Table of Contents

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo ziyizinhlangano ezinamandla ezibumba cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla. Kusukela ekudleni okudlayo kuya emoyeni owuphefumulayo, kusukela ekulondekeni kwemisebenzi yakho kuya ekulondekeni kwezezimali, izinhlangano ezilawulayo zimisa futhi zimise imithetho evikela impilo yomphakathi, iqiniseke ngokulunga, futhi zigcine ukuhleleka ezimbonini ezingenakubalwa. Ukuqonda indlela lezizinhlangano ezithuthukisa ngayo izimiso ezibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi futhi athonye izimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Inqubo yokubeka imithetho iyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esibonisayo esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela isidingo sokuqondisa okuphumelelayo nezimiso zokuhlanganyela komphakathi nokulandisa. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ibusa inqubo izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezimisa ngayo futhi zikhiphe iziqondiso. Lomthetho wesisekelo, owamiswa ngo- 1946, usebenza njengalokho ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ezibheka uhlobo "lomthetho wokuphatha" we-U.S.

Yini Ebalulekile Ezicini Zokuqondisa Futhi Kungani Zibalulekile?

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo ze-operactical Protection Agency (EPA), i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA), i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), kanye ne-APA isebenza kuyo yomibili iminyango yezikhulu nezinhlangano ezizimele. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-Food and Drug Administration (FRAN), i-Occumentation Safety ne-Heal Administration (OSHA), kanye ne-SCMMANDRC (EC), i-ACCM.

Ithonya lezemithetho likhulu. Izimo zomphakathi zenza izinqumo mayelana nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, izakhiwo zokuhamba, umshuwalense wempilo, ukuphepha kokudla, imigangatho yezindlu, ne-inthanethi. Lezi zinqumo zithinta abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, kanye nemiphakathi yonke. Ngenxa yalokhu kufinyelela okukhulu, ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano ezikha ngayo imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthembiseni izakhamuzi ngempumelelo.

I-APA ichaza ukubekwa kwemithetho ngokuthi "inqubo esheshayo yokukhangisa, ukuthena, noma ukuguqula umthetho," kanye "nomthetho" kuchazwa kakhulu kakhulu ukuhlanganisa nanoma yikuphi "ukukhulumela okuvamile noma okungaqondakaliyo noma okukhethekile kanye nomphumela wesikhathi esizayo oklanyelwe ukusebenzisa, ukuchaza, noma ukumisa umthetho noma isimiso""" Uma ikhishwa ngokufanele, lemithetho iphethe amandla nomphumela womthetho, ibopha kokubili amaqembu aphethe izinhlangano kanye nezikhoshayo ngokwazo.

Isimiso Sasemthethweni: UMthetho Wokuphatha

I-Administrative Procedure Act imelela isivikelo esiyisisekelo kumthetho wokuqondisa waseMelika. I-APA yenza uhlelo lokuqondisa izinhlangano nezindima zazo. Le ngxoxo iphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso futhi ivimbela igunya elingavinjelwa ezicini ezithile zikahulumeni.

Ngokwe-Attorney General’s Manual on the Administrative Procedure Act, izinjongo eziyisisekelo zomthetho zihlanganisa ukufuna izinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba zigcine iziyalezo zenhlangano yazo, izinqubo, nemithetho; ukulungiselela ukuhlanganyela komphakathi enqubweni yokushaya umthetho; nokumisa izindinganiso ezifanayo zokuziphatha komthetho nokufushanisa.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Ze - APA

I-APA ihlanganisa izimfuneko zokunyathelisa izimemezelo zokushaya umthetho ezihlongozwayo nezingokokugcina eFederal Register, futhi inikeza amathuba okuba umphakathi ukhulume ngezimemezelo zokushaya umthetho okuhlongozwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-APA idinga imithetho eminingi ukuze igcine usuku oluthatha izinsuku ezingu-30 oluphumelelayo. Lokhu kubambezela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu aphethe i-code anesikhathi esanele sokulungiselela ukuvumelana nezimfuneko ezintsha.

Ngaphandle kwezinqubo zokubeka imithetho, i-APA ikhuluma ngezinye izenzo zenhlangano ezinjengokudlulisa izimemezelo zenqubo, amalayisense, nemvume, futhi inikeza izindinganiso zokwahlulela uma umuntu eye wathinteka kabi noma waphazanyiswa yinhlangano. Lendlela ebanzi iqinisekisa ukulandisa kuyo yonke inqubo yokuphatha.

Izinhlobo Zokubuswa Kwemibuso

Akuyona yonke imithetho eyakhiwa ngenqubo efanayo. I-APA inemininingwane yezindlela ezisetshenziswayo zemithetho ehleliwe kanye nezimfuneko zokushaya imithetho ngokwethukela, lapho kukhishwa khona imithetho eminingi kakhulu yezinhlangano. Ukuqonda lezizindlela ezihlukahlukene kusiza ekucaciseni indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo ezimongweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukwenza ukubusa ngokwethukela (ihele-ye-menusence no-Comment)

Ngakho - ke inqubo yokushaya umthetho ngokwethukela ibizwa nangokuthi "ukwenza imithetho". Lena indlela evame kakhulu esetshenziswayo ukwenza imithetho emisha. Le nqubo ihlanganisa izinyathelo eziyisihluthulelo eziningana eziqinisekisa ukuba sobala nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Okokuqala, lenhlangano kumelwe inikeze isaziso sokubekwa kwemithetho okuhlongozwayo, okukhishwa kuyiFederal Register. iFederal Register "iyincwadi engokomthetho yansuku zonke yemithetho, imithetho ehlongozwayo, nezaziso zezinhlangano nezinhlangano zeFederal, kanye neziyalezo zezikhulu kanye nezinye izincwadi zomongameli."

Isaziso sokubekwa kwemithetho okuhlongozwayo kumelwe sihlanganise: (1) inkulumo yesikhathi, indawo, nesimo sokumiswa komthetho komphakathi; 2) ibhekisela egunyeni elingokomthetho umthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphansi kwalo; 3) amagama noma incazelo yomthetho ohlongozwayo noma incazelo yezindaba nezimpikiswano ezihilelekile; futhi 4) ikheli le - Internet eliwufingqayo amagama angengaphezu kwekhulu ubude bomthetho ohlongozwayo, ngolimi olucacile.

Ngemva kokukhishwa kwalenhlangano, lenhlangano kumelwe inikeze abantu abathakazelayo ithuba lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni umthetho ngokuzithoba kokwaziswa okubhaliwe, imibono, noma izimpikiswano kanye noma ngaphandle kwamathuba okunikeza inkulumo.

Ukwenza Imithetho Esemthethweni

Nakuba imithetho ikhishwa ngokwenqubo yokushaya umthetho ngokwethukela, ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokushaya imithetho, ezimane zisuke lapho uMkhandlu ufuna ukuba ukubekwa kwemithetho kuqhubeke "emlandweni"

Uma kudingeka ukubekwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, le nqubo iba yenziwa ibe lula kakhulu. Izimo zomkhandlu kumelwe zihileleke ezinqubeni ezinjengezicatshangelwe, zinikeze amaqembu amathuba okuveza amacala abo ngobufakazi obudluliselwa ngomlomo noma ngezinhlelo nokuziphatha okuxhunyaniswayo. Lezi zimo zenganyelwe isikhulu senhlangano noma iMahluleli yoMthetho ophethe.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokwenza Imithetho

Izinhlangano ze-Foderal zingafaka imithetho ehlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukwenza imithetho engokomthetho, ngokwethukela (iqoqo lemithetho ne-653) ukubusa, ukubusa okuxubile, ukushaya imibuso, ukushaya imingcele okuqondile, nokuxoxa ngokubusa.

Ukubusa okufushanisiwe kumelela indlela yokubambisana lapho izinhlangano zithintana nabantu abathakazelayo namaqembu phakathi nezigaba zokuthuthuka. Umgomo uwukwandisa ukuphumelela kokuqondisa nokunciphisa ukuphikiswa okulandelayo abafaki begodlelana ekuqaleni kwalenqubo, kuvumele inhlangano nezithakazelo ukuba zifinyelele ukuvumelana ngaphambi kokukhipha umthetho ohlongozwayo.

Inqubo Yokubusa: Hamba Ngenkani

Ukuqonda izinyathelo eziningi ngokubeka imithetho kuyasiza ekususeni imingcele endleleni efika ngayo futhi kwembule amathuba amaningi okuthembisana emphakathini.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukwazi Isidingo Sokubuyisana

Inqubo yokubeka imithetho iqala lapho inhlangano iveza isidingo sezimiso ezintsha noma izinguquko kulezo ezikhona. Lokhu kungavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene: izimvume zobuthangatha, izinqumo zenkantolo, izicelo ezivela emaqenjini omphakathi noma emboni, ukuvela kwezinkathazo zempilo noma zokulondeka, izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, noma imisebenzi yokucwaninga nokuhlola yenhlangano.

Izimo eziphuthumayo ngokuvamile ziqhuba ukucwaninga nokuhlaziya kokwandulela phakathi nalesigaba, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukuxhumana nochwepheshe, nokuhlaziya ubukhulu benkinga abahlongoza ukuyisingatha. Nakuba izinhlangano ngokuvamile zinokuhlakanipha phakathi nalesigaba sokuqala, ezinye izimo zidinga ukuhileleka kwasekuqaleni, ikakhulukazi lapho izenzo ezihlongozwayo zihilela iziphakamiso eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziningi.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Hlakulela Umbuso Ofiselekayo

Uma isidingo sesikhona, izisebenzi zezezimali ziqala ukumisa umthetho ohlongozwayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukucwaninga okukhulu, ukuhlaziya zomnotho, nokuxoxa nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe. Izimo zomphakathi kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho yazo ehlongozwayo ivumelana negunya labo lokulawula futhi zicabangele ithonya elingase libe nalo kubantu abafaka izimali ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Lapho kuthuthukiswa, izinhlangano zivame ukulungiselela izincwadi ezisekelayo ezihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho, ukuhlolwa kwezindleko, nezincazelo zesisekelo esingokomthetho sesenzo esihlongozwayo. Lezi zici zisiza umphakathi ukuba uqonde ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo uyini futhi unikeze umongo wezimpendulo ezinengqondo.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukusakaza Isaziso Sokwenza Imithetho Ehlongozwayo

Inxusa likhipha i - Notick of Proposed Rulesting (NPR), enyatheliswa kuyi - Federal Register, ukuze lichaze futhi licele ukukhulumela komphakathi ngesenzo esihlongozwayo sokuqondisa.

Imithetho nezimiso ezikhishwa noma ezihlongozwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqondisayo zikhishwa ngokwendlela okulandelana ngayo izenzakalo zezikhathi kuyiFederal Register. Lapho sekuqediwe, imithetho nezimiso ezikhishweyo zihlelwa ngesihloko encwadini ehlukile ebizwa ngokuthi iCode of Federal Regional Regial.

Isinyathelo 4: Inkathi Yokuphendula Kwasobala

Inkathi yokukhulumela komphakathi mhlawumbe iyinkathi ebucayi kakhulu yokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Asikho isikhathi esicacisiwe ukuze inkathi yokukhulumela ihlale ivulekile, futhi ngokuvamile iyahlukahluka ngokobunkimbinkimbi bomthetho. Izinkathi eziningi zokuphendula zithatha izinsuku eziphakathi kwezingu-30 nengu-60, futhi ezinye ziphinde zivuleke uma inxusa likholelwa ukuthi kunesikhathi esanele sokuba umphakathi uphendule.

Kunikezwa izinqubo eziphawulekayo zokuqondisa, izinkathi zokuphendula ezinde. Izeluleko zezimiso" ezichazwe ku-Expader Order 12,866, ngokwezithasiselo ze-Expaudition Order 13,63, izinhlangano kufanele zisebenzise isikhathi sokuphendula okungenani izinsuku ezingu-60.

Kuphela wonke umuntu angafaka amazwi omphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwa yinhlangano. Akudingeki ube yisazi semfundo, uchwepheshe, noma ngisho umuntu owazi zonke iziteshi nokwephulwa kwenqubo ekhona. Lokhu kwaziswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene yazisa inqubo yokulawula.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukubukeza Nokusabela Ezimpendulweni

Ngemva kokuphetha inkathi yokukhulumela, izinhlangano zibhekene nomsebenzi onzima wokubukeza zonke izimpendulo ezifakiwe. Uma inkathi yokuphendula isiphelile, amanxusa aqala ukubukeza amazwi adlulisiwe.

Baphawula amazwi anikezwa njengengxenye yokubhala okukhulu noma ukwakha imikhankaso yezincwadi futhi bawahlanganise ndawonye. Bahlukanisa futhi ama mpendulo anwebekile abe yizingxenye futhi bawahambisane nezingxenye zomthetho ozoshintsha uma inkampani ibizokwamukela ukutusa kokuphendula. Le nqubo ivumela amalungu ezisebenzi, anomthwalo wemfanelo wezingxenye ezithile zomthetho ngokwekhono lawo, ukuba aphendule kalula kakhulu emazwini ahlobene nawo.

Izinhlangano kumelwe zicabangele yonke indaba engekho-mthethweni enikezwayo" phakathi nenkathi yokukhulumela, futhi kumelwe ziphendule ngandlela-thile kuzo zonke iziphetho ezifunyenweyo. Nokho, akudingeki ukuba zithathe isinyathelo esiqondile ngokuphathelene nomthetho ngokwawo.

Imishini ithatha izinkulumo zomphakathi ngokungathi sína, futhi ikakhulukazi isabela ekwazisweni okusha nasekuhlaziyweni okuphakanyiswe emazwini omphakathi okungafakwanga ekuhlaziyweni kwakuqala kwe-ace phakathi nokusungulwa komthetho. Lokhu kusabela kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho izuza olwazini naselwazini oluhlangene lweqembu lamaqembu athintekile.

Isinyathelo 6: Ukusakaza Umthetho Wokugcina

Uma inhlangano inquma ukukhipha umthetho wokugcina, ithuthukisa umbhalo olawulayo kanye nesandulela esichaza isisekelo somthetho nenjongo futhi iphendule kuzo zonke izindaba ezibalulekile eziphakanyiswe ekukhulumeni. Inhlangano iphetha ukubusa ngokunyathelisa umthetho wokugcina nangokuqala kuyiFederal Register.

Isaziso kumelwe sichaze usuku lomthetho oluphumelelayo, okumelwe lube cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 ngemva kokunyatheliswa kwe-Federal Register. Kumthetho omkhulu njengoba uchazwe kuyi-Congregational Review Act, usuku oluphumelelayo kumelwe lube yizinsuku ezingu-60 ngemva kokunyatheliswa.

Ukukhishwa komthetho wokugcina kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwanoma yimuphi umniningwane ohlobene noma ezinye izinto ezinikezwa umphakathi nokulunga kohlobo lomthetho wokugcina ngokucabangela amazwi atholwe yi-amperial. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba sobala nokulandisa enqubweni yokugcina yokwenza izinqumo.

Ukuhlanganyela Obala: Izwi Lakho Lisemcimbini

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi akuwona nje umkhuba ovamile, kodwa kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi okungathonya imiphumela ewumthetho onenjongo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlela imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwazo.

Okwenza Ukuphendula Komphakathi Kubaluleke

Izimo eziphuthumayo zidingeka ngokomthetho ukuba zicabangele zonke izinkulumo ezilula ngaphambi kokuqeda umthetho. Nakuba lokhu kungasho ukuthi konke ukukhulumela kuzoholela ekushintsheni, izinhlangano kumelwe zicabangele ukunikeza ukwaziswa okunengqondo, okusekelwe kubufakazi ezikutholayo. Lesibopho esingokomthetho sisho ukuthi ukukhulumela okuhle kungathonya imiphumela elawulwayo ngempela.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inani lamazwi kuphela alinqumi isinqumo senhlangano. Ukuhluzeka kwemfanelo kubaluleke kakhulu kunenani. Izincazelo ezinikeza ukwaziswa okusha, zisho imiphumela engahlolwanga, zinikeza ezinye izindlela eziwusizo, noma imibono yamanje inhlangano engayicabangelanga inethonya elikhulu.

Indlela Yokuthola Amathuba Okuphendula

Imithombo eminingana isiza umphakathi ukuba uphawule amathuba okuphawula ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo. I-Federal Register, enyatheliswa njalo phakathi kwesonto, ihlanganisa yonke imithetho ehlongozwayo evulekele ukukhulumela umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho.gov isebenza njengendawo ephakathi lapho umphakathi ungafuna khona imithetho ehlongozwayo, izincwadi ezisekela ukungena, futhi unikeze izimpendulo ngomshini.

Izinhlangano eziningi zezempango, izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, kanye namaqembu ochwepheshe ahlola intuthuko engokwezinzuzo ezindaweni zazo futhi aqaphelise amalungu azo ukuba aphendule amathuba. Ukuqapha i-imeyili ngemithetho.gov noma ukulandela izinhlangano ezithile kungakusiza ukuba uhlale waziwe ngemithetho ebalulekile kuwe.

Ukubhala Izimpendulo Eziphumelelayo

Amazwi omphakathi aphumelelayo anezici eziningana, asho ngokucacile ukuthi kuyini ukuma okuthile ekuqaleni kwalokhu kukhulumela, anikeza ukusikisela okuqondile nobufakazi obusekela leyo ndima, futhi akhulume ngephuzu lomthetho ohlongozwayo kunokuba asho amazwi avamile.

Incazelo ehlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu okusekelwe emaqinisweni nasebufakazini kungaba namandla kakhulu. Zibonisa imiphumela yangempela yezwe futhi zisiza izinhlangano ukuba ziqonde ukuthi iziphakamiso zazo ziyobathinta kanjani abantu abangokoqobo namabhizinisi. Izinkulumo zobuchwepheshe ezinikeza imininingwane emisha, zibone amaphutha ekuhlaziyweni kwenkampani, noma zisikisele izindlela ezithile ezikhethekile eziyigugu kakhulu.

Incazelo ingaba mifushane noma ibe mikhulu, ingachaza izici ezithile zomthetho ohlongozwayo noma isihlongozo sonke, futhi ingasekela noma iphikise indlela yenhlangano. Isihluthulelo siwukunikeza umfakela osiza inxusa ukuba lenze isinqumo esinemininingwane eyengeziwe.

Ukuzithoba Kulokho Okushoyo

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zamukela ukukhulumela ngemithetho.gov, nakuba abanye bengase bakwamukele ukukhulumela nge-imeyili, i-fax, noma ngeposi. Uma kufakwa ngemithetho.gov, uzodinga ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo okuhlanganisa igama lakho, idolobha, umbuso, nezwe. Lokhu kwaziswa kuba yingxenye yerekhodi lomphakathi.

Ungafaka amazwi ngokuqondile ebhokisini lokubhala kwiwebhusayithi noma ufake idokhumende. Isimiso samukela amafomethi amafayela ajwayelekile hlanganise neMicrosoft Word kanye namafayela we-PDF. Khumbula isikhathi sokuphawula, ngoba ukuzithoba kwesikhashana akungacatshangelwa.

Ukunakekela Nezinye Izimfuneko

Ngaphandle kwezimfuneko eziyisisekelo ze - APA, ezinye izingqimba zokwengamela nokuhlaziya zisebenza ezenzweni eziningi zokuqondisa, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinethonya eliphawulekayo kwezomnotho noma emphakathini.

Ukubukeza Igatsha Eliphethe Ilunga

Ngenxa yendima yabo engokomthetho-sisekelo, amongameli base-U.S. bangazama ukuthonya iziphakamiso ezithile zomthetho ngaphambi kokuba baqaliswe. Phakathi kweHhovisi loMongameli eliphethe i-Office of Information and Reguatigation Affairs (OIRA), i-profesta eholwa yi-presidenti ebhekwa kabanzi njengesebenzela umongameli phakathi nenqubo yokuhlola.

Iziqondiso eziphethe, ikakhulukazi u-Order 12866 and Guidertion 1363, zimisa izimfuneko ezengeziwe zezinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe. Le mithetho idinga izinhlangano ukuba zihlole izindleko nezinzuzo zezenzo eziphawulekayo zokuqondisa, zicabangele ezinye izindlela zokuqondisa, futhi zivumelane nezinye izinhlangano ukuze zigweme imithetho engqubuzanayo noma elandelanayo.

Ukuhlaziya Ukuqondisa

Kuyimithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ngokwezomnotho [1] labo abanemiphumela yaminyaka yonke ezomnotho yamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-100 noma ngaphezulu (imishini efuna ukuhlelwa kwemiphumela ebanzi yokulawula. Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola izindleko nezinzuzo zomthetho ohlongozwayo kanye nezinzuzo ezingcono, kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyasebenza futhi idingekile.

Ukuhlolwa kwezimiso ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa nokuhlola izindleko eziqondile ezinhlanganweni ezilawulwayo, izindleko ezingaqondile kubathengi noma kwamanye amaqembu, izinzuzo zempilo, ukulondeka, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile noma eminye imigomo, kanye nemiphumela ethinta amaqembu noma izingxenye ezihlukahlukene.

Isinyathelo Sokuzivumelanisa Nezimiso

I-Regatical Flexibility Act idinga izinhlangano ukuba zicabangele ithonya lemithetho yazo emabhizinisini amancane, emagunyeni amancane kahulumeni, nasezinhlanganweni ezincane ezingazuzisi. Uma umthetho uyoba nethonya elikhulu elingokomnotho ezinhlanganoni eziningi ezincane, izinhlangano kumelwe zilungiselele ukuhlaziya ukuvumelana komthetho okuhlola ezinye izindlela ezingasimili.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

I-Congress inakekela izindlela eziningana zokwengamela ukumiswa kwezinhlangano. i-Congressonal Review Act ivumela ukuba ibukeze futhi ingayivumeli imithetho emikhulu ngenqubo ekhethekile engcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakomiti enhlangano ahlale elalela imithetho yezinhlangano futhi angathonya ukumiswa kwemithetho ngemishini yabagibeli be-appriation noma ngomthetho omusha.

Ezihlukanisiwe Ukwezwa-fushanisela-phawula Izimfuneko

Nakuba ukubekwa kwemithetho yesaziso ne-common kuyinqubo enephutha, i-APA iqaphela ukuthi ezinye izimfuneko azisebenzi lapho. Ukuqonda lezi zindawo ezingaphandle kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izenzo zezinhlangano zithatha ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokusho obala.

Izigcawu Ezihlukile

I-APA ikhulula izigaba ezithile zemithetho ezidingwa yizaziso nezi-common. Lezi zihlanganisa imithetho ehlanganisa imisebenzi yezempi noma yezindaba zakwamanye amazwe, izindaba eziphathelene nabaphathi bezezomthetho noma izisebenzi, nemithetho ephathelene nempahla yomphakathi, imali ebolekiwe, izibopho, izinzuzo, noma izivumelwano. Izinkantolo zichaza lezizinga elilinganiselwe ukuze zilondoloze amathuba okuhlanganyela emphakathini.

Imithetho Engokwesiko Neyokuchaza

Imishini ingakhipha imithetho ekhona, imithetho echazayo, nezinkulumo ezivamile zenkambiso ngaphandle kokulandela izinqubo zezaziso nezokuhlela. Imithetho ye-producedism ilawula imisebenzi yangaphakathi ye-accomps ngaphandle kokuthinta kakhulu amaqembu alawulwa kakhulu. Imithetho yokuchaza i-opera ichaza indlela i-ocence eqonda ngayo imithetho ekhona noma iziqondiso ngaphandle kokwakha izibopho ezintsha ezingokomthetho. Izimemezelo zezimiso zimemezela izinhloso zenhlangano ngaphandle kokubopha amaqembu engosini noma alawulwa yiyo.

Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezikhululekile nemithetho edinga ukuqashelwa nokukhulumela ungacashile futhi ngokuvamile kuphikiswana enkantolo. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlola okusebenzayo ukuze zinqume ukuthi umthetho uveza amalungelo amasha noma izibopho, lapho kudingeka khona isaziso nenkulumo.

Imbangela Enhle Iyahlukaniswa

I-APA ivumela izinhlangano ukuba ziphuthe isaziso ne-common uma zithola "imbangela ekahle" ukuthi lezizinqubo "zingasetshenziswa, azidingekile, noma ziphambene nesithakazelo somphakathi." Izinkampani kumelwe zichaze imbangela yazo enhle yokuzinqumela, futhi izinkantolo zibukeze ngokungaqiniseki ukuthi lezi zincazelo zivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwalendawo ehlukile.

Imbangela enhle ingaba khona ezimweni eziphuthumayo ezidinga isinyathelo esisheshayo, lapho umthetho uyisici esincane sobuchwepheshe esingase siveze ukukhulumela okunengqondo, noma lapho isaziso nokukhulumela kungabhuntsha injongo yomthetho (njengemithetho ekhuluma ngezaba zentela ezosetshenziswa uma zimenyezelwa obala kusengaphambili).

Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelelwa

Lapho umthetho ususebenza, izinhlangano ziyashintsha zishintshele ekumiseni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifeza yini izinjongo zayo nokuthi ithinta kanjani amaqembu alawulwayo.

Usizo Lokubambisana

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza isiqondiso sokusiza abaphethe ukuba baqonde futhi bavumelane nezimfuneko ezintsha. Lesi siqondiso singahlanganisa izincwadi zesiqondiso ezichaza iziqondiso, izincwadi ezivumelanayo, iziqephu zokuqeqesha, izikhungo ze-webinar, nokuxoxa ngokuqondile nezisebenzi zezinhlangano.

Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlolwa

Imishini isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze iqaphele ukuvumelana nezimiso zayo. Lezi zingahlanganisa ukuhlola okuvamile, okudinga ukubikwa yizinhlangano ezilawulwayo, ukukhononda, nokuhlaziywa kokwaziswa. Ukushesha nokuqapha kuxhomeke ezingozini ezihilelekile nasemalini ekhona enkampanini.

Izenzo Zokuphoqelela

Uma izinhlangano ziveza ukwephulwa komthetho, zinamathuluzi amaningana okuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyenzeka. Lezi zinyathelo ezisukela ezithathwe ngokwethukela njengezincwadi ezixwayisayo kanye nezingqungquthela ezivumelanayo kuhlanganisa izenzo ezingokomthetho ezihlanganisa izijeziso zokuphatha, ukumangalelana komphakathi, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuqulwa kwamacala obugebengu. Izinhlangano eziningi zilandela ukuphoqelelwa kwabafundi ukufika, zigcine izijeziso eziqinile lapho kwephulwa kakhulu noma kuphindaphindwa lapho zisebenzisa imfundo nosizo ekuphukeni okuncane noma kokuqala.

Izimemo Zokucatshangelwa

Ngemva kokuba sekumiswe umthetho, abantu abathakazelayo banganxusa le nhlangano ukuba iphinde ihlole noma ilungise umthetho. Lezizicelo kumelwe zinikeze ukwaziswa okusha noma izimpikiswano ezingacatshangelwanga ngaphambili.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwemithetho Yobugebengu

Ukuqonda ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kusiza ekuchazeni amasheke nezilinganiso ezicindezelayo ezilawula izinhlangano eziqondisayo futhi zenze ngokuvumelana negunya lazo elingokomthetho.

Ukuma Nokuthula

Ukuze kuphikiswe umthetho enkantolo, iqembu kumelwe lime, ngakho kumelwe libonise ukuthi umthetho ubangela ukulimala okusobala okungasingathwa isinqumo senkantolo. Izinselele zokushaya imithetho ngokuvamile zilethwa ngemva kokuba umthetho usuqediwe kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uphoqelelwe, nakuba kuphakama izinselele ezithile ezisemqoka emithethweni yokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho.

Ukubukeza Okungokwesayensi

Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi izinhlangano ezazilandela izinqubo ezazidinga izinqubo, kuhlanganise nokunikeza isixwayiso esanele, ukuvumela ithuba elinengqondo lokuphawula, nokusabela emazwini abalulekile. ukuphulwa kwemithetho kungaholela ezinkantolo ekubekeni imithetho futhi kufune ukuba izinhlangano ziphinde inqubo yokubusa ngokufanele.

Ukubukeza Okunamandla

Izinkantolo zibuye zibukeze futhi isisekelo semithetho yezinhlangano ngaphansi kwendinganiso "yokungavumelani nokuguquguquka". Lendinganiso ehloniphekile ibuza ukuthi i-ace ihlola ukwaziswa okuhlobene, iveza ukuhlobana okunengqondo phakathi kwamaqiniso nesinqumo esenziwe, futhi icabangela izici ezibalulekile zenkinga. Izinkantolo azithatheli isikhundla esazo esahlulelwa inhlangano kodwa ziqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokwenza isinqumo kwe-ace i-oce inengqondo futhi isekela kahle.

Ukuwohloka Kwe - Chevron

Lapho ihlola indlela inxusa elichaza ngayo umthetho ongaqondakaliyo eliwunikezayo, izinkantolo ngokwesiko zasebenzisa iChevron Lebence, zisekela izincazelo ezinengqondo zezinhlangano ngisho noma inkantolo yayingawuchaza ngokwehlukile umthetho. Lemfundiso yaqaphela ubungcweti bezinhlangano nokulandisa kwezombangazwe kokwenza izinqumo zegatsha elikhulu. Nokho, ukusebenza kanye nobukhulu beChevron besikhathi semuva kuvele futhi kuhlale kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomthetho wokuphatha.

Ukubusa Kwezwe Nezindawo

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko ekubuseni kwezwe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezindawo ziveza futhi imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamukela inqubo yazo siqu yokuqondisa efana ne-APA kahulumeni, nakuba kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezibonisa ukukhathazeka okuqondile nokubaluleka kwezwe.

Izenzo Zokuqondisa KoMbuso

Izwe i-APAs lidinga isixwayiso nezinqubo zokuphawula ezifana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni, nakuba imininingwane ihlukene. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga izinkathi zokuphendula ezinde, ukuzwa obala okuphoqelelwe, noma imiphumela engokwezomnotho emikhulu kunesidingo somthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda izinqubo ezithile zikahulumeni wakho kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwe-palence kahulumeni.

Imithetho yendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo (izindawo), izigodlo, nezigodi ezikhethekile − zenza futhi imithetho ethinta ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, imithetho yokwakha, impilo yomphakathi, nezinye izindawo eziningi. Izinqubo zokubusa zendawo zihluka kakhulu kuye ngomthetho-mthetho wendawo, izimfuneko zomthetho kahulumeni, namasiko endawo. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baqulisa izimemezelo zomphakathi ngaphambi kokuba bathathe imithetho emisha, benikeza amathuba okuthola inzuzo yomphakathi.

Izinselele Nezinguquko Zamanje

Lesimiso sokuqondisa sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo nezimpikiswano ngendlela yokuthuthukisa ukuphumelela, ukuphumelela, nokubusa ngentando yeningi.

Ukulibala Kokuqondisa

Inqubo yokubeka imithetho ingaba ukuthatha isikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi kuthathe iminyaka kusukela ekuhlongozweni kokuqala kuya ekuthatheni umthetho. Lokhu kulibazise kungaba yinkinga uma kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo sokulungisa izinsongo ezivelayo noma lapho amaqembu alawulwayo ebhekene nokungaqiniseki okuthatha isikhathi eside. Imizamo yokushaya imithetho kumelwe ihambisane nesidingo sokuhlaziya nokuhlanganyela okunenjongo emphakathini.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokutholakala

Izihlongozo zomthetho nokusekela ukucubungula kungaba ngezobuchwepheshe kakhulu futhi kube nzima kakhulu ukuba ochwepheshe baqonde. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungalinganisela ukungenela komphakathi okuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi ngabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezincane ezingenayo imithombo yokuqasha ochwepheshe. Izinhlangano zisebenzisa kakhulu ukufushaniswa kolimi olulula namanye amathuluzi ukwenza ukwaziswa okungangenisekile, kodwa izinselele zisekhona.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngemishini

Ukushintshela ekusebenziseni imithetho ye-electronic ezindaweni zobuchwepheshe njengemithetho. u-gov uye wenza ukuba ukuhlanganyela kulula ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokwehlukana kwenombolo kanye nezinga lokuphawula kwe-inthanethi. Imishini iyaqhubeka ithuthukisa izindlela zayo zokwenza imishini ukuze ikwazi ukufinyelela futhi isebenzise izinto zomphakathi.

Izinguquko Eziphoqelelayo

Iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene zifuna ukulungisa inqubo yokuqondisa. Abanye basekela izimfuneko eziqinile zokukhokha izindleko, amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga adinga ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwemithetho ekhona, noma ukuqondisa kobukhonya. Abanye bagcizelela ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, ukuvezana, noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi leyo mithetho ivikela impilo yomphakathi ngokwaneleyo. Lezinkulumo zibonisa imibono ehlukene ngendima efanelekile nangezinga lokulawula emphakathini.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Ngolwazi

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zenza izinqumo nsuku zonke ezithinta impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, amathuba ezomnotho, nezinga lokuphila.

Ngokufunda ngenqubo yokubeka imithetho, ukuhlukanisa imithetho ebaluleke kuwe, nokunikeza amazwi anengqondo, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimiso zibonisa imibono ehlukene nemiphumela yangempela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnini-bhizinisi okhathalela izindleko zokuvuma, ummeleli womphakathi ugxile ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezungezile, isisebenzi esinesithakazelo ezindinganisweni zokuphepha, noma isakhamuzi esifuna uhulumeni asebenze kangcono, izwi lakho lingaveza umehluko enqubweni yokulawula.

I-Administrative Procedure Act nenqubo yezaziso emisayo imelela ukuphumelela okuphawulekayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi [1]isimiso esidinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinamandla ukuze zichaze izinqumo zazo, zilalele amaqembu athintekayo, futhi zithethelele izenzo zazo ezisekelwe ebufakazini nasebuhlaziyweni obucaciwe. Nakuba lesi simiso singaphelele, sinikeza amathuba anenjongo okuhlanganyela nokulandisa okubalulekile ekubusweni okungokomthetho emphakathini wanamuhla oyinkimbinkimbi.

Imithombo Yezinto Ezosetshenziswa Ngokuqhubekayo

Imithombo eminingana ingakusiza ukuba uhlale wazi ngentuthuko yokuqondisa futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yokushaya inqubo:

  • Imithetho.gov - Indawo eyinhloko yokuthola imithetho kahulumeni ehlongozwayo nokunikeza iziphetho kulayini
  • Register - Incwajana engokomthetho yansuku zonke equkethe yonke imithetho kahulumeni ehlongozwayo neyokugcina
  • Iwebhusayithi zokulawula - Izinhlangano eziningi zigcina amakhasi anikezelwe okwakha imithetho enokwaziswa mayelana nezenzo zamanje zokuqondisa ezihleliwe
  • Agenda ehlangene yezenzo zeFederal Regugator ne-Deregural [ - Incwadi efushanisiwe yohlu lwezimiso izinhlangano ezizisungulayo noma ezizibukezayo
  • [ Inkonzo yokucwaninga esemthethweni ibika[ - Izikhombo ezicacisiwe zezihloko zomthetho wokuphatha ezitholakala ngeKhomishane.gov
  • Izinhlangano zezenzuzo - Amaqembu amaningi omthetho ahlola intuthuko yokuqondisa ezindaweni ezithile futhi anikeze izixwayiso nokuhlaziya amalungu awo

Amakhiye Okuthatha Izindawo

Ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano eziqondisayo ezimisa ngayo imithetho kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ezinqumweni ezithinta ukuphila kwakho. Ukubusa, okulawulwa yi-Administrative Procediture Act, kudinga izinhlangano ukuba zinikeze isaziso somphakathi semithetho ehlongozwayo, zivume futhi zicabangele izinkulumo zomphakathi, futhi zichaze nezinqumo zazo zokugcina. Le nqubo ekhanyayo iqinisekisa ukulandisa futhi ivumela amazwi ahlukahlukene ukuba athonye imiphumela elandelanayo.

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi akuwona nje izimpawu − izimo eziphuthumayo zidingeka ngokomthetho ukucabangela amazwi acushweyo, futhi ukwaziswa okufakwe kahle kungathonya ngempela izinqumo zokuqondisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathalela imithetho ethile ethinta imboni yakho, umphakathi, noma izithakazelo zakho, noma ufuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, ukuhileleka enqubeni yokushaya umthetho kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Isimiso sokuqondisa silinganisela izinhlelo eziningi: ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha, ukuthuthukisa impumelelo engokomnotho, ukuqinisekisa ukulunga, nokugcina ukulandisa ngentando yeningi. Nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngendlela engcono kakhulu yokufinyelela lemigomo, uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokubekwa kwezaziso kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho lunikeza isisekelo sokubusa kolwazi, ukunikeza ukubusa kokwehlukana okusiza umphakathi isithakazelo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomthetho wokuphatha kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho, vakashela i- Conference Ephetheyo ye-United States, enikeza imithombo eminingi kanye nokutusa kokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokuphatha zikahulumeni. Ungahlola futhi [ izigijimi.gov[ ukuthola amathuba okuphawula ngemithetho ehlongozayo, noma ukubukeza [ u-Register yokwaziswa okubanzi ngayo yonke imisebenzi yomthetho kahulumeni.