Table of Contents

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso usebenza njengezincwadi zomthetho eziyisisekelo ezimisa uhlelo lokubusa esifundeni ngasinye. Lamathuluzi anamandla awachazi nje kuphela isimo namandla kahulumeni wezwe kodwa futhi afeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni indlela ohulumeni bendawo abasebenza ngayo, imithetho abangayimisa, kanye nezimiso abangazisebenzisa. Ukuqonda ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi komthetho-sisekelo wombuso kanye nokubusa kwendawo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho nezimiso zakhiwe futhi ziqiniswe kanjani emphakathini.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bendawo e-United States buhluke kakhulu ebuhlotsheni bezwe nombuso. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awusho lutho kohulumeni bendawo, neSichibiyelo seSijinga-mvume se-Ninth ne-Tenth esigunya elingaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nesizwe. Lo hlelo lomthetho-sisekelo lusho ukuthi uhulumeni ngamunye unomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza igunya elibanzi noma elilinganiselwe egatsheni ngalinye likahulumeni lendawo, njengezifunda zomphakathi, izifundazwe, izifunda zesikole, nezinye izigaba zezombangazwe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Likahulumeni Wendawo

Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso imisa khona kanye ukuba khona kanye kanye nokwakheka kwemibuso kahulumeni wendawo. Ngokungafani nemibuso, enefa lokubusa, ohulumeni bendawo badalwa yimibuso futhi abanawo amalungelo angokwemvelo ekhona noma anikezwa igunya elithile.

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka ngokwezinga lamandla ewanika ohulumeni bendawo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho yombuso inikeza imvume ebanzi yokuzibusa kohulumeni bendawo, kuyilapho eminye ilawula izindaba zendawo. Lokhu kushintsha kudala umsebenzi ohlukene wemithetho ehlukahlukene ezweni lonke, isifundazwe ngasinye sichaza indlela yaso yokuzilawula.

Ukubusa kwe-Dillon: I-flomeowey ejwayelekile

Enye yezimfundiso ezinethonya kakhulu ezilawula ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho-sisekelo wezwe negunya lendawo yaziwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Guide. Ibizwa ngeJaji le-199-century Ohio uJohn Forrest Dillon, owachaza ngokudume kakhulu isimiso, uDillon’s Lavel uwukwakhiwa okuqinile kwegunya lohulumeni bendawo eUnited States. Lemfundiso iye yaguqula umthetho kahulumeni wendawo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-105 futhi iyaqhubeka ithonya indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo imibuso kahulumeni wakhona namuhla.

I-Dillon’s Lave isho ukuthi imibuso kahulumeni yendawo ilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi idluliselwa kuphela kulawomandla ashiwo ngamazwi; (2) ibhekisele noma isho izenzakalo emagunyeni agunyaziwe ngokucacile; futhi (3) ibalulekile ngokuphelele ezintweni ezimenyezelwayo kanye nezinjongo zenhlangano - hhayi nje ezingcono kodwa ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho uthi noma yikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo okunikezwa inkantolo ukuthi amandla azakubuswa kuhulumeni wendawo.

Amashumi amane ezizwe ezingamashumi amahlanu asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesimiso esaziwa ngokuthi uBusa bukaDillon ukuze kumiswe imingcele yegunya elingokomthetho likahulumeni kamasipala. Lokhu kusetshenziswa komphakathi wonke kubonisa ithonya elihlala njalo lalendlela evimbelayo yokusebenzisa imibuso kahulumeni wendawo. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe babheke njalo ekwakheni amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zikahulumeni ukuze banqume ukuthi banalo yini igunya lokuthatha izenzo ezithile.

Ukubusa Kwasekhaya: Ukwandisa i-autonomy yendawo

Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa okubekwe ngu-Dillon’s Guide, amazwe amaningi aye amukela izinhlelo zokubusa ekhaya kumthetho-mthetho wawo. Ukubusa kwasekhaya e-United States ngokuvamile kubonisa ukushintshwa kwamandla okubusa kusuka kuhulumeni kuya kuhulumeni wesifundazwe kuya kuhulumeni wesifundazwe ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso zikahulumeni wendawo. Le nguquko yomthetho-sisekelo isho ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni amazwe anika ngayo amandla ohulumeni bawo bendawo.

Kumthetho wasekhaya, umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni unikeza omasipala kanye/okanye izibalo ikhono lokudlulisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithetho ukuze bazilawule (uma nje imithetho ingangqubuzani nomthetho-sisekelo wombuso nombuso). Lendlela iguqula umbono osungulwe ngu-Dillon’s Relance, ivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba basebenzise amagunya ngaphandle kokuba benqatshelwe ngokuqondile ngumthetho wezwe.

Umlando wokubusa kwekhaya eMelika uqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngo-1875, iMissouri yaba yizwe lokuqala ukuba libuse ekhaya ngokuhlanganisa nomthetho-sisekelo wayo omusha umthetho wekhaya ogunyaza amadolobha angaphezu kuka-100 000. Ngo-1991, iCalifornia yaba umbuso wesibili wokugunyaza ukubusa ekhaya lapho umthetho - sisekelo wayo omusha wenziwa. Eminye imibuso yanikeza amadolobha amalungelo okubusa phakathi neminyaka esele yekhulu le-19 ihlanganisa i-Minnesota neWashington.

Phakathi kwembulunga yendawo, kunezigaba ezine lapho umbuso ungavumela khona igunya elinqumayo: i-programal – amandla okukhetha uhlobo lukahulumeni, umthetho-sisekelo kanye nokulungisa umthetho wemithetho, i-Fambal – amandla okusebenzisa uhulumeni wendawo ngendlela ebanzi noma elinganiselwe, iFiscal – igunya lokunquma imithombo yemali, ukuboleka intela, ukuboleka izimali neminye imisebenzi ehlobene nemali, izisebenzi - mandla okumisa imithetho yemisebenzi, amazinga emisebenzi nokuhlela iqoqo. Lezizigaba zimelela izindawo eziyinhloko lapho umthetho wasekhaya unganikeza khona ohulumeni bendawo ngemvume enenjongo.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ewachaza Ngayo Amandla Endawo

Lemiyalo yoMbuso isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza nokulinganisela igunya likahulumeni wendawo.

Izabelo Zamandla Ezidluliselwa Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe omningi uqukethe amalungiselelo aqondile anika ngokuqondile amagunya athile ohulumeni bendawo. Lamazwi aveza imvume ecacile yohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ezindaweni ezithile ngaphandle kokufuna imvume eyengeziwe yokushaya umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza ohulumeni bendawo amandla acacile okwamukela imithetho-sisekelo, ukukhokha izintela zentela ezithile, noma ukulawula imisebenzi ethile engokomthetho yabo.

ISiphakamiso se-IX somthetho-mthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa kuso ngokuthi "Umthetho Wasekhaya" isihloko, sinikeza kokubili ukuvunyelwa kokugunyazwa kohulumeni bendawo phezu kwempahla yabo siqu, izindaba nohulumeni, futhi silinganisela amandla kaHulumeni wokusebenza ngokuhlangene nempahla kahulumeni wendawo, izindaba, nohulumeni kuphela emithethweni ekhethekile ethinta isicelo sokubusa ekhaya noma imithetho ebanzi. Le misebenzi embaxa-mbili (*) inikeza amandla kohulumeni bendawo kuyilapho ivimbela ukungenela kwemithetho yomthetho wombuso wezwe, iwuphawu lwezimiso zomthetho wasekhaya wanamuhla.

Ukulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo Egunyeni Lendawo

Nakuba umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni unganika ohulumeni bendawo amandla, babuye babeke imingcele ebalulekile. Lemingcele iqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo basebenza phakathi kwemingcele emiswe umthetho kahulumeni oyisisekelo futhi bavikele izithakazelo ezithile zikahulumeni ekuphazanyisweni kwendawo.

Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ivame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo alinganisela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zendawo ezindaweni ezinjengentela, izikweletu, nomthetho okhethekile.

Indima Yezincwadi Zikahulumeni

Umthetho-mthetho kamasipala usebenza njengomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wendawo, uchaza isakhiwo sedolobha noma imibuso, nemisebenzi kahulumeni wedolobha. Ezindaweni zokubusa zasekhaya, ikhono lokwamukela umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni livame ukunikezwa umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, unikeze ohulumeni bendawo ukuvumelana okuphawulekayo ekuhleleni izakhiwo zabo zikahulumeni.

E-United States, idolobha elibusayo, idolobha lomthetho wemithetho, noma idolobha lomthetho wasekhaya liyidolobha lapho isimiso sokubusa sichazwa khona ngencwadi yalo yomthetho kamasipala kunokuba nje ichazwe ngomthetho kahulumeni (umthetho). Amadolobha eshadi ngokuvamile ajabulela inkululeko enkulu kunamadolobha omthetho ovamile, nakuba ehlala engaphansi kokunquma imingcele engokomthetho nemithetho ethile kahulumeni.

Ithonya Lomthetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni Ezicini Ezithile Zezimiso

Ukuqonda indlela amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo athinta ngayo imibandela ethile yezimiso ezithile kusiza ekuboniseni ithonya elingokoqobo lalezi zincwadi eziyisisekelo ezimayelana nokubusa kwansuku zonke.

Ukukhokha Intela Nemali

Imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukuqukethe amalungiselelo anemininingwane ebusa iziphathimandla zendawo zentela. Lemithetho engokomthetho inquma ukuthi iziphi izinhlobo zentela ohulumeni bendawo abangazifaka, amazinga abangazibeka, nezinqubo okumelwe bazilandele. Amalungiselelo anjalo anemiphumela ejulile ezimalini zikahulumeni wendawo nezinkonzo imiphakathi enganikeza izakhamuzi zabo.

Imithetho-mithetho eminingi ibeka imingcele emazingeni entela yempahla noma ifuna imvume yabavoti ekunyusweni kwentela ethile. Lemigoqo yomthetho-sisekelo ingacindezela kakhulu amandla ohulumeni bendawo okunyusa inzuzo, ibaphoqelele ukuba bafune eminye imithombo yezimali noma banciphise izinkonzo. Ezinye izizwe ziye zamukela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, njengeSivumelo seCalifornia 13, ezilinganisela ngokuphawulekayo igunya lendawo lokukhokha intela futhi ngokuyisisekelo zinciphise ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo.

Umthetho wasekhaya unikeza igunya lomthetho lokumisa imithetho ezindabeni ezinjengokukhokha intela yomphakathi, nokukhokha intela yendawo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa umbuso. Nokho, ngisho nasezifundazweni zasekhaya, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo angalinganisela izinhlobo zentela ezingabekwa noma zimise amazinga aphakeme angenakukweqiwa ngaphandle kokuvota.

Isimiso Semfundo Nokuxhasa Imali

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ifeza indima ebalulekile kakhulu esimisweni semfundo. Imithetho-sisekelo yombuso eminingi inemishwana yemfundo emisa umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni wokunikeza imfundo yomphakathi. Lamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo aye aba isisekelo sokumangalela okuningi okubekela inselele ukungagunyazi nokulingana kwezimiso zemfundo zesikole.

Ulimi oluqondile lwezigaba zemfundo yomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni luhluka kakhulu. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ifuna ukuba umbuso unikeze isimiso semfundo "esiqinile nesiphumelelayo", kuyilapho eminye igunyaza "anele" noma "amathuba emfundo". Izinkantolo ziye zachaza la malungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ahlukahlukene ukuze zibeke izibopho zesibopho kuhulumeni bendawo sokuqoqa izikole zendawo.

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ichaza futhi igunya lezifunda zesikole zendawo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho inikeza izifunda inkululeko enkulu ekwenzeni izinqumo zemfundo, kuyilapho eminye ilawula umbuso ngokuqina. Lemithetho ithinta yonke into kusukela ezinqumweni zezifundo kuya ezinqubeni zokufundisa zemisebenzi yothisha kuya ekwakheni izakhiwo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokuzingela

Igunya lohulumeni bendawo lokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo ngemithetho yokwakha nezinye izilawuli ekugcineni lithathwa kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Nakuba ukuhlanganisa indawo kubhekwa njengemisebenzi yendawo, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni imisa uhlelo lwezwe lendawo lapho kusetshenziswa khona imithetho.

Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ingaba namalungiselelo avikela amalungelo empahla futhi ilinganisele izinga ohulumeni bendawo abangalinganisela ngalo ukusetshenziswa kwendawo. Izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho wokukhokhela imbuyiselo uma impahla ithathwa ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, inqanda ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokuphoqelela izinhlobo ezithile zemithetho yendawo ukuba zisebenzise ngaphandle kokukhokhela abanikazi bempahla abathintekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo wezwe ngokuphathelene nokubusa kwasekhaya noma ukuzibusa kwendawo anquma ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bangazamukela yini izimiso zokuhlala ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni ekhethekile. Ezizweni zomthetho we-Dillon's Fulence, ohulumeni bendawo bangadinga igunya elicacile lomthetho ukuze bahlanganyele ekuhlanganiseni, kuyilapho imibuso yasekhaya ivame ukuba namandla angokwemvelo okulawula.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Namandla Amaphoyisa

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni umisa uhlelo lokusebenzisa kwamaphoyisa ohulumeni bendawo − igunya lokulawula impilo, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. La malungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo anquma izinga lokukwazi kohulumeni bendawo ukwamukela imithetho esingatha izindaba ezinjengomthetho wokwakha, imithetho yezempilo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha zomphakathi.

Kuzo zonke izifundazwe, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile anika ohulumeni bendawo amandla amakhulu okusingatha izinkathazo zendawo. Nokho, ngisho nakulezi zifundazwe, ukulinganiselwa komthetho-sisekelo kungalinganisela izinhlobo ezithile zemithetho noma kudinge izinqubo ezithile ezikhethekile zokutholwa kwabo. Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni avikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma noma ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, futhi alinganisela igunya lohulumeni bendawo lokulawula.

Isikweleti Sikahulumeni Nesibopho

Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ivame ukuhlanganisa nezimiso ezilinganisela ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokufaka izikweletu. Lezikweletu zomthetho-mthetho ziklanyelwe ukuvikela abakhokhi bentela ezibophweni zemali ezeqisayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi banomthwalo wemfanelo wemali endaweni.

Imingcele yezikweletu yomthetho ivame ukuthatha izindlela eziningi. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ibeka izilinganiso ezinkulu zezikweleti ezinezinga eliphansi, ivimbela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba baboleke ngaphezu kwengxenye ethile yentela yempahla yabo. Abanye badinga imvume yabavoti ngezinhlobo ezithile zezikweletu ezibolekisayo, iqinisekisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi ezibophweni ezinkulu zezimali.

Lemithetho evimbelayo ingalithinta kakhulu ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokuxhasa izakhiwo zezesisekelo nezinye intuthuko. Izikhulu zendawo kumelwe zilawule izikweletu ezingokomthetho-sisekelo ngokucophelela lapho zihlela izinyathelo ezinkulu, ngezinye izikhathi zidinga izakhiwo zezimali zokusungula izinto ukuze zifeze imigomo yazo kuyilapho zihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ngaphezu Kwemithetho Yendawo

A fundamental principle of American constitutional law is that local ordinances must comply with state constitutional provisions. When a conflict arises between a local law and the state constitution, the constitution prevails. This supremacy ensures consistency in fundamental legal principles across all jurisdictions within a state.

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezindabeni Zendawo

Imithetho yendawo ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo ngezizathu zokuthi iphula amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lezinselele zingasekelwe ezimfundisweni ezihlukahlukene zomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nezithi umthetho wendawo udlula amandla kamasipala anikeziwe, uphula amalungelo omuntu siqu avikelwe umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, noma uphikisana nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kazwelonke.

Uma izinkantolo zihlola izinselele ezinqubweni zendawo, kumelwe zichaze kokubili umthetho-sisekelo wezwe kanye nobukhulu begunya elinikwe uhulumeni wendawo. Ezifundazweni zika-Dillon's Fulence, izinkantolo zisebenzisa izimiso zokwakha eziqinile, zixazulule ukungabaza ukuba khona kwegunya lendawo. Ezizweni zokubusa zasekhaya, izinkantolo zingasebenzisa izimiso ezichaza izimiso ezikhululekile kakhulu, kodwa iziqondiso zendawo zisamelwe zivumelane nokulinganiselwa komthetho-mthetho.

Igunya Lokudelelwa Negunya Lomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa uhlelo lokuhlengwa, – – imfundiso ekhona yomthetho wezwe inganqoba imithetho yendawo engqubuzanayo. Nakuba ukukhululwa kuvame ukufezwa ngezimiso zikahulumeni, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe unikeza igunya eliphelele lombuso ophakeme kakhulu kunalo mbuso phezu kwemithetho yendawo.

Ohulumeni boMbuso bangabeka imingcele egunyeni lasekhaya, babangele izimpi zomthetho phezu kwegunya likamasipala. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulawula kwezindawo nokuqondisa kukahulumeni kuyimpi engapheli. Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwabonakala ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yendawo eyandayo ezindaweni ezinjengemithetho yeholo elilinganiselwe, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki, nemithetho yezibhamu, ngokuvamile kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kombuso neziphathimandla zendawo ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wombuso.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezindlela Zokufinyelela Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Lezi zifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu ziye zasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho - sisekelo wezwe negunya likahulumeni wendawo.

Ukubusa Kwasekhaya Okunamandla

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha imithetho engokomthetho enikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokuzibusa kwendawo. Imibuso yasekhaya etholakala kohulumeni abathile bendawo iphakathi kwezindawo ezifinyelela kude kakhulu ezweni, yenza uhulumeni wendawo abe umngane ophelele nombuso enomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene wokwenza izinkonzo kubantu.

Kulezi zifundazwe, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo anika ohulumeni bendawo igunya elikhulu lokusingatha izinkathazo zendawo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ungavikela ngokucacile izindawo ezithile zesinqumo sendawo eziphazanyiswa uhulumeni, zidala isizinda sokuzibusa kwendawo lapho isishaya-mthetho singahlaseleli kalula.

I-Dillon's Relate

Kumazwe okuBusa kukaDillon, igunya elilinganiselwe kuphela elinikwe ohulumeni bendawo ngokudluliswa kwemithetho esigungwini sombuso. Lezi zifunda zilondoloza ukulawula okuqinile kwezwe ezindabeni zendawo, zifuna ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bakhombe ezivumelwaneni ezithile zegunya ngezenzo zabo.

Umthetho kaDillon uyaqhubeka ukhanyisa ubuhlobo obuyisisekelo bombuso-wendawo yonke: ohulumeni bezwe bawumthombo ophelele wegunya lendawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lilinganiselwe noma likhulu. Ngisho nasezindabeni eziye zasusa ekusebenziseni okuqinile koMthetho kaDillon, isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni sisalokhu sinethonya.

Izimiso Ezixubile

Isimo esiwumbuso wasekhaya ne-Dillon’s Rule sisebenzisa u-Dillon's' ezindabani noma emabuthweni kahulumeni angaqanjwanga elungiselelweni lomthetho-sisekelo noma ewumthetho onikeza umthetho wekhaya. Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimiso ezixubile ezihlanganisa izici zombili ezisendleleni, anikeza umthetho wasekhaya ezinhlotsheni ezithile zohulumeni bendawo noma kwezinye izindawo zezindaba kuyilapho esebenzisa uMthetho kaDillon kwenye indawo.

Lezi zimiso ezixubile zibonisa imizamo yokulinganisela izinzuzo zokuzibusa kwendawo nesidingo sokuqondisa nokusebenzelana kwemibuso.

Ukuziphendukela Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Wendawo

Izimiso zikahulumeni ezibusa uhulumeni wendawo ziye zashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. izifunda eziningi ziye zashintsha imithetho - sisekelo yazo ukuze zandise noma zigunyaze igunya lendawo ukuze kuvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo nezimiso ezithandwayo.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zikhulisa Igunya Lendawo

Kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, izikhulu eziningi zamukela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze zinike ohulumeni bendawo inkululeko enkulu. Lezi zinguquko zivame ukusabela ekukhungathekeni ngenxa yokulinganiselwa koMthetho kaDillon nesidingo sokuba ohulumeni bendawo baxazulule izinkinga zasemadolobheni ngaphandle kokuphendukela njalo kumthetho kahulumeni.

Ukulungisa ukubusa kwasekhaya kunikeza igunya lohulumeni bendawo lokwamukela imithetho-mthetho kanye nezimiso ezihlobene nezindaba zendawo. Ezinye izinguquko zinikeza incazelo eningiliziwe yemibuso yendawo, kuyilapho eminye inikeza igunya elibanzi imingcele yemithetho. Ulimi oluqondile lwala malungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo luthinta kakhulu izinga lobude benkululeko bendawo abayinikezayo.

Ukuthambekela Kwamuva Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezwe

Eminyakeni yamuva, ezinye izifunda ziye zashukumiseleka ekubekeni igunya ngokwengeziwe, njengoba izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziqhubeka ziphoqelela imithetho yendawo ezicini ezihlukahlukene zezimiso. Nakuba lemizamo yokuhlenga ivame ukufezwa ngezimiso kunokuba ilungiswe ngomthetho - sisekelo, zibonisa imibono eshintshayo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwezwe negunya lendawo.

Lokhu kuthambekela kuye kwabangela impikiswano nokuphikisa, lapho ohulumeni bendawo bephikisa ngokuthi ukuhlehliswa kukahulumeni kuphula umthetho wasekhaya womthetho - sisekelo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ukuze kutholakale izinga isishaya - mthetho esingazidlula ngalo izimiso zendawo ezindaweni ezingaphansi kokulawula kwendawo ngokwesiko.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zokubusa Kwendawo

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni negunya likahulumeni wendawo bunethonya elikhulu endleleni imiphakathi ebuswa ngayo nokuthi yiziphi izimiso engazithatha.

Ithonya Ekuthuthweni Kwendawo

Amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo woMbuso anikeza igunya elikhulu lokubusa kwasekhaya enza ohulumeni bendawo bakwazi ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, ukuzama izimiso ezintsha ezivumelana nezimo zendawo. Amadolobha nezilinganiso ezinamandla ezingokomthetho - sisekelo zingamukela izindlela zokunquma izindlela zokuvimbela izindaba ezinjengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, izindlu ezibizayo, nentuthuko yezomnotho ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yezwe.

Ngokuphambene, izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezivimbelayo zingavimbela ukusungulwa kwendawo ngokufuna ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bathole imvume ekhethekile ngaphambi kokuxazulula izinselele ezivelayo. Ezizweni zoBusi zeDillon, izikhulu zendawo zingase zingakwazi ukusabela ngokushesha ezinkingeni zendawo ngoba zingenalo igunya elicacile lomthetho-sisekelo noma lomthetho-mthetho ukuba zenze okuthile.

Imiphumela Yokulandisa Kwentando Yeningi

Uma ohulumeni bendawo benegunya elibalulekile lomthetho - sisekelo, izakhamuzi zingaziphendulela ngezinqumo ezingokomthetho ezithinta imiphakathi yazo. Lokhu kulandisa okuhlanganisa indawo kungathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izimiso ziveza lokho okuthandwa umphakathi.

Nokho, uma kwenziwa izinqumo ezibalulekile ngokwezinga lesifundazwe ngenxa yokulinganiselwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo egunyeni lendawo, ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabenzi besinqumo kungasheshiswa kakhulu. Izakhamuzi zingakuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuthonya izinqumo zombuso ezithinta imiphakathi yazo, ezinganciphisa ukubopha ngentando yeningi.

Izinselele Zezikhulu Zendawo

Izikhulu zikahulumeni wendawo kumelwe zisebenzise amalungiselelo ayinkimbinkimbi omthetho-sisekelo wezwe ukuze zinqume ukuthi lingakanani igunya lazo. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziywa komthetho futhi ngokuvamile, kuxoxiswe nabameli abanolwazi ngomthetho kahulumeni wendawo. Amaphutha ekuchazeni ukulinganiselwa komthetho-sisekelo wezwe angaphumela ekuncipheni kwemithetho yendawo, ukuchitha isikhathi nengcebo.

Lokhu kungabaza kungase kwenqabe ohulumeni bendawo ukuba baphishekele izimiso ezintsha noma baxazulule izinkinga ezivelayo, ngisho nalapho isenzo esinjalo singase sigunyazwe ngokomthetho.

Ukuchazwa Kwamalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni olawula iziphathimandla zendawo. Izinqumo zokwahlulela ziveza incazelo ewusizo yemibhalo engokomthetho - sisekelo futhi zinqume imingcele phakathi kombuso namandla endawo.

Izindinganiso Zokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ezinye izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza lapho zivumela amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ahlobene nohulumeni wendawo. Ezinye zisebenzisa izimiso zokwakha eziqinile, zichaza iziqondiso zeziphathimandla zendawo. Ezinye zisebenzisa izindlela ezikhululekile, zifunda amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo okusekela ukuzimela kwendawo lapho umbhalo uvuma.

Izinkantolo eziningi zisasebenzisa u-Dillon's Prese ukuze zisize ekuchazeni imithetho edluliselwe yisishaya-mthetho, imithetho-mthetho noma amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho wezwe anika ohulumeni bendawo igunya. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuchaza kungawuthinta kakhulu umphumela wamacala abekela imithetho yendawo inselele noma ukungabaza izinga lamagunya endawo.

Ukulinganisela Izwe Nezithakazelo Zendawo

Lapho kuchazwa izinhlelo zomthetho - sisekelo, izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo.umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uveza isifiso sokulawula izindaba zikahulumeni ezikhathaza umphakathi wonke nokuqaphela ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo kudingeka bazivumelanise nokusingatha izinkinga zendawo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise lezi zimiso eziphikisanayo lapho zixazulula izimpikiswano eziphathelene neziphathimandla zendawo.

Izinqumo zokwahlulela ezichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo asho ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo ungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo ebuhlotsheni bendawo. Izinqumo ezasungulwa yizinkantolo eziphakeme ziqondisa izinkantolo eziphansi nohulumeni bendawo ekuqondeni imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo, ukulololonga imikhuba yokubusa iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo Ngemisebenzi Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ukuhlola indlela imibuso ehluke ngayo ekuhleleni ubuhlobo bomthetho - sisekelo phakathi kukahulumeni bendawo nemibuso yendawo kwembula ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezinzuzo nokungasizi ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukutadisha Icala: Amazwe Abusa Kakhulu Asekhaya

Izwe elinezilungiselelo eziqinile zokubusa kwasekhaya zomthetho-sisekelo zibonisa izinzuzo zokuzimela kwendawo. Lezi zifunda zivame ukubona izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezimiso ezindaweni zonke, imiphakathi ehlukahlukene ithatha izindlela ezibonisa izimo zayo ezihlukile nezithandwa yilezi zindawo. Ohulumeni bendawo bangathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha kakhulu ekuvezeni izinselele nezimiso ezivumelana nezimo zendawo.

Nokho, umthetho wasekhaya oqinile ungadala izinselele. Ukuhlukana kwemithetho elawulayo ezindaweni zonke kungase kubangele ukudideka kwemisebenzi yezebhizinisi futhi kubangele izakhamuzi ukudideka.

Isifundo sendaba: Izwe elibusayo le-Dillon

I-States egcina uhlelo lwe-Dillon's Playes igcizelela ukufana nokulawula kwezwe. Lamazwe angathola ukungaguquguquki okukhulu ezimisweni ezindaweni zonke, okunganciphisa ukudideka nezindleko zokuthobela. Ukwenza isinqumo sombuso kungasiza futhi ekuvumelaneni ezimpikiswaneni ezinqamule imingcele yendawo.

Nokho, ukulinganiselwa komthetho kaDillon kungakhungathekisa izikhulu zendawo nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuxazulula izinkinga zendawo ngamakhambi anezimo ezihambisana nendawo. Isidingo sokuthola imvume kahulumeni ekhethekile ngezenzo zendawo singanciphisa ukuthuthukisa isimiso somthetho futhi sinciphise ukusabela ezidingweni zendawo.

Ikusasa Lomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nokubusa Kwendawo

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni negunya likahulumeni buyaqhubeka bushintsha.

Ukucindezela Kwenguquko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Abanye basekela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zokwandisa ukuzibusa kwendawo, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinezimo eziqinile. Le mizamo yokulungisa ivame ukugcizelela isidingo sokuba ohulumeni bendawo babhekane nezinselele ezingama-21 ezinjengalesi simo sezulu, izindlu ezibizayo, nokungalingani kwezomnotho. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo okubusa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kufanele aqiniswe ukuze kuvuselelwe intuthuko yendawo.

Abanye basekela ukulondoloza noma ngisho nokuqinisa ukulawula komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kuhulumeni bendawo. Lamazwi agcizelela ukubaluleka kokufana kwezwe lonke nezingozi zokuhlukana kwezimiso ezidlulele. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukwenza isinqumo esisezingeni eliphezulu kudingekile ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zesifunda futhi kuvikelwe izithakazelo zezwe lonke.

Indima Yokudluliselwa Kwemfundiso Yomthetho - sisekelo

I-litabligation yomthetho-mthetho izoqhubeka ilawula ubuhlobo bendawo. Njengoba izifundazwe nezindawo ziphikisana ngezindaba ezinjengokuhlengwa, intela, negunya lokulawula, izinkantolo zizobizwa ukuba zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo futhi zichaze imingcele yamandla endawo. Lezi zinqumo zokwahlulela ziyothonya ukubusa kwemikhuba futhi zingabangela ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinselele Ezintsha

Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso kumelwe ivumelane nokubhekana nezinselele zokubusa. Izinkinga ezinjengokubambisana kwesifunda, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe zingadinga izinqubo ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kubekwe imibuso phakathi kohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bendawo. Izwe lingase lidinge ukulungisa imithetho yalo ukuze linikeze isiqondiso esicacile sendlela lezi zinselele okufanele zixoxwe ngayo esimisweni sendawo sombuso.

Isiphetho

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uhlela indlela ohulumeni bendawo abasebenza ngayo kanye nezimiso abangazamukela. Ngezinhlelo zokumisa ukubusa kwasekhaya, ukuchaza imingcele yemibuso yendawo, nokubeka imingcele egunyeni lendawo, imithetho-mthetho ikha uhlelo olungokomthetho phakathi kwezindawo lapho kuvela khona ukubusa. Ukuqonda loluhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile kuhulumeni wendawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisikhulu esikhethiwe, umphathi, umsekeli, noma isakhamuzi esithembisiwe.

Ukuhluka kwezindlela zokuthatha izifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu kubonisa ukuthi ayikho impendulo eyodwa elungile emibuzweni ephathelene nendlela imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni okufanele yabe ngayo amandla phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo. Indlela ngayinye ihilela ukuthengiselana phakathi kokuzimela nokulawula kwendawo, phakathi kokuhluka kwezimiso nokuvumelana, phakathi kokusabela nokubambisana. Njengoba imibuso iqhubeka ukulwisana nalemibuzo eyisisekelo, imithetho-mthetho yombuso izohlala ikhona phakathi kwempikiswano yesimo esifanelekile se-Melika ebusayo.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda noma ukuthonya imithetho yendawo, ukujwayelana namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo wezwe kubalulekile. Le zincwadi eziyisisekelo zimisa imithetho yomdlalo wokubusa kwendawo, zinqume ukuthi yini engenzeka nokuthi yikuphi okunqatshelwe. Ngokuguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe negunya lendawo, imithetho-sisekelo yombuso ithinta kakhulu izinga lokubusa nokwamukela kukahulumeni ezakhamuzini ezidingayo.

Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomthetho-mthetho wezwe kanye negunya likahulumeni wendawo, vakashela i- National League of Cities, enikeza imithombo eminingi yezentengiselwano zendawo elawulayo. i-National Conference of State Legistrations[ inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ngobuhlobo bezwe nomthetho-mfako. Imibono yemfundo ngalezindaba, inikeza incazelo efinyelelekayo yemithetho ye-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT:] [5] inikeza izilungiselelo zemithetho esemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [FLT]