Inkolelo Yezenhlalo Ewumphumela Ofinyelelekayo Wenkolelo Yezombangazwe

I-Social Contracct Theory ingenye yemibono enethonya elikhulu kakhulu kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yaseNtshonalanga. Ikhuluma ngemibuzo emibili eyisisekelo ngomphakathi wesintu: Kungani sizithobe egunyeni, futhi yini enikeza uhulumeni ilungelo lokusibusa? Inkolelo-lwazi iveza ukuthi ukuba negunya legunya lezombangazwe kusuka ekuvumeni okuphelele phakathi kwabantu ukuba bakhe umphakathi ohlangene. Ukushintshana ngezinzuzo zomphakathi, isivikelo, nokubambisana, abantu badela ngokuzithandela inkululeko yabo yomuntu siqu. Lesi sihloko siveza imibono eyisisekelo esekelwe ekuthuthukiseni kwayo ngomlando i- izingqapheli ezivelele, nokuhlola ukuthi kungani kuqhubeka kunesimo sokuncintisana ngezinzuzo zezenhlalo, ngenkululeko, ubulungisa, nokubambisana.

Umbono Ophakathi: Ukuvumelana Njengesisekelo SeNhlangano

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo kakhulu, i-Social Contract Theory ikholelwa ukuthi izibopho zokuziphatha nezezombangazwe zincike esivumelwaneni noma esivumelwaneni phakathi kwabantu abakha lowomphakathi. Lena akuyona incwadi ebhaliwe esayinwe ngomzuzu othile emlandweni. Kunalokho, iyithuluzi elisetshenziswayo elichazayo ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abantu bengakhetha ukushiya i-̴ isimo semvelo i-” i-̬ isimo esingenahulumeni noma imithetho i-̬ futhi bakha umphakathi ohleliwe ngaphansi kwegunya elifanayo.

Le nkolelo isekelwe esimisweni se- imvume. Uma inikezwa ngokuqondile ngesifungo noma ngokuphelele ngokuhlala ngokuqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwezwe i-’ imvume iguqula iqoqo labantu libe indikimba engokomthetho yezombangazwe. Uma nje sekusunguliwe, izakhamuzi zithatha imisebenzi ethile ngemithetho nokukhokha izintela i-̬ ukuthengisana ngezinzuzo ezinganikezwa umphakathi ohleliwe kuphela, kuhlanganise nokuvikela, ukuphikisa, isinqumo, kanye nokuvikela impahla.

Ngaphandle kwalo, igunya beliyogxila nje enkapheni, futhi umphakathi ubungeke ube nesisekelo sokuziphatha esidingekayo ukuze usimame futhi ube nobulungisa.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando: Izazi Zefilosofi Ezathonya Imfundiso

Nakuba izici zomqondo wesivumelwano zivela emibhalweni yasendulo yesiGreki neyamaRoma, iSocial Contract Theory njengesimiso esihleliwe yavela phakathi noKhanyiselwa. Izingqondo ezintathu zivelele njengabaklami bazo bokuqala: uThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Ngazinye zanikeza umbono ohlukile wezwe lemvelo, izilinganiso zesivumelwano, nohlobo lukahulumeni oluvumelanayo.

UThomas Hobbes NoLeviyathani

Ebhala ethunzini leMpi Yombango yaseNgilandi, uThomas Hobbes wanyathelisa uLeviathan ngo-1651], umsebenzi ohlala ungenye yezinkulumo ezivusa inkanuko kakhulu zesiko le-Social Contract. Hobbes waqala ngokuhlola okungathandekiyo okungokomuntu. Esimweni semvelo, waphikisana, awukho uhulumeni, akukho mthetho, futhi akukho gunya lokuphoqesha izivumelwano. Ukuphila ngesimo esinjalo kuyisimo sempi i-Nyutha ne-#820; wonke umuntu omelene nawo wonke umuntu. ” imicebo ayilutho, ukwethemba akunalutho, futhi akukho lutho olunamandla olusindayo.

Ngodumo oludumile ukuphila esimweni semvelo njenge-#8220; solitary, i-orentia, i-brutish, futhi imfishane. ̵ Ukubalekela lesi siyaluyalu, abantu abanengqondo bayaqaphela ukuthi kumelwe banikeze inkululeko yabo engokwemvelo kumbusi ophelele u̬ umbusi oyedwa noma umbuthano onamandla anele okuphoqelela ukuthula nokuhleleka. Lo mbusi, lowo uHobbes obizwa ngokuthi iLeviatan, akayona ingxenye yesivumelwano kodwa edalwe yiso. Abantu bavumelana phakathi kwabo ukuba balalele umbusi, futhi babuye babuye, bamukele ukulondeka. Hobbbs #817; inguquko yesivumelwano senkululeko engaphezulu, ngisho nenkokelo yenkululeko.

UJohn Locke Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Emvelo

John Locke wanikeza umbono wethemba kakhulu ngobuntu nesimo semvelo. [uMthetho] kaHulumeni (1689]), Locke waveza ukuthi abantu abasesimweni semvelo bazalwa benombono wefa [ amalungelo angokwemvelo [[FLT]] ̬ ngokuchanekileyo, amalungelo okuphila, inkululeko, nempahla. Lamalungelo akhona ngaphambi kukahulumeni othile futhi awanikezwanga mbusi. Isimo semvelo, ngoba iLocke, ayisona isimo sempi. Ibuswa umthetho wemvelo olimaza bonke abantu ekuphileni kwabo, noma izinto zabo.

Nokho, kuphakama izinkinga ngoba akukho jaji elingakhethi elilungisa izingxabano futhi akukho simiso esimisiwe somthetho sokuchaza izijeziso. Izimpi nezimpi zisongela ukunambitheka kwamalungelo emvelo. Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu, abantu bayavuma ukwakha umphakathi futhi bamise uhulumeni onjongo yakhe eyinhloko iwukuvikela lawomalungelo. U-Crucily, ngoba u-Locke, uhulumeni ngokwawo uboshwe isivumelwano somphakathi. Uma uphula amalungelo emvelo noma wenza ngonya, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela futhi bathathe isikhundla sawo.

Locke̱ inkolelo-lwazi yabeka isisekelo sikahulumeni olinganiselwe, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, nomqondo wokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisuka evumeni elibuswayo . Imibono yakhe yathonya ngokuqondile iSimemezelo se-American of Independence and the United States Constitution.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau NoJenene Wentando

Jean-Jacques Rousseau wathatha isiko leNkathi Yendawo yonke ngendlela eguquguqukayo. IContract ye-social (1762]), waphikisa ngokuthi ushintsho olusuka esimweni semvelo luya emphakathini wezakhamuzi lwalungakona nje ukuvikela amalungelo akhona kodwa ngokuguqula abantu ngokwabo. URousseau wayekholelwa ukuthi esimweni semvelo, abantu babengabantu abazakhedwa kodwa belungile ngokuyisisekelo i-“ ubudyubha. i-„ enobudengu.

KuRousseau, isivumelwano somphakathi sasingekona ukunikezela inkululeko kumbusi kodwa indlela yokufinyelela uhlobo oluphezulu lwenkululeko. Ngokuhlangana nokuzithoba ndawonye intando i-̬ isithakazelo somphakathi esihlangene njenge-̬ umuntu ngamunye uba yingxenye yendikimba ebusayo. Ngokulalela intando kawonkewonke, uRousseau waphikisa, umuntu ngamunye ulalela ingxenye engcono yakhe siqu. Inkululeko yeqiniso ayitholangakhonzi lutho kodwa ekuhlanganyeleni ekudaleni imithetho esebenzayo kubo bonke.

I-Rousseau ̱ inguquko yesivumelwano sezenhlalo ingesentando yeningi kakhulu. Ibeka igunya eliphelele ezandleni zabantu njengeqembu futhi igcizelela ukuthi imithetho kumelwe ibonise inzuzo efanayo kunezithakazelo zomuntu siqu. Imibono yakhe yathonya iNguquko yaseFrance futhi kamuva izinhlangano zentando yeningi nezokuhlalisana kwabantu.

Izimiso Zomkhomo Ezichaza Inkolelo - mbono

Ngaphesheya kwezinguqulo ezihlukahlukene ze - Social Contract Theory, izimiso eziningana eziphindaphindayo zakha umgogodla wayo ongokwengqondo.

Ukuvumana

Le sivumelwano asibekwanga phezulu, sivela esivumelwaneni sabantu abakhululekile nabalinganayo.

Ukudluliselwa Kwamalungelo Noma Ukulinganiselwa Kwawo

Zonke izinguquko zesivumelwano senhlalo zidinga abantu ukuba bashiye ingxenye ethile yenkululeko yabo engokwemvelo. Izinga eliqondile lalokho okuhoxiswayo liyahlukahluka isazi sefilosofi. U-Hobbes wafuna ukuzithoba okucishe kuphelele. U-Locke wavuma amalungelo agciniwe. URousseau wacela ukuzithoba kuphela entando yeningi. Kuzo zonke izimo, ukuhweba kuyafana: inkululeko ethile incishiswa ngenxa yokulondeka, ukuhleleka, nezinzuzo zomphakathi obambisanayo.

Igunya Elingokomthetho

Uhulumeni uthola ilungelo lawo lokubusa ngokuvuma kwababuswayo. Igunya aliwona umsebenzi waphezulu, ukulandelana kwefa, noma amandla aluhlaza. Liyisivumelwano somphakathi ngokwaso. Uhulumeni ophula imibandela yalesosivumelwano ulahlekelwa ilungelo laso.

Okuhle Okuvamile

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo asiyona nje imvume yokuthengiselana kwabantu nezwe.

Izinhlobo Zezici Zezenhlalo: Izifanekiso Ezintathu Ezihlukile

Umehluko phakathi kwamaHobbe, amaLocke, noRousseau uphawuleka kakhulu kangangokuthi izazi zivame ukukhuluma ngezinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene zezivumelwano zomphakathi, ngasinye esinengqondo nethonya laso siqu.

Isibonelo SeHobbesian: Ukulondeka Ngaphezu Kwakho Konke

Isivumelwano se Hobbesian sishukunyiswa ukwesaba. Abantu banikezela cishe wonke amalungelo abo kumbusi ophelele ukuze bathole okuhle okuyisisekelo: ukusinda. Lesi sibonelo sigunyaza igunya elinamandla, eliqinile futhi lithambekele ekuhleleni okuphambili kunenkululeko. Sizwakala ezimpikiswaneni zokuvikela kwesizwe, amandla esimo esiphuthumayo, kanye nokucindezelwa kokungavumelani ngezikhathi zenhlekelele.

Isibonelo Se - lockean: Amalungelo Asekelwe Kuhulumeni Olinganiselwe

Isivumelwano se-Lockean siqhutshwa isifiso sokuvikela amalungelo emvelo angaphambili. Abantu ngabanye badela ilungelo lokuphoqelela lawomalungelo ngasese. Uhulumeni ulinganiselwe futhi ungaphansi komthetho. Uma udlula imingcele yawo, ukumelana nemithetho kuyalunga. Lo mkhondo usekela umthetho-sisekelo wezobukhompuyutha, izimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nesivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi.

Isibonelo sikaRousseau: Ukuqoqa uhulumeni wokuzisebenzela

Isivumelwano sikaRousseau sishukunyiswa yisifiso sokufinyelela inkululeko yeqiniso ngokuhlanganyela ekufuneni intando yeningi. Uhulumeni awuyona into ehlukile ngaphezu kwabantu kodwa uyithuluzi lokuzibusa kwabantu bonke. Lesisibonelo sigcizelela ubuhle bomphakathi, ubuningi bentando yeningi obuqondile, nokulingana.

Indlela Isimiso Sezenhlalo Esithonya Ngayo Isimiso Sokusebenzelana Nezenhlalo Sanamuhla

Naphezu kwemvelaphi yayo ekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa neleshumi nesishiyagalombili, iSocial Contract Theory ayiyona nje inkolelo yomlando engokomlando, iyaqhubeka yazisa izakhiwo nezinhlangano zezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Umqondo wokuthi ohulumeni kumelwe basekelwe evumelwaneni ufakwe emabhukwini okusungulwa kwemibuso ezimele ekhululekile kakhulu. Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States uqala ngenkulumo ethi i-#8220; Thina Abantu, i-” ngokufaka ngokuqondile umqondo wokuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka ezakhamuzini zezakhamuzi. ISimemezelo seNkampucuko sikhipha ngokuqondile ngolimi lweLockean, sigomela ukuthi ohulumeni bathatha i-“ amandla abo alungile emvumeni yokubusa i-” futhi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni ocekela phansi amalungelo abo.

Umthetho wanamuhla wezizwe zonke uveza futhi ukucabanga okuvumelanayo. Izivumelwano, imihlangano, kanye nemithetho yokusungula yezinhlangano ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene yakhiwe ngesimiso esithi ngokuzithandela sivuma ukuboshelwa ngemithetho ehlanganyelweyo ukuze kuzuze ukubambisana nokuthula. Izimiso zamalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi, zigcizelela amalungelo efa, angaphulwa angekho uhulumeni ongawaphula.

Ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe zamanje, ulimi lwesivumelwano sezenhlalo luvame ukusetshenziswa lapho kuxoxwa ngenhlalakahle yezenhlalo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, nempahla yomphakathi. Impikiswano yokuthi izakhamuzi zikhokha izintela futhi zilalele imithetho ukuze zikwazi ukufinyelela izinkonzo nesivikelo iwukusetshenziswa okuqondile kobuhlakani besivumelwano. Ngokufanayo, izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokufuduka nezakhamuzi zivame ukuphendulela imibuzo yemvume: Yiziphi izibopho abafuduki abanazo kuhulumeni, futhi yiziphi izibopho ezikhona kuhulumeni ukuze bazitholele izinkonzo zokusiza nokuvikela? Lena yimibuzo yesivumelwano sezenhlalakahle.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokulinganiselwa: Isizathu Sokuba Inkolelo Icwaninge Kakhulu

I - Social Contract Theory iye yaba nethonya elikhulu, kodwa futhi iye yadonsa ukugxekwa okungathi sína ezinhlangothini eziningi.

Isiphetho Sezindaba Eziqanjiwe Ezingokomlando

Enye yezimpikiswano ezivamile ukuthi ayikaze ibe khona isivumelwano esingokoqobo sezenhlalo. Azikho izincwadi ezingokomlando ezibhalwe isikhathi lapho abantu behlangana ukuze bavumelane ngemibandela yenhlangano yabo yezombangazwe. Yonke imishini yemvelo nesivumelwano sokuqala iyindawo eqanjiwe. Abagxeki abanjengoDavid Hume baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwenza lenkolelo ibe isisekelo esingathembekile sesibopho sezombangazwe. Uma lesi sivumelwano singakaze senzeke, kungani umuntu engazi ukuthi siboshwe yiso?

Abavikeli benkolelo-mbono baphendula ngokuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo asihloselwe ukuba sibe isenzakalo esingokoqobo esingokomlando. Siyindlela evamile yokucabanga ukuthi yini ethethelela igunya lezombangazwe. Umbuzo awukhona ukuthi isivumelwano senzekile kodwa ukuthi isizathu esisibangelayo sinikeza ukulandisa okushukumisayo kwesizathu sokuba silalele umthetho.

Ukukhishwa Kwecala Nokungabi Nabulungisa Okungokomlando

Isivumelwano esivimbela kakhulu sivela kulabo abaveza ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo, ngokomthetho, siye sakhipha izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi. Abesifazane, abantu abanombala, abantu bomdabu, abampofu, nalabo abangenampahla babeshiywa njalo ezivumelwaneni zokuqala ezasungula izifunda zanamuhla. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sasiyisivumelwano phakathi kwabelungu abanezimo ezifanele.

Izazi zefilosofi zabesifazane ezinjengaye i-Carole Pateman, encwadini yakhe [[FLT:]] Isivumelwano seNkcubeko yezeNtlanga , iphikisa ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo sifihla i-̴ isivumelwano sobungqingili ̵ ukuthi abesifazane abangaphansi kwamadoda. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:]] i-Calbles, [ku-, [[FLT:]] i-Contraxtistrict [FL:], iphikiswana ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo siyi-&8;[220] ngokufana ne--'ikhompat''''. Lokhu kuviwa futhi akuwanezelwa ukuthi izivumelwano zeze kuqhubeke inkolelo yomphakathi. kodwa kulokhu kubuye iqiniswe inkolelo yeze iqhubeke ihlelwe futhi ingabi inqubo yomlando.

Inkinga Yokuvuma Kwangempela

Ngisho noma sivuma ukuthi imvume iyisisekelo segunya lezombangazwe, umbuzo usalokhu uwukuthi: Ingabe abantu abazalelwe emphakathini bayavuma ngempela? Bambalwa kakhulu abantu abake bavumelana ngokuqondile nezivumelwano zesivumelwano somphakathi. Isivumelwano seTacit i-̬ isivumelwano sokuhlala noma sokwamukela izinzuzo eziqhubekayo, i-̬ imvume yokuhlala noma ukwamukela izinzuzo; ingumfashini obuthakathaka. Ingabe umuntu ozalelwe emphakathini angashiwo ukuthi uvume ngempela imithetho yakhe? Uma ukuhamba kudinga ukushiya u-Ù ikhaya, umkhaya, nempucuko, ukukhetha ukuhlala ngesihle. Lokhu kuphakamisa isibopho somphakathi somphakathi ngempela.

Ukuhlehliswa Kwamanje: Isizathu Sokuba Inkolelo - mbono Ibaluleke

Naphezu kwamaphutha ayo, iSocial Contract Theory ihlala ingelinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu atholakalayo okucabanga ngobulungisa, igunya, nobuhlobo phakathi komuntu nombuso.

Ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala, ulimi lwesivumelwano senhlalo luvame ukucelwa ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene [ne-[FLT: 0] ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo, ukuzimela kwamanani, nezibopho zamapulatifomu obuchwepheshe. Uma abasebenzisi bevumelana nemibandela yenkonzo, bangena eqenjini lesivumelwano nenhlangano yomphakathi. Uma ohulumeni beqoqa ukwaziswa ezakhamuzini, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi ingabe lokho kuhlola kuphula isivumelwano esiqinisekile esikhona phakathi kwezwe nabantu. Inkolelo futhi itshela izingxoxo ngezobulungisa : Imiphi imibopho ebekelwe izizukulwaneni ezizayo? Ingabe isivumelwano sezenhlalo singanwebela isikhathi?

Izazi zefilosofi ezifana no uJohn Rawls wavuselela isiko leNkathi ye-social Contract ekhulwini lama-20 ngemfundiso yakhe yobulungisa njengobulungisa. AmaRackl abuza ukuthi yiziphi izimiso zobulungisa ngaphandle kobuwula futhi ezinengqondo zabantu abangazikhetha uma bengasazi isikhundla sabo siqu somphakathi, amatalente, noma izimo, noma i-— imicabango ayibiza ngokuthi i-&820; isikhundla sakuqala i-𔄭 i-emuva kwe-“ ukungazi. „ u-il. &821; umsebenzi wakhe ubonisa ukuthi ukusondela kwesivumelwano kuhlala kungumthombo ogcwele ukuqonda kwefilosofi yezombangazwe yamanje.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Engqondo Elula

I-Social Contract Theory, impande, ingumqondo olula kodwa ojulile: igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe lisekelwe esivumelwaneni salabo ababuswayo. Ngokubuza ukuthi yini abantu abanengqondo abangayivuma uma beqala ukukala, lenkolelo inikeza indinganiso yokuhlola izinhlangano zezwe ezingokoqobo. Isikhumbuza ukuthi ohulumeni abawona amaqiniso emvelo ̬ indalo engabantu okumelwe ithole igunya labo ngokukhonza okuhle okuvamile.

Kusukela ku-Hobbes ’ kunikeza umbono owesabekayo wokulondeka kuLocke ’ ukuvikela amalungelo emvelo kuRousseau ’ iphupho lokuzibusa okuhlangene, iSiko leNkathi Yezenhlalo linikeza iqoqo lengcebo elicebile lokuqonda izwe lethu lezombangazwe. Futhi kusibekela inselele ukubuza imibuzo enzima ngokuthi ubani ohlanganisiwe esivumelwaneni, ukuthi imvume ingokoqobo yini, nokuthi yini ubulungisa obuyifuna kithi. Leyo imibuzo iphuthuma namuhla njengasekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa leminyaka, futhi ayivamile ukuphuma ngokushesha.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe emibhalweni eyisisekelo, bheka umbhalo ogcwele we Hobbes ’s [ Leviatan[ ikhona [ iProjecttenberg[[[[[FLT:] ne-Lockte Asaves]; ; [[FLT]] i-SCetanutences of Government [[[FLT:]] ku-[FLT:] inikeza i-eglayester of Libertion[[FL:[FLT]][FL:][11]]