayo njengemicishini yelungelo lokuthuthukisa amalungelo.

Amalungiselelo Ayingqayizivele

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ohlukene ohlukene uhlanganisa izici ezingatholakali kwenye indawo. Umthetho-sisekelo kaWyoming uqinisekisa “ilungelo lokujabulela nokuvikela ukuphila nenkululeko, ukuba nempahla, nokuyifuna nokuyivikela, nokuthola nokuthola injabulo.” Umthetho-sisekelo we-Oklahoma uhlanganisa uhlelo lwesitimela oluningiliziwe nenhlangano kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Alaska uhlanganisa ilungiselelo elifuna uhulumeni ukuba alawule imithombo yemvelo ukuze abantu bazuze kakhulu.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ayiwona nje amaphepha enhlangano; ayimishini ephilayo evikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ngokuvamile inikeza amalungelo angaphezulu kwalawo aseMthethweni we-U.S. Nazi izindawo eziyinhloko lapho imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni iye yaba nethonya elinamandla kumalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wenqabela ukucwasana ngokukhetha okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, nobudala, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ingandisa ukuvota. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe ziwabuyisela ngokuzenzakalela amalungelo okuvota kumafelon lapho ekhululwa ejele (umzk. Colorado, Michigan). Ezinye zivumela abantu abaneminyaka engu-16 nengu-17 ubudala ukuba bavote kukhetho lwendawo (umzk., amanye amadolobha aseCalifornia). Izifundazwe eziningi zinezinguquko ezizimele ezidala izikhomishane zokuvota ezizimele zokuvimbela ukuvota kwe-Régarbargenrymanling, njenge-Arizona kanye neCalifornia.

Imfundo Njengelungelo

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uqinisekisa ngokucacile ilungelo lemfundo, ngokungafani noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. lapho amazwe ehluleka ukukhokha izikole ngokwaneleyo, abaxhasi be-ligigigi baye bazama ngokuphumelelayo ukuphoqelela lelilungelo. Isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu yi- San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez[[FLT] [1973] icala, lapho iU.S. Court ephezulu yayikholelwa ukuthi imfundo ayiyona i-omgaqo wesizwe kwesokudla − kodwa ishiya umnyango uvulile iziphakamiso zikahulumeni. Izenzakalo ezithile zisholo njenge-New Jersey, Kentucky, ne-Ohio zisebenzise imithetho yezwe ukubopha izimali zemfundo ezingcono.

Ukuba Wedwa Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukuhlanganisa nelungelo elicacile lokuvikela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Umthetho-sisekelo waseCalifornia uhlanganisa ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, eliye lahunyushwa ukuze kuvikelwe ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini yezobuchwepheshe, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, kanye nenkolo. Ngo-2018, iCalifornia futhi yanezela ilungelo lokufaka imfihlo ngokuthatha isinyathelo sokufaka imvume. Ezinye izifunda ezifana ne-Illinois neWashington ziye zamisa imithetho eqinile esekelwe ngokwengxenye ekuvikelweni komthetho-mthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikweleta zamalungelo ezwe ngokuvamile zivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nenkolo, ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganisa kakhulu kuneSiphendumiso Sokuqala.

Imisebenzi Namalungelo Ezomnotho

Umthetho-mthetho omisiwe ohlukene uqinisekisa amalungelo ezisebenzi ukuba zihlele, zilinganisele, futhi zithole iholo elifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo waseNew York uvikela ilungelo lokujoyina izinyunyana zezisebenzi futhi uthengise i-propati. Umthetho-sisekelo weHawaii unikeza ilungelo lokuhlela nelungelo lokuthola umholo olinganiselwe. Amanye amazwe, njenge Kansas neMissouri, anezilungiselelo “ezifanele ukuya emsebenzini” ezimisweni zawo ezilinganisela izivumelwano zokhuseleko lwenyunyana.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ezizungeze Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ibalulekile ekubuseni, ibuye ibangele izinselele eziphawulekayo.

Ukuchaza Nesenzo Sokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukulwa nokuchaza ulimi oludidayo lomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo ethi “imfundo eyanele nephumelelayo” iye yachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu ngezinkantolo ezivelele zikahulumeni ezihlukene. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zayala ukwanda okukhulu kwezimali, okuholela ekumangalelweni kwezahluleli. Ezinye ziye zazindela ezindlini zomthetho-mthetho. Inselele yokuchaza ikhushulwa ngobude nangemininingwane yemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo, okungaziphikisayo ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokulungisa.

Umfutho Wenqubo Yesichitho

Ezimweni ezinezinqubo ezinzima zokulungisa, izinguquko ezidingekayo zingaqedwa iminyaka eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseFlorida ufuna ukuba kudluliswe inguquko enkulu engamashumi amathandathu% ku-compling ku-compter, okwenza kube nzima ukuveza ushintsho ngisho nangokusekela okuningi. Ngokuphambene, izifunda zikahulumeni ezilula kakhulu zokulungisa izinqubo ezifaka izingozi ezifaka imingcele yazo yezimiso ezithandwayo zesikhashana okufanele zishiywe emthethweni ovamile. Iprocect 13 (1978), eyavala intela yempahla, iye yagxekwa ngokubangela ukungantengi kwemithetho engokomthetho eqinile.

Izingxabano Nomthetho Ozimele

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi ungqubuzana nomthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. i-Supremacy Claus ifuna ukuba imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivumelane lapho iphikisana nezimiso zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo azama ukuqeda imithetho yezikhali noma ukuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe aye ashaywa izinkantolo. Ngokufanayo, ukunqanda ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho kubekelwe umshado imibhangqwana emelene nesigaba esingu hlangothi oluhlukile kwaqedwa ngokuphumelelayo yiNkanto eNkantolo Ephakeme Obergefell v. Hodges [20] isinqumo. Lokhu kuqokomisa imingcele ye-Inqulution ye-INT.

Amalungiselelo Adlulele Nokwaneliseka

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni omningi unezimiso zakudala noma eziphelelwe yisikhathi ezichitha imithombo yemithetho neyahlulelo. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho-mthetho isahlanganisa ulimi lobuhlanga oluphathelene nobandlululo oluye lwathathwa njengolungenakuphoqelelwa kodwa luhlala ezincwadini (umz., umthetho-sisekelo ka-Alabama ugcine ilungiselelo elivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwemishado yezinhlanga kuze kube ngo-2000). Eminye ihlanganisa izinqubo zeholo eziningi zezikhulu zikahulumeni ezifuna ukulungiswa ngokuqhubekayo. Le mithetho idala ubunkimbinkimbini obungadingekile futhi icela ukuhlanzwa okungadingekile ngezikhathi ezithile ngomshado wezizwe ezihlangene obuhlangene noma ukubukezwa njalo.

Ikusasa Lomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni: Izimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Njengoba kuvela ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nezinselele ezintsha, izifundazwe ziyaqhubeka zihlaziya futhi zithuthukisa izincwadi zazo ezisunguliwe. Izindlela eziningi cishe ziyohlela ikusasa lomthetho - sisekelo wezwe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Namalungelo Okusizungezile

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile senziwa impela ezindaweni eziningi. Ngaphezu kweMontana nePennsylvania, izifundazwe ezinjenge-New York ne-Massachusetts zicabangela noma zidlulise izinguquko eziqaphela ilungelo lendawo ezungezile enempilo. Izisebenzi zezokuvikela indawo ezungezile zisebenzisa lamalungiselelo ukuze zidlulise intuthuko yesimo sezulu. Njengoba ithonya lesimo sezulu likhula, izifunda eziningi zingafaka izimiso eziqinile emithethweni yazo, ziphoqelele izishaya-mthetho ukuba zithintane ne-ascensity, ukushintshwa kwamandla, kanye nokulondoloza imvelo.

Ubuchwepheshe, Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Namalungelo Ezobuchwepheshe

Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso kumelwe ifinyelele enkathini ye-apply. Izihloko ezifana nokungafihli lutho, ukuqapha, nokwenza imithetho-mithetho ayibhekiswa emabhukwini amaningi okusungula. Ezinye izifundazwe ziqale ukulungisa imithetho yazo ukuze zivikele imfihlo ye-athom ye-octal noma zilawule ubuhlakani bokuzenzela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulungisa imfihlo yeCalifornia ngo-2018, kubeke isibonelo kwabanye ukuba balandele. Kulindele ukuba amazwe engeziwe acabangele amalungiselelo omthetho avikela izakhamuzi ekusebenziseni ulwazi olungenayo futhi aqinisekise ukuvela komthetho ekusebenziseni ukwaziswa.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Neziphendulo Zokungalingani

Izinhlangano zobulungisa bezinhlanga, ukulingana kwezinhlanga, nokulunga kwezomnotho zikhuthaza imibuso ukuba ithathe izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezilungisa ukungalingani kwesimiso. Izifundazwe eziningi kakade seziye zalungisa imithetho yazo ukuze zisuse ulimi olungokobuhlanga, zimise izikhomishane zokuhlela, noma ziqinisekise amalungelo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubudlelwane bobulili noma ubulili. Ngokwesibonelo, iNevada yanezela amalungelo alinganayo okuncitshiswa ngo-2022. Ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela zobuzwelonke nezikhonzisi zomthetho cishe luyoqhubeka njengoba amaMelika efuna izindinganiso ezithuthukisiwe ezingokokuziphatha eziphezulu ezisemthethweni wawo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ihlela futhi endaweni yobulungisa bobugebengu. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zalungisa izindleko zazo zamalungelo ukuze zilinganisele ibheyili yemali, zilinganise imiqathango ebophekile, noma zandisa ukubekwa kwemithetho yamaphoyisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa kwe-California kwamandla angu-47 kwanciphisa iziphakamiso ezithile zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ukuba zibangele ukudukiswa. ULouisiana no-Alabama baye baphumelela ekuphakamiseni igunya lomthetho ekulungiseni izinguquko ezigunyaziwe. Lezinguquko zibonisa ukukhula kwesifiso somphakathi sezimiso zokwahlulela ezilinganiselwe ngokwengeziwe nezobuntu.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ubaluleke kakhulu kunezinto ezingokomlando; usebenza, uhlanganisa izisekelo ezichaza imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni futhi uvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Kusukela ekuxhaseni kwemfundo kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, ukukhetha komthetho-sisekelo okwenziwa ezingeni lombuso kunemiphumela esheshayo nehlala njalo ezigidi zabantu baseMelika. Ukuqonda lamaphepha abalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekuphileni komphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi njengothisha, umfundi, umvoti womthetho, noma umvoti. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka sibhekana nezinselele ezintsha //ushintsho olusha, ukuntengalingani kwezelelwa kwezenhlalo, imingcele yezenhlalo, [1] imithetho emisha engokongabalulekile yokulawula nokuvikela inkululeko. Ngokuhlola indlela lamaphepha asebenza ngayo futhi ashintshe ngayo, singakwazisa kangcono ukuzinzisa nokuvumelana kwezwe elihlangene ne-Melika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola i- National Conference of State Legislature ukucaciswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe , hlola imibhalo yezwe ngalinye ye-control ye-Cornell’s Legional Inst , bese uhlola indlela i-American Bal Association ehlaziya ngayo indima yemithetho-mthetho-mganol .