Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo singaphezu kakhulu kokungena okungokomthetho noma isinkondlo sezombangazwe. Sisebenza njengesisekelo sefilosofi nesifiso sesizwe, siveza ubuni obuhlangeneyo, izindinganiso eziyisisekelo, kanye nemigomo ephelele ehlanganisa abantu abahlukene ndawonye ngaphansi kwesimiso esisodwa sikahulumeni. Enkathini ephawulwe ukuhlanganisa okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, ukuhlukana kwesifunda, ukuhlukana kwesifunda, nokuphikisana okusekelwe ekuhlonishweni, indima yokusungula ekukhuthazeni nasekusekeleni ubunye obuhlangene obuhlangeneyo kanye ne-cosyntiontion [ obungakaze bube lukhuni kakhulu. Ubunye besizwe sibhekisela esizweni esihlangene njengesizwe esisodwa, esibonakala ngokuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe kanye nokuzibodwa kwenkululeko ezindaweni ezivamile. Izizwe ezihlangene zichaza ubudlelwane bomphakathi womphakathi kanye nenhlahloko olungcono nolulungele ukubambisana komunye.

Isisekelo Sobunye BoMthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho

Umkhuba wokusebenzisa isandulela ukuze kuhlanganiswe isizwe usekelwe kakhulu kuyifilosofi yanamuhla yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi isiko lesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Abacabangi abanjengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques baphikisa ngokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe lisuka esivumelwaneni sabantu abakhululekile ukuze bakhe umphakathi. Isethulo sisebenza njengesivumelwano esilotshiwe kule ngqungquthela yokuqala, sikhumbula isikhathi abantu ngokwabo ngokwabo bezenza isifundazwe.

Ukuvumelana Nobubusi Nobukhosi Obuthandwayo Bezenhlalo

Izingeniso zivame ukuveza umqondo ocacile wokuthi abantu bavuma ngokuzithandela ukumisa uhulumeni. Le "isikhathi esimisiwe" ibalulekile ekumiseni isibopho esithe ngqo sesizwe kanye nesibopho esimile phakathi kombuso nomuntu. Ngokufaka igunya emvumeni yabalawulwayo, isiqalo siveza umuzwa wokuba abenawo kanye ngenxa yesiphetho sezwe. I-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikeza isizinda esibanzi sendlela le zinkolelo zenhlanganisela yanamuhla esakheke ngayo isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo (bona i-Contractive Contrary [[FLT: 1]]).

Igunya Elingokomfanekiso Limelene Nokuphoqelelwa Ngokomthetho

Nakuba izihloko ezisebenzayo zomthetho-sisekelo zinikeza uhlelo oluqinile lomthetho, isandulela siphethe amandla amakhulu angokomfanekiso nachazayo. Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa isethulo sokuqonda "umoya" noma "ukusungula" somthetho-mthetho. Ezindabeni eziningi, nokho, isiqalo asiphoqelelwanga ngokuqondile enkantolo; siyithuluzi lokuchaza kunokuba sibe umthombo womthetho oqondile. Lomehluko ubalulekile. Lo mehluko awufaki amalungelo akhethekile, kodwa unikeza ilens efundelwa ngayo amalungelo ayisisekelo. Isibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya ikholelwa ukuthi i-preggnuption iyisihluthulelo sokuvula ingqondo yabenzi, iqondisa ukuchazwa komthetho wonke umthetho. Lo mbuso uthuthukisa ubunye obungokomfanekiso ngokuhlanganisa indawo eyodwa nemisebenzi yesizwe.

Ukushintsha Isisekelo

Izihloko eziqanjiwe zisebenza njengezinto ezinamandla zokulandisa. Ziveza izikhalo zesikhathi esidlule (umzz. "Ukwehlukanisa izinselele zakudala" eNingizimu Afrika), ukuveza izinselele zamanje, kanye nezifiso zesikhathi esizayo. Lendatshana yendaba inikeza isisekelo esinamandla esingokwengqondo sesizwe. Ilandisa ngendaba yokuthi isizwe savelaphi, ukuthi sikholelwaphi, nokuthi siyaphi. Lendaba iyingxenye ebucayi ye-cohesition, inikeza isisekelo esifanayo sezakhamuzi ezingase zibe nesinye esinesinye esinesizathu esincane.

Izikhali Eziqondile Zobunye Nokubambisana Olimini Lwensada

Abadwebi boMthetho - sisekelo basebenzisa amathuluzi athile okusebenzisa ulimi nemibono eqondile phakathi kwesethulo sobunye.

1. Isimemezelo sobukhosi Obuvamile: "Thina Bantu"

Inkulumo ethi "Thina Duthers" (noma isiqu sayo sezilimi) iyithuluzi elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu lokuhlanganisa esithuthwini. Ithi igunya lesizwe lisuka ezakhamuzini zalo, ngaleyo ndlela lidlulela ngalé kwesifunda, uhlanga, noma izigaba zenkolo. Idala indikimba ezimele eyodwa − Abantu − abawumthombo wawo wonke amandla ombuso. Lendlela iphika ubuqotho kunoma yimuphi umkhakhakha othi umelela ingxenye eyodwa yesizwe nesinye, imisa umugqa oqondile wegunya ezakhamuzini ukuya kuhulumeni.

2. Ukuklanywa Kwezindinganiso Ezihlangene

Isethulo sezindinganiso eziyinhloko izakhamuzi zonke ezilindeleke ukuba zizisekele. Lezi zihlanganisa ubulungisa, inkululeko, ukulingana, nobudlelwane. Lamazwi asebenza njengemigomo evamile zonke izakhamuzi ezingayifisa, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sazo.

  • Ubulungisa: Ukuzinikela ekulungiseni, umthetho, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho iqembu elincishiswe ngokuhlelekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye phakathi kwesimiso sokuphepha okuhlangene nokuhleleka komphakathi.
  • Ukulingana:[ Isiqinisekiso sokuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinenani elilinganayo lokuziphatha futhi zinelungelo lamalungelo alinganayo namathuba.
  • [ Ukuzala: Ngokuvamile kunganakwa kakhulu kuZiqu- zintathu (Imvume, ukulingana, ukuTshabalalisa okuvela ekuvukeleni kwaseFrance), ukuhlangana kubhekisa ngokuqondile ekuhlanganeni kwezenhlalo. Kudinga umuzwa wobuzalwane nobunye phakathi kwezakhamuzi, ukusebenza njengobukhulu obuqondile obungokomzwelo obuphikisanayo nokwehlukana phakathi kwezenhlalo nokuncintisana.

3. Ukuqashelwa Nokuphathwa Kwezinhlobonhlobo

Inselele enkulu emazweni anamuhla ukulinganisela ubunye nokuqaphela izinhlobonhlobo. Izihloko zisingatha lokhu ngezindlela ezihlukile, zibonisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuhlangana kwesizwe.

Ubunye Obuyinqaba (IPoti Eshintshashintshayo)

Ezinye izingeniso zisikisela inqubo lapho amaqembu ahlukene ehlangana khona abe yisizwe esisodwa, esifanayo. Incazelo edumile iwukulindela ukuthi abafuduki nabambalwa bazothatha isiko elivamile nolimi. Nakuba lokhu kungakha isici esicacile, esihlukile, ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukunqanda amasiko amancane.

Ubunye Obuphathelene Nolimi (UMose Noma Usaladi)

Ezinye izingeniso ziqaphela ngokucacile ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga, izilimi, inkolo, kanye nohlanga − futhi zihlanganisa ubunye obuvumelanayo phakathi kwezwe elilodwa elizimele. I-Preggeet yaseNdiya iyisibonelo esiyinhloko, inezela ngokucacile igama elithi "Sinizonke" ukuqinisekisa lokhu kuthengiseka okuhlukahlukene. Isethulo saseNingizimu Afrika ngokufanayo simemezela ukuthi isizwe sihlangene phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zethu. Lendlela ivumelana kakhulu nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu zanamuhla futhi ibhekwa njengendlela eqinile yokuhlanganisa abantu emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu.

Ukuhlaziya Umthetho - sisekelo Oqhathaniswayo: Ukuhlola Izifo Ngobunye

Ukuhlola izingeniso ezithile kwembula izindlela ezihlukahlukene izizwe eziye zazisebenzisa ukuze zithuthukise ukuhlangana, ngasinye sivumelana nezimo zaso ezingokomlando nezingokwenhlalo.

United States (1787)

"Thina bantu base-United States, ngokokuhlela ukwakha i-Union ephelele kakhulu, ukumisa uBume, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela kwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukuvikela okuvamile, ukukhuthaza i-Welfare, nokuvikela iMibusiso yeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu nePostry, simisa lomthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America."

I-US Pregry iyisisebenzi sobuciko sokwakha isizwe. Isuka ngqo "Thina bantu" ukuya ohlwini lwemigomo ehlangeneyo, ifuna ngokukhanyayo ukwakha "Ubumbano oluphelele kakhulu" ngemva kokuhluleka kwezihloko zobuhlanga. Ihlela umthetho-sisekelo njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, igxile ekuthobekeni kwasekhaya nasenhlalakahleni njengezithelo zobunye.

ENdiya (1950, Yasakazeka ngo - 1976)

“ VE, ABANTU BAMAINDIYA, bezimisele ngokuqinile ukwakha iNdiya libe yi - SOVERIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC EYINKOMELELO EYINKOSI NOKUZISEBENZISA kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zayo: UBULUNGISA... UKUQINGA... nokuthuthukisa phakathi kwabo bonke ubuhlakani obuqinisekisa isithunzi somuntu ngamunye nobunye nobuqotho besizwe. ”

Indatshana ye-Indiya iyafundisa kakhulu. I-Reformation ihlanganisa ukukhulelwa [ kanye nobuqotho besizwe . ISichibiyelo samashumi amane [196] sanezela amagama "Sociast" kanye "nenxala" embhalweni wokuqala. [le ngxenye] yayiwumzamo oqotho wokususa ubunye besizwe esivumelwaneni somthetho wezente nangokongasese kanye nenkolo, ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngobubanzi bezwe nolimi oluhlukene.

ENingizimu Afrika (1996)

“Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Recogning, ukwahlulela ukungabi nabulungisa kwangesikhathi esidlule; hloniphani labo abahlupheka ngenxa yobulungisa nenkululeko ezweni lethu; yazisani labo abaye basebenza ekwakheni nasekuthuthukiseni izwe lethu; futhi nikholelwe ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingowabo bonke abahlala kulo, behlangene ezinhlobonhlobo zethu.”

Indatshana yaseNingizimu Afrika iyingqayizivele ekugxileni kwayo okucacile ekubuyisaneni. I-"heal[s] ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esidlule" ne "layisha] izisekelo zomphakathi wentando yeningi novulekile". Amazwi athi "ihlangene ekwahlukahlukahlukaneni kwethu" ayisimo sanamuhla esinamandla sesizwe sendabuko. Lendatshana iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokusebenzisa umbhalo wemithetho esemthethweni ukubhekisa ngokuqondile ekuhlolweni komlando wezenhlalakahle nezinhlanga.

Kenya (2010)

"Thina, abantu baseKenya... siziqhenya ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga, amasiko nenkolo... sizimisele ukuphila ngokuthula nobunye njengesizwe esisodwa esizimele esihlukaniswe."

I-Kenyan Pregage iyisibonelo sanamuhla sezwe elisebenzisa umthetho-sisekelo walo ukuze lizibophe ngemva komlando wempi yobuhlanga nempoqo yezombangazwe. Ngokusho ngokucacile ukuziqhenya ngokuhlukahlukahluka kuyilapho linquma ukuphila njengesizwe esisodwa "esihlukanisayo", lidala uhlelo oluqinile lokulawula ubuningi bezinhlanga. Lilahla umqondo wokuthi ukwahlukahluka kuyinkinga futhi esikhundleni salokho liyibeka njengomthombo wamandla esizwe.

Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa Kobunye Obubangelwa Yisandulela

Naphezu kolimi lwazo oluhle, izingeniso azilona ikhambi lokuhlukana.

Igebe Phakathi Kokuphefumula Nokungokoqobo

Ukungavumelani okukhulu kuvame ukuba khona phakathi kokukhuluma okukhula kakhulu kwendabuko kanye nobuqiniso bezakhamuzi. I-US Pregadge yathembisa " Justice" ne "Liberty" ngesikhathi ubugqila nobandlululo lobuhlanga oluhleliwe kubekwa ngokomthetho. Lobu buzenzisi bungabangela ukungathembi futhi bululaze ubunye isiqalo esifuna ukwakhiwa. Uma isiqalo sokuqala sithembisa ubudlelwano kodwa inqubo yobandlululo, lencwadi ilahlekelwa igunya layo lokuziphatha.

Singubani “Thina Bantu"?

Inkulumo ehlanganisayo "Thina Duther" ingaba yize kakhulu. Ngokomlando, abesifazane, abantu bomdabu, nabantu abagqilaziwe ngokuvamile babengabhekwa njengengxenye yalendikimba ebusayo. Izikhangiso zanamuhla kumelwe ziphikise njalo ngokuthi ubani ongoka-"Abantu" izimpikiswano mayelana nesizwe, ukufuduka, namalungelo eqembu elincane yimpikiswano enkulu ngencazelo yale nkulumo. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wakuqala wase-US "We bantu" awuzange uhlanganise ama-Afrika agqilaziwe, iphutha elathatha iMpi Yombango nempi yomphakathi eyalandela.

Ukungalungi Okungokomthetho

Ezindabeni eziningi, isaziso asiphoqelelwe ngokuqondile enkantolo. Lokhu kulinganisela amandla aso asebenzayo ukuphoqelela ubunye. Nakuba kuyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuchaza imithetho engaqondakali, ayinakusetshenziswa ngokwayo ukumisa umthetho. Uhulumeni angenza ngezindlela eziphikisana nomoya wesiqalo, futhi izinkantolo zingase zinganamandla okungenela ngaphandle kokuba ilungelo elithile elikhethekile elikwaziyo liphulwe. Lokhu "ukuphoqelelwa" kusho ukuphumelela kwesiqalo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekutheni uhulumeni unegunya.

Ingozi Yokuncintisana Kwabantu Nokubambisana

Nakuba izingeniso zikhuthaza ubuzwe bomphakathi (osekelwe ezindinganisweni ezihlanganyelwayo), ulimi lwabo oluvumelanayo lungafakwa abashisekeli besizwe. Ubizo "ubunye" lungasetshenziswa yiqembu elikhulu ukuthethelela ukumelana nokwehlukana, ukumisa i-asmilication, noma ukuvala amazwi amancane. Uhulumeni angaphikisa ngokuthi ukubhikisha kungu "kwesizwe esihlukene" egameni lobunye obuthenjiswe yisiqalo, ngaleyondlela ukuvimbela ukuncintisana kwezenhlalo kwangempela ngezindlela zobuphoqelela. Impoqo ingaba isikhali sokulwa kwemizwa ehlukene efuna ukuvikela.

Isiqalo Nokubambisana Kwesizwe Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ingakanani into eqhubeka isetshenziswa yisandulela senkathi yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, amagumbi okunanela ngomshini, nokunyuka kwezinhlangano ezisekela ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke?

Iziqubulo Eziningi Zokuveza Amaqiniso Amasha

Amanye amazwe aye alungisa izingeniso zawo ukuze abhekane kangcono nezinselele zamanje. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isethulo siyincwadi ephilayo engasetshenziselwa ukuvuselela isivumelwano sesizwe sezenhlalo. ISichibiyelo saseNdiya soma 42 siyisibonelo esiphambili. Indatshana ye-Switzerland ka-1999 yanezela isibopho esicacile "esenzeka esingenakufinyelelwa" kanye "nokungavumelani nezizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo" nalokhu kushintsha kuvumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba uvele ngokuhambisana nokuqonda kwesizwe ngokwaso kanye nezindinganiso zaso.

I - bulwark Emelene Nokuhlukana Nokubhidlika

Emazweni abhekene nempi-mpi yohlanga noma izinhlangano ze-secesionism, insandulela isebenza njengesithiyo esingokomthetho nesengqondo sokumelana nokuwohloka. Isimiso seNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada ukuqaphela futhi ukwanda kwe-Quebec[ yancike kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho-mshicile ezitholakala eMthethweni we-Canada weSigqeqekezo-mfa, idendeli, umthetho-mthetho wentando yeningi, kanye nomthetho we-othonadaymentality, ukuphikisa nokungamelana okungasese. Inkantolo yayikholelwa ukuthi lezizimiso, ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni kuqala, zidinga ukuhlobana kokubili abantu abasemthethweni, ukulungiselela isisekelo somthetho wesizwe, nokulungisa isisekelo somthetho wokuziphatha [FFogtion] [3]

Imfundo Nesiko Leqembu

Isiqalo sifeza indima ebalulekile emfundweni yomphakathi. Ukucaphuna isethulo ezikoleni (njengoba kwenziwa eNdiya nase-US) kuyisiko eliqinisa ukuma kwesizwe kanye nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe, lemibhalo efanayo ingasebenza njengesisekelo esifanayo senkulumo yezombangazwe. Uma izakhamuzi ezweni lonke zihlanganyela umbhalo owodwa ochaza injongo yesizwe, yenza isisekelo sempikiswano yezombangazwe kanye negama elihlangene lokuzilawula.

Isiphetho: Isidingo Esihlala Njalo Sombono Womthetho - sisekelo Ohlanganyelayo

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo singaphezu kakhulu kokuba isisekelo somlando. Siyithuluzi lokwakha nokusekela ubunye besizwe nokusekela ubunye. Ngokumemezela ubukhosi obuthandwayo, ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso, nokulandisa kwesizwe, kunikeza izimpawu ezifanayo zezakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene. Nakuba igebe phakathi kombhalo ofinyelelwe neqiniso lezombangazwe liletha inselele engapheli, isiqalo sinikeza uphawu lobulungisa nethuluzi lokulandisa.

Imema isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sigcine isizwe sinobunkomba bezithembiso zaso ezisunguliwe. Ezweni eligcwele ubunkimbinkimbi nokwehlukana, ikhono labantu lokubheka esanduleleni somthetho-sisekelo wabo futhi babone ukubonakaliswa okungokomthetho "Thina Bantu" kulokhu kuyizivivinyo eziqinile, eziqinile, ezihambisanayo, nomphakathi nje. Isiqalo asisona isimemezelo esicacile; siyisimemo esiphilayo sokulwela ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele ngokwengeziwe, ukuhlangana okujulile, nencazelo egcwele kakhulu yesizwe. Umsebenzi wokwakha ubunye, oqondiswa yilamazwi asekelwe kulawo sisekelo, awusoze waphelela ngempela.