Umbono womphakathi usebenza njengensika eyisisekelo yokubusa kwentando yeningi, unikeza umzila oqhubekayo izakhamuzi ezidlulisela ngawo izintando zazo, izindinganiso, kanye nezinkathazo ekukhetheni izikhulu nezinhlangano ezizimele. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, ukubekwa kwemithetho nezimiso ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekuvumeni kwabalawulwayo. Uma imizwa yomphakathi ishintsha, ingasheshisa noma ivimbele ukusebenza kwemithetho, iphoqelele abenzi bemithetho ukuba bavumelane noma babhekane nemiphumela ekhethekile. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi eziboshela ukuqonda ukuthi amazwi abo siqu angawakhanyisa kanjani ngokomthetho futhi abuye alawule indawo.

Isisekelo Sethonya Lombono Womphakathi

Abashisekeli bezombangazwe sekuyisikhathi eside bephikisana ngendima efanele yombono womphakathi embusweni wentando yeningi. Isibonelo esivamile senziwe nguJames Madison futhi kamuva ku-Robert Dahl `abameleli abakhethwe ukuba basebenze njengezihambeli, bahumushe imibono eminingi engokomthetho. Nokho, ubuhlobo abuvamile ukuba bungaqondakali. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 abantu abacabangayo njengoWalter Lippmann baphikisana nekhono lesakhamuzi esivamile lokwakha imibono enengqondo ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho uJohn Dewey evikela ilungelo lomphakathi lokufunda ngamabomu nangemfundo. Izazi zanamuhla zivuma kakhulu ukuthi umbono womphakathi unamandla, uma ungaphelele, ikakhulukazi ngemiphumele, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezisobala. Lokhu kusebenza ngemikhankambi, kuhlanganise nokhetho, ukuvota, ukuhlanganisa, ukuxhumana, nokuhlanganisa umthetho.

Izindlela Zokuthonya

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza ziqinisekisa ukuthi umuzwa womphakathi ungena emahholo eSishaya - mthetho, ezindlini zikahulumeni, nasezinhlanganweni zokuqondisa.

Ukukhishwa kwemidiya

I-Mass . ngokwesibonelo, ukudluliswa okuqhubekayo konya lwamaphoyisa nonya lwezinhlanga ngemva kokufa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-2020 kwabangela ukudukiswa okukhulu okuthi ngqo kwezwe nezenzo zomthetho ezilawula inguquko yamaphoyisa, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kwemidanti, ukumiswa kwemikhakha yezokuxhumana. Imithombo yezindaba ayizange ibonise umbono womphakathi; ivele ibangele ukukhohlakala okukhulu komphakathi ngemva kokufa kuka-George Floyd ngo-202020. Kusukela enkathini yonyaka ka-2020 ukucindezela okuthonya ngokuqondile noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ekwakheni inguquko, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kokuvinjelwa kweminyaniswa kweminyango, ukusetshenziswa kweminyango ebhacekile, nokubukeliswa kwezindinganiso. Imithombo yezindaba ayigcini nje iveza umbono womphakathi; yenza ukuba kube nenkulumo eveza ukucindezelwa okungathi noma ukuncishiswa kokucindezela komthetho we-almolicricism, ngisho nokuhlelwa kwemimedio yemime.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nezinhlangano Ezifundisayo

Izithakazelo ezihleliwe zenza izinhlangano zenkampani zisebenzise ama-operand commous comments (NRA), ngokwesibonelo, zisebenza ngokulawula kokubili umbono womphakathi nemiphumela yemithetho. Ziqhuba ukucwaninga, ziqhuba imikhankaso yokukhangisa, ziqoqa abasekeli bemiqhudelwano nemishini yokubhala amagama, futhi zinikeze ubufakazi obuyingcweti ekuzweni. INhlangano ye-National Rifle Association (NRA), ngokwesibonelo, iye yaphumelela kakhulu ngokomlando ekuthuthukiseni umbono womphakathi mayelana namalungelo ezibhamu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemikhakhakha yazo yayo ephambili, futhi ibuye iguqulele leyo esekela ekunqabeni imithetho eqinile yezibhamu. Ngokuphikisanayo, izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Liberiberos Union (ACLU) kanye ne-Humotion of Human Humanist providences of LTCTromesssssss, ngokubambisana kwekhono sawonke inzuzo yayo, ixhomeke sezente, futhi i-s.

Izingcindezi Ezinamandla

Mhlawumbe indlela eqondile kakhulu ukuxhumana nokhetho. Izikhulu ezinganakiwe imibono yomphakathi ezibekelwe ingozi yokulahlekelwa izihlalo zazo. Njengoba indlela yokukhetha, izigebengu nezinselele ngokufanayo zilungisa amapulatifomu azo ngokuvumelana nezintandokazi. Lokhu kusabela kuvezwa kakhulu ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-2020 U.S. ukhetho lukamongameli, ukuhlolwa kwezempilo nomnotho kwakuphambili; bobabili abafuna ukuhlobisa imiyalezo yabo ngokuhambelana nezimiso ezilandelwayo (ngokukhula kwe-Afford Care Active Active Active) kwabonisa lezo zinto eziza kuqala. Ngokwezinga likahulumeni, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlola nokuhlola umbono wasobala, ukudlulisa umbono womphakathi, ukudlulisa kwezinye izimo ezingokomthetho.

Imizabalazo Yomphakathi

Izinhlangano ezihleliwe zezenhlalo zingawushintsha kakhulu umbono womphakathi kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo sokushaya umthetho, ngisho nalapho iminyango yezombangazwe isunguliwe imelana. Umzabalazo wabesifazane, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, umzabalazo wezemvelo, futhi muva nje # MeToo[[FLT:] zonke] ziveza indlela izisusa zotshani ezibonisa ngayo ukukhuthaza isimilo nomthetho ngesikhathi. # i-Meo , ezuza ukuvinjwa kwembulunga yonke ngo-2017, okuletha ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlasela emphakathini, okuholela ekulungiseni izinguquko ezingokomthetho njengokuphela kwe-Arbit'Arbition of Sexual Acts and Sexual Actsment ka-201], nezinye izinhlangano zezentelliase, ezihambelana zezenteko yezombangazwe ezithi ezithi ezithiwe yizin, ngenxa yezentente ezithi, ngokushintsha kakhulu, ngenxa yezombangazwe.

Ukucabangela Umbono Womphakathi

Ukubhala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kunikeza ukwaziswa okuthi abamisi - mthetho, izintatheli nabasekeli bale mithetho bancike ekuhloleni ukuthi ikuphi indawo esemthethweni.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlansi

Imibono yokuhlola ilinganisa izimo zengqondo ezindabeni ezithile ngesikhathi esithile. Ivame ukuqhutshwa ngocingo, nge-inthanethi, noma ngokuhlola okuxubeneyo, ngesibonelo sokuqinisekisa ukumelelwa. Ukuhlola kokuphuma, okwenziwa ngoSuku Lokhetho, kuyasiza ekubikezeleni imiphumela futhi kwembule ukuthi izenzakalo zihlelwe kanjani. Ukuhlola, njengokuhlola ukucwaninga [[FLT]] Prew Center [ ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo, ukuhlola ushintsho, ukubheka izenzakalo ezishintshayo emasontweni noma izinyanga. Ukuhlola okungathi zishintsha umzwelo. Ukuhlola okungathi sína okuthuthukisiwe nguJames Fishkin, kuhlanganisa indlela engeziwe eqoqa ummeleli, ukunikeza ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe, nokulinganisa umbono phambi kombono womphakathi.

Ngalé Kokuhlola

Kuyi nkathi yezokuxhumana, i-medialytics, ukuhlaziya imizwelo, kanye namasu amakhulu okwaziswa anikeza ezinye izindlela zokuhlola umbono. Izindlela ezifana no-Twitter noFacebook ziveza inqwaba yokwaziswa kombono ongacelwanga. Nokho, le mithombo ithambekele ekuthatheni imibono ehlukahlukene: futhi abantu abambalwa abakhulumayo bangabusa. Abacwaningi kumelwe baqaphele ngokucophelela izinto ezitholakele ezifundweni ezingokwesiko ezinezimpawu zemidwebo ukuze bagweme iziphetho ezidukisayo. Abenzi bomthetho baya ngokuqhubekayo basebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge [[FLTL:0] Govrack[ ku-aggradetage travel tration mediact, kodwa lezizindlela futhi badinga ukuqapha.

Ukuhlola Icala

Examining specific legislative campaigns reveals how the abstract mechanisms of public opinion play out in concrete political battles.

Umshado Ofanayo

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho komshado ofanayo wobulili e-United States kunikeza indaba yencwadi yesandla yendlela umbono womphakathi oshintshayo ongawushintsha ngayo kokubili ushintsho lwemithetho nokwahlulela. Ngo-1996, amaqembu aseMelika angu-77% kuphela asekela umshado ongokwaseceleni; ngo-2021, lelo nani ladlula ku-70%, ngokwe ]. Lolushintsho oluphawulekayo lwaqhutshwa ngokubonakala kwezezindaba, amaqembu amaqembu afana ne-Humanxist, futhi ahlela izinyunyana zotshani. Izishayamthetho zaqala ukudlulisa imithetho elingana ekuqaleni konyaka ka 2000. Ngesikhathi iNkanto enquma ngisho nokushintsha kwezenziwa kweNkade yecala. . Hoges v ngo 2015, umbono osobala weze wabe ukulingana nesisekelo somthetho womthetho wentando yentando yentando yeningi, izinyuko, izishayanomendo zeze inkantolo zokuhlela inkantolo.

Ukulawula Izibhamu

Isimiso sokulawula izibhamu e-United States silandela indlela eguquguqukayo, lapho umbono womphakathi unqwabelana ngemva kokudubulana okukhulu kodwa ngokuvamile uhlehla lapho umjikelezo wezindaba uqhubeka. Ngemva kokudubula i-2018 2018 Parkland, ukusekela komphakathi imithetho eqinile yezikhali kwanyukela ku 67% ekuhlolweni kwe-Pew Research Center, futhi umfundi owehlela umnyaka Wethu Wemilies uhlobise izigidigidi. Lokhu kucindezela kwaholela ezinzweni eziningana zesifundazwe, njengaseFlorida ukuphakamisa inkathi encane yokuthenga izibhamu kuya ku 21 futhi ukudlulisa “umthetho owenziwe ngefule". Esigabeni lombuso, i-Bipartassssss Learniques Act ka 20222, okungaqiniseki ukuthi umbiko wesizinda wabathengi ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokungenela kwesimiso sokungenela kwezentengo-mkhampala yezo eziphambili, kodwa unamandla kakhulu esaba ukuphikisa kwenani elikhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuvusekuvezwe yigunyazwe umphakathi kuphela.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Umthetho wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ubonisa indlela ukushintsha kancane kokushintsha kombono womphakathi, ukukhuliswa yizimo zesayensi kanye nezenzakalo zezulu ezingathi sína, okungaphinde kulawuleke ngayo. Ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwakuyinkinga ephansi kakhulu kwabavoti abaningi. Ngo-2023, I-Yale Programme on Climate Change Ukuxhumana Kwezulu, Ukuhlolwa kwezentengo [i-Reput] kwathola ukuthi ama-722% amaMelika akholelwa ukuthi ukushisa kwembulunga yonke kwakuyenzeka futhi i 65% yacabanga ukuthi ibangelwa kakhulu imisebenzi yabantu. Lo nyaka unyaka ususa isinyathelo sokushintsha isilinganiso sombuso: isilinganiso sezindawo zobungako, izinga le-Influtiono, ukuhwebela kwezentengo yezentengo yeze yeze yezentengo yeze kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu. U. U.S. Umlando umbiko womhlaba wonke uveza ukuvikelwa kwezimiso zezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentente yomphakathi, kanti ihlelwe kakhulu, i

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

Ukukhathazeka kwempilo kulokhu kuphakathi kwezinkinga eziphezulu zabavoti baseMelika. Ukudlula kwe-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010 kwathonywa kakhulu umbono womphakathi: ukuphenya ngalesosikhathi kwabonisa ukusekela okunamandla kokwandisa nokuvikela abantu abanezimo ezingaphambili, nakuba umthetho wonke waqhubeka uphikisana. Ngemva kwemizamo yokubuyisela i-ACA ngo-2017, ukusekela komphakathi umthetho kwanda, njengoba kusuka ku 43% wemvume ngo-2016 kuya ku-520% ( Kaiser Family Foundation )]. Lokho kusiza ekulondolozeni i-ACA futhi kukhuthaza ukuqinisa, njengoba ukukhuliswa kwe-Melika e-A American Rereavective Plantion. Ukuqinisekisa umbono wokuthuthukisa ukuzuza ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa, ukuvimbela ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Izinselele Ekuchazeni Nokushintsha Umbono Womphakathi

Naphezu kwethonya layo, umbono womphakathi awusona isiqondiso esilula, esingaguquguquki sabenzi bezimiso.

Amazwi Ombuzo Nemiphumela Eshukumisayo

Ukukhishwa kwemibuzo yokuhlola kungaguqula imiphumela ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubuza ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele yini “ubeke ukukhishwa kwezisu” kuveza ukusabela okuhlukene kunokubuza ukuthi kufanele yini“kuvumele” ukukhishwa kwezisu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ukuhola imibuzo, ukuhleleka kwezindlela zokukhetha, kanye nomongo kunikeza konke ukusungula ubandlululo. Ngisho nokuhlola okuhlelwa kahle kuphethe inxenye yephutha (ngokuvamile amaphuzu angamaphesenti angu-3-4). Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi umbono womphakathi awulona isibonakaliso esiphelele sezinkolelo eziqinile kodwa ngokuvamile ukusabela okuqinile.

Ukuthula Nomsindo

Umbono womphakathi ungabonakala ngokushesha lapho kusehlela izenzakalo, ikakhulukazi uma lezo zenzakalo zihilela inhlekelele noma inhlekelele. Inhlolo - vo eyenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokudubulana kwenqwaba izobonisa ukusekela okukhulu kokulawula izibhamu kunomunye othatha izinyanga eziyisithupha kamuva. Abenzi bomthetho abajaha ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushaya indiva bangase bathathe isinyathelo esithathelwanayo; labo abangazinaki izenzakalo eziphikelelayo bangase bahlule ukubhekana nezidingo ezijulile. Ukuhlola isikhathi eside kuyasiza ekuhlukaniseni inguquko yesikhashana ezingokoqobo zezwe.

Ukusebenzisa I - sampling Nomfanekiso

Imiphumela yokuhlola ingcono kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nesibonelo esisekelwe kuso. Ukuhlola kwe-Landline kuphela okungaphansi kwabavoti abasebasha; ama-panet angandisa izimo ezithile zenani labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicimbi engathi inamandla: isimiso abantu abaningi abasisekela ngokuzithoba kodwa abamelene kakhulu singase singadluli kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuphikiswa kunamandla kakhulu kwezombangazwe. Ukungathathi-mfashini okunikezwa abantu abangenawo umbono wangempela ngendaba ethile. Ukuhlola inqubo kusebenzisa izinqubo ezilula kanye nezibukhali zolwazi, kodwa lezinguquko aziphelele.

Ukuphoqelela Nokuvuma Okunemicikilisho

Abagxeki abanjengoNoam Chomsky no-Edward S. Herman baye baphikisa ngokuthi umbono womphakathi ngokuvamile ulolongwa yizicukuthwane ezinamandla nezithakazelo zezinhlangano ngemidiya nokufushaniswa kwezindaba. Kulombono, okubonakala kucindezela okuphansi empeleni kuwukulawula okuphezulu. Nakuba kungezona zonke izazi ezivuma lokhu kuqina okuqinile, kunobufakazi bokuthi imikhankaso ethuthukisiwe kakhulu ingayiguqula ngokuphumelelayo imibono yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni lapho umphakathi untula khona izinkolelo eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zikagwayi zisekela ukungabaza ngezingozi zempilo zokubhema, zithonya kokubili umbono womphakathi nokwephuthumela umthetho. Ukuqaphela isimo sombono owenziweyo sibalulekile kunoma yikuphi ukuhlaziya okugxekayo.

Indima Yemfundo Nesivumelwano

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwemibono yomphakathi nomthetho akuhlobene nenkolelo yezesayensi yezesayensi kuphela. I-socialism ihlome kangcono ukuchaza izinqumo ezithandwayo, ihlole izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, futhi igcine izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinesibopho sokulandisa. Izikole zingakhuthaza lokhu ngokufundisa ukufunda nokubhala, ukusekela impikiswano yabafundi ngezindaba zamanje, nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni kahulumeni wendawo noma ezindlu zomthetho zobuqambiso. Lapho abafundi befunda indlela yokuhumusha imibono yabo ngokwezimvume ezisebenzayo, izicelo, izicelo zobufakazi, noma ukuvota.

Isiphetho

Umbono womphakathi unamandla, ngezinye izikhathi ongenakulungiseka osenkundleni yokwenza umthetho wentando yeningi. Uhlela umthetho nezimiso ngezindlela eziningi: imithombo yezindaba, amaqembu enzalo, ingcindezi yezembuyiselo, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Ithonya lawo lilinganiswa izinga lokuhlola, isimo sezinhlangano zezombangazwe, namandla ezinto ezihleliwe. Ukuqaphela kokubili amandla kanye nezihibe zombono womphakathi kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhileleka ngokucabangela ngokwengeziwe ekuphileni komphakathi. Kubafundisi abafundisa lesi sihloko, ukuthatha isilinganiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi idemo-demokrase ayikona ukuxhumana okungalawuleki phakathi kwabalawulwa nabameleli babo. Ngokunikeza ukunakekela ekutheni ukushintsha umuzwa womphakathi nendlela okuwudlulisela ngayo emkhankambisweni, abafundi bangayiqonda kangcono indima yazo ekuphileni kwabo siqu.