Ukuqonda Ukuma Kwemithetho: Ubudala Nokucwaswa

Ukuhlangana kwemithetho yobandlululo yobudala kanye nomthetho wamalungelo ogogekayo kwakha indawo ebucayi yemisebenzi nemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi. Nakuba indikimba ngayinye yomthetho ikhuluma ngezici ezihlukile ezivikelekile, ukuthunyelwa kwayo kuzisebenzi ezindala ezikhubazekile kubangela ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile okungokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-Age Discrimination in Observatory Act (ADEA) kanye namaMelika ane-ASCIIA Act (A) asebenzelana ngayo, inikeza isiqondiso kubaqashi, izisebenzi, nochwepheshe bezomthetho abachaza lezi zimo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Isisekelo Somthetho Wobandlululo Lobudala

I-ADEA, eyamiswa ngo-1967, ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekucwaseni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Umthetho usebenza kubaqashi abasebenzayo abangamashumi amabili nangaphezulu futhi umboza abaqashwa, abadubuli, abanyuselwa phambili, izinxephezelo, nezinye izimo zemisebenzi. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukunqanda ukuphathwa ngokuhlukanisa (ukucwaswa ngenhloso) kanye nokungahlukaniswa (izenzo ezilimaza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa izisebenzi esezikhulile, ngisho noma zingathathi hlangothini lwazo).

I-ADEA futhi ivumela abaqashi ukuba bathathe isinyathelo esinqatshelwe ngandlela-thile uma ubudala buyimfanelo engcono yokusebenza (BFOQ) edingekile ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwebhizinisi. Nokho, i-BFOQ ithathwa kalula. Ngokungafani neminye imithetho elwa nobandlululo, i-ADEA ayivumeli ukusho ukuthi indawo yomsebenzi emelene nenkathi yobudala iyodwa kuzo zonke izitaladi, nakuba ezinye izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukusho okunjalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izisebenzi ezindala ezithi Inzuzo ze-BFoQ i-Fod Protection Act (OWBPA) zaguqula i-ADEA ukuze inqabe ngokukhethekile ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngokwezinzuzo zezisebenzi.

Isisekelo Sokwehlukana Kwamalungelo

I - ADA, eyadlula ngo - 1990 futhi yathuthukiswa ngo - 2008 i - ADA Isimemezelo (ADAAA), inqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekile emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokulala zomphakathi, ezokuhamba nezokuxhumana. I - ADA ichaza ukukhubazeka okungokomzimba noma okungokwengqondo okulinganisela kakhulu imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphila, umlando wokukhubazeka okunjalo, noma ukubhekwa njengokukhubazeka okunjalo. I - ADAA yandisa incazelo, okwenza kube lula kubantu ukuba basungule inqubo.

Abaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu-15 noma ngaphezulu kumelwe banikeze izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile. Inqubo yokusebenzisana ibalulekile kuyi-ADA: abaqashi nezisebenzi kumelwe bahlanganyele engxoxweni eqinile yenkolo ukuze bathole izindawo zokulala eziphumelelayo. I-ADA futhi inqabela ukuziphindiselela kubantu abaqinisa amalungelo abo ngaphansi komthetho.

Lapho Imithetho Emibili Ihlangana: ISisebenzi Esidala Esinganeliseki

Izisebenzi esezikhulile zivame ukukhubazeka, kuhlanganise nokungakwazi ukuhamba, ukungakwazi ukuzwa, izinkinga zamehlo, kanye nezinkinga ezingamahlalakhona ezinjengokuqaqamba kwamathambo, isifo sikashukela noma isifo senhliziyo. Ngokwemininingwane evela eBureau of Labor Statistics yase-U.S., izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu - 65 nangaphezulu ezikhubazekile ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kunezisebenzi ezisezincane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isisebenzi esesikhulile singabhekana nokucwaswa okusekelwe kuphela ebukhulwini, ekukhubazeni, noma enhlanganiseni yazo zombili izimpawu.

Lokhu kuxhumana kuveza izimo eziningana eziwusizo:

  • [ Imfanelo yezindawo zokulala ezifanele zesimo esihlobene nobudala: Abaqashi bangase babheke ngephutha isicelo sesisebenzi esikhulile sokufuna indawo yokuhlala (umz., idesiki elimile lesifo samathambo) njengesicelo esingesona esingokomthetho kunesesincane esifanayo nesisebenzi esincane.
  • Imibono esekelwe ebudaleni nasekukhubazekeni: Abakhulukazi bangase bagcine izilinganiso ezivamile zokuthi isisebenzi esesikhulile esikhubazekile singu "egqumeni" noma singakwazi ukufunda amakhono amasha, okuholela ezenzweni zemisebenzi ezingezinhle.
  • Umklamo wokuhlela i-Benefit:[ Amanye amasu omqashi alungiselelwe impilo noma umhlala-phansi angahlukanisa phakathi kobudala nokukhubazeka ngezindlela ezingaphula iziqondiso noma zombili.
  • Izinqumo zokunciphisa emandleni (RIF): Phakathi nokudilizwa, izisebenzi ezindala ezikhubazekile zingahlohlwa ngokungenakulinganiswa uma abenzi besinqumo bencike ekuhloleni ukusebenza okunezihloko noma izilinganiso ezinciphileyo ezithinta leliqembu ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Imibono Engokomthetho Yamacala Ahlangene

Lapho isisebenzi esigugile sibhekana nokuphathwa kabi, singase sifake iziqu zaso ngaphansi kwe - ADEA, i - ADA, noma zombili. Izinkantolo zivame ukuhlaziya ukusho ngakunye, kodwa umbhalo oyiqiniso ungase uphinde ufane.

Ezinye iziphakamiso zingahlanganisa ukuhlangana kwezisebenzi ezikhubazekile, okubangelwa ukuhlangana kwenkathi yobudala nokukhubazeka, kunokuba kube yikho kuphela. Nakuba i-ADEA ne-ADA iyimithetho ehlukene, ezinye izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi ukucwaswa kungavela lapho ukubheka izisebenzi ezindala ngokukhubazeka kusetshenziswa ekuziqedeni. I-Ecompali Explace Option Commission (EOC) iye yakhipha isiqondiso sokuthi abantu bangavikelwa ngaphansi kwayo yomibili imithetho.

Ukwehluka Okuyinhloko Ezivikelweni Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwe - ADEA ne - ADA kubalulekile ekubhaleni izinto ezimbili ezishiwoyo:

  • Amakilasi avikelweyo: ADEA ahlanganisa iminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu; ADA ihlanganisa abantu ngokukhubazeka (ayikho iminyaka yobudala).
  • [ Imikhawulo ye-Employer:[ ADEA isebenza ku-20+ izisebenzi; ADA isebenza ku-15+ izisebenzi. Imithetho kahulumeni inemikhawulo ephansi.
  • [[[ALT:0] Izimfuneko zokuthola indawo: I-ADA ifuna indawo yokuhlala efanelekile yokukhubazeka; i-ADEA ayidingi indawo yokuhlala esekelwe ebudaleni kuphela.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imiphumela ehlukanisayo: I-ADEA ivumela imiphumela ehlukene, kodwa abaqashi bangavikela ukusebenzisa izici ezinengqondo ngaphandle kobudala (RFOA). I-ADA ivumela futhi izimpawu ezihlukile kodwa ezinendinganiso ehlukile ngaphansi kwezindinganiso "zokwakha" isivikelo.
  • [ Imithetho ivumela ukukhokhelwa, iholo elingaphambili, kanye nokuhlahlela (engaphansi kwe-ADA). I-ADEA futhi inikeza umonakalo osusukhithikile emacaleni okwephula ngamabomu.
  • Ukususwa kwamakhambi okuphatha: Zombili zidinga ukufaka isigwebo nge-EEOC ngaphambi kokumangalela enkantolo kahulumeni, nakuba izikhombo zesikhathi se-procedroftware zihlukile.

Izenzakalo Zomthetho Eziphawulekayo

Izinqumo eziningi zenkantolo ziye zathonya ukuhlobana phakathi kobudala nomthetho wokucwasana ngokukhubazeka. Cleveand v. Policy Management Systems Corp., 526 U.S.795 [1999], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ukufaka isicelo se-Social Security Disability Insurectory (SDI) izinzuzo ze-ADI zingaseza uma zingachaza ukungavumelani phakathi kokuthi ukukhubazeka kwe-SSDI kanye nokuba umuntu ofanelekayo okwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile ngokuhlala endaweni efanelekile. Lesi sinqumo sibaluleke kakhulu kuzisebenzi ezindala ezingase zifake i-SSDI ezisenzweni zempilo ezise ziwohlolwe iminyaka exce.

Gross v. FBL Financial Services , Inc., 557 U.S. 167 (2009), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi i-ADEa Placttiffs kumelwe ibonise ukuthi iminyaka yobudala yayiyisizathu sonya, hhayi nje isici esishukumisayo. Lendinganiso ekhudlekayo ehlukaniswe i-ADA', evumela ukuhlanganisa imibala exubile (lapho ukukhubazeka kudinga isici esishukumisayo). Kulesisebenzi esidala esiveza ubudala ubudala nobunzima, esifakazela ukuthi imbangela yeminyaka kodwa ingenzima, kodwa ingaba yinselele uma ifeza indima yayo. Izinkantolo ziye zathuthuka ukuze zihlole isilinganiso ngasinye ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sayo.

Enye indawo ebalulekile ihlanganisa ukusebenzelana kwe-ADEA ne-ADA ekuhlelweni okuzuzisayo. EOC v. United Airlines, Inc., 673 F.3d 412 (61. 2012), uma kubhekiswe ukuthi ikepisi elisebuqothweni besikhathi eside linenzuzo yezisebenzi ezindala zaphula i-ADEA (kusukela ukuthi izisebenzi ezindala ezingaphezulu kwezingu-60 zazingathola izinyanga ezimbalwa zezinzuzo kunezisebenzi ezincane). Inkantolo yathola ukuthi izikhonkwana ezinjalo zingaba nezinhlangothi ezihlukene ngaphandle kokuba zithethelelwe ngezindleko zokunikeza usizo lwezisebenzi ezindala. Lokhu kubonisa indlela inzuzo yobudala nokukhubazeka okuzuzisayo.

Ukuhlukahluka Komthetho KaHulumeni

Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho yazo siqu enqabela ukucwasana ngeminyaka nokukhubazeka, ngezinye izikhathi inikeza isivikelo esibanzi kunomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Fair Accounting and Hollas Act (FEHA) imbophele bonke abaqashi abasebenzayo abahlanu noma ngaphezulu futhi ayisebenzisi indinganiso "kodwa" yendlela yokufuna ukudlula. Imithetho yoMbuso ingaqaphela ngokucacile ukucwaswa komphakathi noma ukunikezwa kwemithi engcono. Abaqashi kumelwe bacabangele kokubili i-proctivationss lapho abathengisi beyaluyaluza.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Kwabaqashi

Abaqashi kufanele bathathe izinyathelo ezishukumisayo ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi bavumelana nabo bobabili i - ADEA ne - ADA ngesikhathi esifanayo:

  • [ Amamenenja aqeqeshayo nezisebenzi zeHR ngokuqaphela nokugwema ubandlululo olusekelwe ebudalani nasekukhubazekeni, kuhlanganise nobandlululo olungekho mzini kuzisebenzi ezikhubazekile.
  • [ Igcwalisa inqubo eqinile yokusebenzisana [ ngezicelo zokuhlala ezingazisusi izidingo zezisebenzi ezindala ngokuthi "ingxenye nje yokukhula." zonke izicelo zendawo yokuhlala kufanele zihlolwe ngezimfanelo zazo, kungakhathaliseki ubudala bomsebenzi.
  • Ihlola ukusebenza kwezimiso zokuhlola [ ukuqeda izinkolelo ezihlobene nobudala ezingase zithinte izisebenzi ezindala ngokungenakulinganiswa ngokukhubazeka (umz., izibalo zokuzivumelanisa nokuguquguquka noma amandla).
  • [ ukuhlola kuzuzisa amasu amalungiselelo angaba nethonya elihlukile kuzisebenzi ezikhubazekile, njengezikhonkwane ezisiza ukukhubazeka ezihlukahluka ngokweminyaka.
  • Izinqumo zebhizinisi lenyanga ngokucophelela. Uma uqeda noma wehlisa isisebenzi esidala ngokukhubazeka, abaqashi kufanele babe nezizathu ezicacile, ezingabonisi bugebengu ezisekelwe ngobufakazi obungaqondile. Izikhombo ze-vague ku "izindaba zokwenza" noma "izinkathazo zobukhazikhazikhazi" zingamema ukuhlaziywa ngaphansi kwayo yomibili imithetho.
  • Iseluleko somthetho esisemthethweni lapho kuhlelwa izimiso zokunciphisa amandla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi azisebenzi ezindala eziyizisulu noma izisebenzi ezikhubazekile ngokungenakulinganiswa. Sebenzisa izinketho eziqondile ezinjengokusebenza, amakhono, kanye nokwenza izibalo ezilandelanayo kunokuba zithathe izinqumo.

Izingozi Ezivamile Zezisebenzi

Abaqashi ngokuvamile abayiqondi indlela i - ADEA esebenzelana ngayo nabantu.

  • Ithatha ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi isisebenzi sesikhulile, ukukhubazeka kwaso kulindelwe "kulindelwe" futhi ngakho akudingi ukuba sihlale ngaphansi kwe-ADA. I-ADA ayinankathi ehlukile.
  • Ukunikeza amaphakethe omhlalaphansi acindezela izisebenzi esezikhulile ezikhubazekile ukuba zihambe, okungase kubangele ukuziphindiselela noma ukukhipha izihluthulelo ezakhayo.
  • Ukuvivinya umzimba ngokuzivivinya noma ukuhlola kwezokwelapha okuhlola ngokungenakulinganiswa izisebenzi esezikhulile ezikhubazekile ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuthi zihlobene nomsebenzi nesidingo sebhizinisi.
  • Ukwenqaba ukuqasha izisebenzi esezikhulile ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngezindleko zesikhathi esizayo zokukhubazeka noma izindleko ezikhudlwana zomshuwalense wempilo. Imikhuba enjalo ingangqubuzana ne-ADEA, futhi uma isekelwe ekukhubazekeni okuhlobene ne-ADA.

Okutuswa Abaqashi

Izisebenzi esezikhulile ezikhubazekile ezikholelwa ukuthi ziye zabhekana nobandlululo kufanele zithathe izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  • [ Uxwebhu lonke: gcina amarekhodi azo zonke izingxoxo, izicelo zendawo yokuhlala, ukubukeza ukusebenza, nezenzo zemisebenzi engathandeki. Ama-Timeline abalulekile.
  • Icala elifike ngesikhathi nge-EEOC: Ukuphela kwesikhathi kuyizinsuku eziyi-180 kusukela esinyatheloni sokugcina sokulahla i mani noma isiphi isenzo (izinsuku ezingu300 ezisezindaweni ezinezikhundla zemisebenzi ezilungile). Ukwehluleka ukubhala amafayela ngesikhathi kungavala icala elilandelayo.
  • Ukucela indawo yokuhlala kwasekuqaleni:[ Ngisho noma usola ukucwaswa kobudala, ukucela indawo yokuhlala ukukhubazeka kungabangela isivikelo ngaphansi kwe-ADA futhi isiza ekumiseni umbhalo wezidingo zakho.
  • Funa iseluleko somthetho: Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho kokubili umthetho wobudala nokhubazeko angahlola ukuthi yikuphi okushoyo okunamandla kakhulu nokuthi umthetho kahulumeni unikeza isivikelo esengeziwe.
  • Cela izimpikiswano zokwahlukanisa: Uma ubhekene nobandlululo olubonakala luhlobene nobudala bakho nobulema (umz., umphathi wathi "umdala kakhulu futhi ugula kakhulu ukuba ungaqhubeka"), qiniseka ukuthi usho ukuthi kumthetho wakho we-EEOC.

Iziqondiso Nezimiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba izisebenzi zineminyaka engu-88.Njengoba inani lamaMelika aneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu lilindeleke ukuba liphindeke kabili ngo-2060", ukuhlangana kobandlululo lobudala nolukhubazeko kuyoba okubaluleke kakhulu. Abenzi bomthetho nabasekeli bemithetho baye bacela isivikelo esiqinile sezisebenzi ezikhubazekile, kuhlanganise nokulungisa i-ADEA ukuze kuthathelwe indawo "kodwa" indinganiso eshukumisayo ngokuhlola okushukumisayo, ukuvumelana kwayo ne-ADA kanye ne-I. Ezinye iziphakamiso ziye zasikisela futhi ukuqaphela "expartment" noma ukuthatha umthetho wombuso owesizwe ngokucacile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EEOC ibeke i-EEOC ebekwe phambili kulendawo, ikhipha imithombo ebalulekile ekwabeni ubudala nokukhubazeka. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-EEOC iye yaletha amacala abekela abaqashi izinhlelo ezivivinya abaqashi abaphatha izisebenzi ezikhubazekile ngokwehlukile, njengezimiso eziphoqelelwe zomhlalaphansi zezindima ezithile ezingase zingqubuzane ne-ADA uma isisebenzi sisengaqhubeka senza imisebenzi ebalulekile engokwendawo yokuhlala. Izobuchwepheshe zifeza indima: njengoba izisebenzi esezikhulile zincika kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe zokusiza, abaqashi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi amathuluzi omsebenzi awenziwe ngokungefani nezokusebenza futhi ukuqeqesha akuqhubeki imingcele yekhono lokufunda.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola inhlangano [ EEC’S { ne Inethiwekhi yesizwe [ yesiqondiso sokulalela. [ I-AK] inikeza i-AVC yemisebenzi ye-Factorial [ esebenzayo, kanti SM]SM[ inikeza umqashi ipesenti zenkomvo.

Isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yobudala yobandlululo nemithetho yamalungelo okukhubazeka kugcizelela isidingo sokuthola ukuvumelana okuhlukile ngokumelene nokucwasana nokungavumelani. Izisebenzi ezindala ezikhubazekile zinelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokugcwele yikho kokubili i-ADEA ne-ADA, futhi abaqashi kumelwe bagweme izimiso noma izenzo eziphatha ngokungemthetho noma ngasiphi isisekelo. Ngokuqonda izindinganiso ezingokomthetho, izinselele ezisebenzayo, kanye nokuvela kwemikhuba, bonke ababambi bemigoqo banganezela emsebenzini owengeziwe nongalawuleki kubantu abadala abakhubazekile.