Indima Ehlelekile Yohulumeni Basemadolobheni Ekuthuthukeni Komphakathi

Ohulumeni bamadolobha bangabaklami abayinhloko bentuthuko yomphakathi, bahumusha imibono ebanzi yokukhula, ukulingana, nokusekelwa ezimisweni ezisebenzayo. Ngokungafani nezinhlangano zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni, izikhulu zedolobha zisebenza emgwaqweni. Bayazi izingcindezi zezindlu zendawo, amagele amancane ebhizinisi. Lokhu kubanika ithuba elikhethekile lokulungisa indawo ngemithetho yokuhlela, izisusa zomphakathi, kanye namasuntswana omphakathi. Kodwa intuthuko ephumelelayo yomphakathi ayinzeki ngengozi. Kudinga inqubo yenhloso, yemininingwane yezindawo zokuthutha, imingcele ephikisana nezidingo zesikhathi esizayo. Lesi sihloko sihamba ngendlela edinga ngayo lemithetho yedolobha, kusukela ekuhlolweni kwezimiso zokuhlola, nasekuhloleni izinselele, nokuhlola izinselele zemali.

Okwenza Intuthuko Yomphakathi Ibaluleke

Izimiso zokuthuthukisa umphakathi ziwumgogodla oyinhloko wamadolobha achumayo, anokulingana. Zinquma ukuthi ukukhula kwezomnotho kuphakamisa zonke izakhamuzi noma kugxile emaphasishini ambalwa, ukuthi izindlu zihlala zinganele yini emikhayeni esebenzayo, nokuthi izindawo zomphakathi zisebenza njengezindawo zokubuthana. Ukubaluleka kwalezi zinqubo kungaphulwa zibe imiphakathi emine ehlangeneyo:

  • [ Ukukhula okungokomnotho noJob Indalo: izinhlelo ezihlelekile zikhanga amabhizinisi, zisekela ezohwebo zendawo, futhi zifake imali ekuqeqesheni izisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda zezentengiselwano zentela (ITP) ziye zasetshenziswa emadolobheni anjengeChicago ukukhuthaza ukuthuthuka kwezentengiselwano ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwenani elishisiwe, zibangela ukudayisa nokusebenza okusha.
  • I-social Equcy and Inclusion: Ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho, ukuphuhliswa kuvame ukususa izindawo ezihlala izakhamuzi ezinde. Ukuthatha izindlela ezingalinganisekiyo . Njengendawo yokuhlanganisa, indawo yomphakathi, ukuthembana, kanye nesivikelo sokuvikela okumelene nezindawo zokuhlala zokwenza kube nokuvuselelwa komphakathi. Inkokhelo yePortland’s Urban Grownboration nezindlu ezibizayo ikhonjiwe njengezibonelo zokuhlanganisa ukukhula kwemali.
  • Amadolobha anezinga lokuzinza: anecala lokusetshenziswa okukhulu kokukhishwa kwegesi efudumezayo, kodwa futhi alawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, izimpawu zokwakha, nezimiso zokuthutha. I-policies ekhuthaza izinga lokwakha eliluhlaza, imigwaqo ephelele, nokuluhlaza kwasemadolobheni inganciphisa ukuphakama kwemiphambano ye carbon kuyilapho ithuthukisa izinga lokuphila. Isimo sezulu esiphambili seCopenhagen, ngokwesibonelo, intuthuko yomphakathi ngezimiso zokuhamba nokuhamba kwebhayiseka nokuvuselisa izisulu zamandla.
  • Ubungako bempilo nempilo yomphakathi: Ukuthola amapaki, ukudla okunempilo, ukuthutha okunokwethenjelwa, nezindlu ezilondekile kuthinta ngokuqondile inhlalakahle engokomzimba nasengqondweni. Izimiso zokuthuthukisa umphakathi ezihlela lezimpahla ngqa phambili `njenge-“Siqanda esiphambili” sesivikelo sasemgwaqweni noma uhlelo lwe-Los Angeles "Ezitalatweni” zokwenza intuthuko engcono ekwanelisekeni nasemiphumeleni yempilo.

Lezinsika ezine ziqinisana. Isimiso esiqinisa amathuba ezomnotho ngaphandle kokubhekana nokulingana kungabangela ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo; ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuzimela indawo ezungezile okunganakwa enkambisweni yezindlu kungaphuthelwa ithuba lokwakha amakhaya abizayo, aphansi. Ohulumeni bamadolobha abaphumelelayo bayawaqaphela lamathuba ahlangene kusukela ekuqaleni.

Inqubo Yokukhangisa: Ukusuka Ekuxilongeni Kuya Ekuphucuzeni

Ukuqamba isimiso sokuthuthukisa umphakathi akusona inqubo yokuzihlela. Yisici esidinga ubuchwepheshe, ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe, nokuthembeka komphakathi. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zimelela uhlelo olubanzi olulandelwa ohulumeni bamadolobha amaningi, nakuba uhlelo nokujula kuhluka ngokomongo wendawo.

Kudingeka Ukuhlolwa: Ukuxilongwa Komphakathi

Yonke inqubo iqala ngokuqonda izimo zamanje ngokucacile. Amadolobha asebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela zokuhlukanisa nokulinganisa ukuhlukanisa amagebe namathuba:

  • Ukwaziswa okungokomlando nokwezomnotho: abahloli bahlola amapheshana okubala abantu, amazinga okungasebenzi, iholo lemithombo yezindaba, imithwalo yezindlu, nokwakheka kwezebhizinisi. Amathuluzi anjenge-Censues Bureau ye-American Community Survice anikeza ukwaziswa okungathandekiyo komphakathi wezinga eliphezulu.
  • Izivivinyo zomkhandlu kanye nezinhlelo zokulalela: izinombolo ezinzima azitholi okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo. Amadolobha amaningi ahlela ukuhlola (umngcele nephepha) futhi agcina amahholo amadolobha ngezilimi eziningi ukuze azwe izinto eziza kuqala zezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo kaDetroit “iNgxowa-Mnyango Wendawo Eseduze” ihlanganisa imikhankaso yokungqongqoza engaphansi kwamazwi.
  • Ifakela ibalazwe:[ Kunokuba nje iqoqo lenani elibhaliwe, amabalazwe ezindawo zomphakathi (izindawo zomphakathi) nezindawo zomphakathi eziqhubekayo, izikole, izikhungo zokholo, izinhlangano zempucuko(ukukhela emazingeni akhona).

2. Umbambi Wesivumelwano: Ukwakha Ukwakha Impahla

Imithetho ebekwe phezulu emelana nobuso futhi ivame ukuhluleka. Ohulumeni basemadolobheni abaphumelelayo baphatha abaphethe izigxobo njengabakhiphi abahlangene. Amaqembu abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Abakhokhi (ikakhulukazi labo ababekwe ngokweqisa ngokomlando): Ngezibhodi zomphakathi, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nemikhandlu yomphakathi. EBrazil, amadolobha anjengePorto Alegre aphayona ngokuhlela imali yokuhlukanisa, anika izakhamuzi izikhulu ukuthi zisho ngokuqondile ngezindleko zenkokhelo.
  • amabhizinisi asendaweni kanye nabathuthukisi: inhloko- dolobha yabo nobuchwepheshe babo kuyadingeka ukuze kufezwe, kodwa izithakazelo zabo zingaphikisana nezidingo zomphakathi. Ukuthembisana okubonisayo kusiza ukuhlanganisa izisusa zenzuzo ngokuhle komphakathi.
  • Izinzuzo nezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini: Amaqembu anjengezinhlangano zezentuthuko yomphakathi (CDCs) ngokuvamile asebenza njengezindawo ezithembekile zokuxhumana. Angaphatha izindlu ezithengwayo, asebenzise izinhlelo zokuqeqesha umsebenzi, futhi ahlanganise izakhamuzi.
  • Ezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi:[ izifunda, iziphathimandla zezokuthutha, neminyango yezempilo kumelwe ibe etafuleni ukuze kugwenywe ukwenza izinqumo okungadingeki.

3. Hlola Nokuhlaziya: Ukufunda Kwabanye

Ohulumeni bamadolobha akuvamile ukuphinde bavuselele isondo. Bangafunda izimiso eziphumelelayo (futhi zehluleka) emadolobheni ontanga. Ukucwaninga okusemthethweni kungahlanganisa:

  • Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu: Izinhlangano ezinjengeNational League of Cities ne-Brookings Institution zisakaza ukuhlola ngezindaba kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwezindawo zezulu kuya ekulungiseni isimo sezulu.
  • Ukuhlaziya okunemiphumela yezentengiselwano nemiphumela engaphezulu: abafaki bepulani babonisa inzuzo yentela yesikhathi eside, izindleko zezakhiwo, kanye nezibuyelo zomphakathi zezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elicabangela isibopho sezindlu ezintsha ezithengwayo lingaveza ithonya laso emazingeni empahla, ukuqasha indawo, nokunciphiswa kokungabi namakhaya.
  • [ Ukubukeza i-Legal ne-tradeara: imithetho yoMbuso yokuhlenga ingalinganisela ikhono ledolobha lokulawula intela, ukubeka iholo elincane, noma ukuphatha indawo. Ukucwaninga kumelwe kulandise ngalokhu kuvinjelwa.

4. Ukuphoqelela Umthetho: Ukudlulisela Umbono Obhalweni

Lesi sinyathelo siguqula imiqondo ibe ithuluzi likakhonkolo eliyikhonkolo---"ibe i-accomptingtingment, umthetho wedolobha, uhlelo lwemisebenzi yeminyaka emihlanu, noma uhlelo lokuxhasa ngemali. Ukudweba okuhle kuhlanganisa:

  • Susa imigomo kanye nama-metric: ngokwesibonelo, “Yehlisa izinga leziqasha ezibiziwe kusukela ku-45% kuya ku-35% phakathi neminyaka emihlanu.”
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amasu okuhlanganisa: Ubani owenzani, ngamalini uhlelo lokuhlela, futhi ngaluphi uhide lwesikhathi.
  • Izinqubo zokulanda iakhawunti:[ izimfuneko ezibekwa njalo, izigaba zokushona kwelanga, kanye namabhodi aqondisa umphakathi.

5. Ukubukeza Nokubukeza Komphakathi

Ngaphambi kokuba uthathelwe ilungelo lokuthatha izingane zobufundisi, kukhishwa imithetho yokushaya ucingo ukuze kukhulunywe umphakathi. Amadolobha amaningi adinga ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuhlelwa kwemikhandlu yezezimali nemikhandlu yamadolobha. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukuphikiswa kungavela, okuholela ekubukezweni. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo ehlongozwayo ingahlehliswa ngenxa yezimo zomphakathi, noma uhlelo olusha lwebhizinisi lungalungiswa ukuze kuhlanganiswe izimfuneko ezingcono zokuqasha abantu bendawo.

Ukugcwalisa: Ukusuka ephepheni kuya ePapuni

Ukuvunyelwa kumane kuyisiqalo. Ukufezwa kudinga ukubambisana eminyangweni eminingi ye-("ipulani, indawo yokuhlala, imisebenzi yomphakathi, amapaki, kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukumisa inhlangano eholayo noma ihhovisi: amadolobha amaningi aneHhovisi elinikezelwe lentuthuko yomphakathi elinakekela imisebenzi enikezayo nehlelayo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuxhasa okucacile kwezimali ezisemifuleni: Izimali ze-Foderal njenge-Community Development Comment Grants (CDBG) zivamile, njengezibopho zendawo, ukukhuphuka kwentela, kanye nokubambisana komphakathi ngasese.
  • Isakhiwo sobundlobongela: nomphakathi bangane kudinga ukuqeqeshwa ukuze bafeze izinhlelo ezintsha, ikakhulukazi uma izinqubo zihilela izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengentengiselwano yomhlaba womphakathi noma ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo.

7. Ukuhlola Nokuhlaziya

I-policies engalinganiswanga ayinakuthuthukiswa. Amadolobha kufanele alandele kokubili iziphumo (umzk. inani lamaqoqo afinyelelekayo) nemiphumela (umzk., ushintsho lwamaphesenti kumazinga okusheshiswa). Ukuhlola kungathathwa ngaphakathi noma kuqhutshwe abacwaningi abazimele. Ukuthola kubuye kufakwe emzuzwaneni olandelayo wokuhlola nokubukezwa kwezimiso, kubangele intuthuko eqhubekayo.

Izibonelo Zomthetho Ozimele Ngaphesheya Kwe - United States

Ukuze ubone ukuthi lezi zimiso ziphila kanjani, cabangela izici ezintathu eziqondile ezingokwesimiso nezibonelo zezwe langempela.

Izindlu Ezibizayo: IMinneapolis 2040 Plan

Ngo-2018, amaMinneapolis athatha icebo elibanzi elasusa umkhaya owodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo zonke, livumela ama-duplexes nama-trix ezindawo ezihlalayo. Isimiso esihloselwe ukwandisa ukuqoqwa kwezindlu, ukunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, nemithwalo ephansi. Imiphumela yangaphambili yabonisa ukukhula kwemvume emincane yemikhaya eminingi, nakuba abagxeki bephawula ukuthi ukucindezela kokushenxiswa komkhaya kwanda nakwezinye izindawo. Icebo libonisa ukushukuma kwemithetho engxenyeni yezindawo zokuhlala kanye nesivikelo seshumi (isifundo samadolobha anjengeCharlotten neSpokane) manje ngokucabangela izinguquko ezifanayo.

Intuthuko Engokomnotho: INgxoxo Ekahle YaseDetroit Yomphakathi

INgxowa-mali yoMphakathi ePhakeme kaDetroit i-Detroit i-Protegic Onnerfly i-Universel ehlonze umphakathi ezindaweni eziyishumi eziseduze. Lesi sikhwama sigxila ekuvuselweni kwezindlu, ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo, amapaki, nezakhiwo zokuhamba ngezinyawo. Isici esivelele salolu hlelo ukuthembisa kwayo umphakathi: indawo ngayinye yakha “incwadi yemidlalo” esekelwe ekufakeni inzuzo, futhi imisebenzi ifaka imishini engekho nzuzo yendawo. Inyathelo lokuqala liye lafaka ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R3,00 emarizeni asese ngesikhathi eside izakhamuzi ezihlala esikhathini eside ngaphambili.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezokuthutha: Intuthuko Engenakuphikwa YaseSeattle

Seattle usebenzisa i-Equality Development Initive yayo elinganayo (EDI) ukuqondisa imithombo yomphakathi ezindaweni ezisengozini yokuthatheka ekunwetshweni komzila wesitimela. I-EDI inikeza izimali zezindlu ezithengwayo, ukusekela okuncane kwezebhizinisi, kanye nezindawo ezimelene nezomthetho. Ihlanganisa nemfuneko yokuba kuhlolwe izingozi zokuhamba phambi kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zesikhungo sezokuthutha. Lenqubo ehlanganisa ukuthutha nezindlu inethonya kakhulu emadolobheni anjenge-Denver nePortland.

Izinselele Ezingapheli Emkhakheni Wokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi

Ngisho nezimiso ezigxile kakhulu zibhekana nezithiyo. Ukuqonda lezinselele kubalulekile kuziphathimandla nakumasekela edolobha.

  • Izithiyo ezingokomthetho: Amadolobha amaningi athembele kakhulu ezintela zempahla, ezingashintshashintsha futhi ngokuvamile angonele ukuxhasa kokubili izinkonzo eziqhubekayo nentuthuko enkulu. Iziphakethi zemali enikezwa uhulumeni (njengaseSivumelwaneni se-Colorado noma i-Prop 13) yasendaweni. Amadolobha kumelwe asebenze ngokubambisana, izibopho, nezinsika zentela, ngalinye ngentambo zalo siqu.
  • UbuNazi kanye ne-exeridia yezombangazwe: ukuphikiswa kobunzima bezindlu ezithengwayo, noma ukuthutha okusha kungasusa izimiso zokuvimbela ngisho nalapho amadolobha amakhulu eziwasekela. Izikhulu eziqaqeshiwe zingazesaba ukubuya kwemizi ezwakalayo futhi zehlise izinguquko. Igama elithi “Yebo Kuyinqaba Yami yemuva” (YIMBY) liye laqala ukulwa nalokhu, kodwa impi yezombangazwe ihlala inzima.
  • Izihibe zokungaxegi: i-Pricies ejonge ukuzuzisa imiphakathi etholakele kancinci ingabangela umonakalo ngokungazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlala ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezithathelwe eceleni kungasheshisa ukuhlanganisa; ukugcinwa okungokomlando kungaphakamisa amanani empahla futhi kukhiphe izakhamuzi zesikhathi eside. Isenzakalo esaziwa ngokuthi “inani elingcono ephepheni” ngokuvamile siyahluleka ngoba asibangeli ukufeza izinto ezingekho ngokomthetho.
  • Izikhala zokukwazi ukukhomba: Amadolobha amancane ngokuvamile antula abahleli, abahlaziyi bemininingwane, nezisebenzi zomphakathi ezibophanayo. Angathembela emniningo ephelelwe isikhathi noma kuzo zonke izitente ezifakelwayo ezisuka emagunyeni amakhulu. Ngaphandle kwemiyalo efanelekile, izinqubo zingalahlekelwa uphawu ngokuphelele.
  • imijikelezo eguquguqukayo kanye nokushintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala: [ ushintsho lweziphathi zeMayoral, futhi abaholi abasha bangalahla amasu angaphambili. I-Pricies eklanywe ngezikhathi ezinde jwebe, njengokuhlela indawo noma isimo sezulu, kusengozini yokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe.

Imikhuba Exubile: Isizukulwane Esilandelayo Sesimiso Somthetho

Izimo eziningana zishintsha indlela izimiso zokuthuthukisa umphakathi eziklanywa futhi zidluliselwe ngayo.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Semininingwane

Intuthuko ekuhlaziyweni kwezindawo, ukufunda ngomshini, kanye nokwaziswa okuvulekile kunika abahleli bedolobha ukuqonda okungakaze kube khona. Amathuluzi anjenge-Urban Institute ye- displacess izimpawu zengozi [ zisiza amadolobha ukuba athole izithiyo ezisengozini kakhulu ekubekeni imvume yokuthola imvume. Los Angeles isebenzisa “Izwe elisebenzisayo” ibhodi lokulandela imikhondo yemibhobhoshongo kanye namazinga okukhokha imali ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukuchaza i-alytic kungabikezela futhi imiphumela yezinguquko ezisekongosini zezindlu nenkokhiwo ngaphambi kokuba izicelo zingene emkhandlwini.

Ukuzinza Nokuntengantenga Kwesimo Sezulu

Izimiso zokuthuthukisa umphakathi zihlangana ngokuqhubekayo nokujwayela isimo sezulu. Amadolobha anjengeMiami noCharleston avuselela imithetho elawula ukuphakama kwezindawo zasolwandle, idinga izakhiwo ezintsha ukuba zikhushulwe futhi zivimbele ukukhula ezifundeni zikakhukhulela-khukhula. Izinhlelo zeSan Francisco “Imiphakathi ephakathi ye-Eziqilima” zihlanganisa izindlu ezinokunethezeka nezakhiwo ezinombala oluhlaza, ukwakha amaqoqo ahlala kagesi asezindaweni ezihlala futhi athola ukutshala izihlahla kanye nokuphatha amanzi aluhlaza. Lendlela ehlangene igwema ugibe lokuphatha isimo sezulu nomphakathi njengesilos ezihlukene.

Izifanekiso Zomphakathi Nezihlanganyelayo

Ngalé kokuthembisana okungokwesiko, amadolobha azama ukusekela ugesi wangempela. Ukuhlela imali, lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona ngokuqondile ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala, kuye kwasakazekela emadolobheni angaphezu kuka 1 500 emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neNew York, iBoston, ne-Oakland. Amanye amadolobha akha “ukubusa okuhlangene” izakhiwo, njengeSeattle’s Community Development Boards, ezinika abameleli bendawo amandla phezu kwemali ethile yentuthuko. Lemiklamo iyanda ukuthemba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zibonakalisa amaqiniso ezwe kunokuba zibonise izimboni zezezezezezezezezesayensi yezezezezwe ezingxenye enkulu yedolobha.

Umdlali wesiphambano noMhlangano wesifunda

Intuthuko yomphakathi ayipheleli emingceleni yedolobha. Imisebenzi yezindawo zokuhlala, imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa imishini ehlangene, kanye namabhange ezwe ahlukene aya ngokuvame kakhulu. I- “Plan Bay Areace” yesifunda icebo lokuthuthukisa indawo yokuhlala nezokutshala izimali zokuthutha ezinqamule emadolobheni angu-9. Ngokufanayo, i-Bookings Institution[[ ifaka kanjani izimali ngendlela izivumelwano zedolobha elisebangeni eliphansi elingahlanganisa ngayo imithombo emikhulu yemisebenzi yezindlu ezimbayo kuyilapho kugwenywa ukuncintisana.

Isiphetho: Kumuntu Ohlakaniphile, Intuthuko Efanele

Ohulumeni basemadolobheni basemaqenjini aphambili okuthuthukisa umphakathi, benza izimiso ezingase zibangele ukungalingani noma zivulekelwe yiminyango: indlela yokusebenza ngendlela ephumelelayo ayimfuneki kakhulu, idinga ukuhlolwa, ukubopha izakhamuzi nabagcini, ukuhlohlwa, nokuhlola okuqhubekayo. Kodwa inqubo ayithathi hlangothi. Ushintsho ngalunye, intela, zonke izisusa zepaki zithwala imiphumela edluliswayo kunamanye amaqembu. Njengoba amadolobha ebhekene nokusweka kwezindlu, izingozi zesimo sezulu, nokungaqiniseki, izinga lezimiso zawo zokuthuthukisa umphakathi liyokunquma ukuthi azinaki futhi azinamathezekeli futhi ziyahlukaniswa. Kuzo zonke izikhulu, abameleli, nabameleli, kanye nezakhamuzi, indlela lezizimiso eziqondwa ngayo zithuthuke kangcono.