Umthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje incwadi engokomthetho; ipulani yesisekelo ehlela indlela umphakathi ozibusa ngayo, ichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo, futhi ihlanganisa inzuzo eyisisekelo yesizwe esithandayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi silotshiwe noma asibhalwanga noma sivumelanayo, umthetho-sisekelo umisa imithetho yemidlalo yezombangazwe, umisa igunya elingokomthetho kuyilapho ulinganisela ukufinyelela kwayo. Ukuqonda imvelo nomsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo akubalulekile kubafundi besayensi yezombangazwe nomthetho kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela noma ezithinteka ngokubusa. Lesi sihloko sihlola incazelo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ukuthuthuka kwawo ngokomlando, izindlela zawo, nendima yawo ebucayi ekusekeleni izinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi kanye nenkululeko yabantu.

Uyini Umthetho - sisekelo?

Umthetho-sisekelo uyisimiso sezimiso eziyisisekelo noma izenzakalo ezimisiwe ngokwendlela isifundazwe noma enye inhlangano eqashelwa ngayo ukuba ibunjwe ngayo. Isebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, lapho yonke eminye imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zilinganiswa khona. Empeleni, umthetho-sisekelo wenza izinto ezimbili: unikeza amandla kuhulumeni ngokuhlela izakhiwo zawo nezinqubo zawo, futhi ulinganisela ukuthi amandla ngokuqinisekisa amalungelo athile kubantu. Igama ngokwalo livela kwelesiLatini i-tierertuere, okusho "ukumisa" noma "ukumisa, ukuveza indima yawo njengesenzo sesisekelo somphakathi wezombangazwe.

Umqondo womthetho-sisekelo usuka emuva empucukweni yasendulo. Izifunda zedolobha lase-Greece, njenge-Athene, zazama izimiso ezibhaliwe kanye nemiqondo yesizwe. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yasungula umthetho oxubile owawulinganisela i-monarchy, izikhulu, nezakhi zedemokrasi (i-algamential) eyathandwa izazi zamuva. Nokho, umbono wanamuhla womthetho-sisekelo obhalwe phansi njengencwadi ebhalwe ngamabomu, ebanzi kakhulu emakhulwini eshumini leshumi nanye neleshumi elinesihlanu, uthonywe yizazi zefilosofi ezikhanyiselwe i-Nkclee, uJohn Locke, uMontesquieust, noRouss, ezaziphikisa izivumelwano zezenhlalo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Izwe eliyizincwadi zesiNgisi ze-Anglish of Rights (1689) kanye nomthetho-United States (1787) yamisa i-teomgalelo-mthetho-mthetho wombuso womhlaba wonke.

Ibhalwe ama-v. Imithetho-sisekelo engabhalwanga

Imithetho-sisekelo ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngesimo sayo: ebhaliwe noma engabhalwanga. Lomehluko awukhona ukuthi imithetho ibhalwe ngokoqobo (eminingi ikhona), kodwa ukuthi ifakazelwe ephepheni elilodwa elinegunya noma isakazwe emithonjeni eminingi.

Imithetho - sisekelo Elotshiwe

Umthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe uyincwadi eyodwa, engokomthetho ehlelekile ehlela imithetho eyisisekelo kahulumeni. Imiswa ngesikhathi esithile esingokomlando futhi ithathwa njengomthetho ophakeme, isho nawu ophikisana nawo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-United States Constitution, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-Ndiya, ne-German Sicle. Izinzuzo zomthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe zihlanganisa ukucacisa, ukufinyelela, nokuzinza; izakhamuzi nezikhulu zingabhekisela embhalweni owodwa ukuze ziqonde isimo samandla namalungelo azo. Inqubo yokulungisa ivame ukuba i-impoqo, idinga i-Constitution of India, noMpal. Nokho, imithetho ebhaliwe ingayilawula ngokushesha, ukuze ishintshe ngokushesha izimo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ongabhalwa

Igama elithi "umthetho - sisekelo ongabhalwanga" liyinto engalungile. Libhekisela esimisweni lapho imithetho yomthetho-sisekelo itholakala khona emithonjeni eminingi: imithetho, izandulela zezahlulelo, imibuthano, amasiko, nemibhalo enegunya. I-United Kingdom iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu, nomthetho - sisekelo wayo osuwemibhalo enjengeMagna Carta (1215), iBill of Rights (1689), iPhalamende leMitheli, neMithethondo yeMithetho, nezinqumo eziwubalayo zomthetho ovamile. Amanye amazwe angenawo kakhulu amandla abhaliwe noma angabhalwanga ahlanganisa i-New Zealand, i-Israel, ne-Canada. Ukuguquguquka komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ongabhalwangabhalwanga kuvumela ukuba iguquke emphakathini, ngaphandle kokufuna ukuhlelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Nokho, abagxeki abagxeki bangakuqapheli ukuthi ayina ukucaca futhi amanani kakhulu ngokuphathelene amandla ohulumeni, ukuvikelwa kwelungelo elivinjelwe ekutheni.

Izinhlobo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ngalé kwemithetho elotshiwe/engabhalwanga ethi dichotomy, imithetho - sisekelo ingahlukaniswa ngezinye izindlela eziningana ezinengqondo, ngayinye ithinte indlela amandla ahlukaniswa futhi asetshenziswe ngayo.

Imithetho - sisekelo Evumelana Nezimo

Umthetho-sisekelo oqinile udinga inqubo ekhethekile yokulungisa efuna okukhulu kunomthetho ovamile (ngokwesibonelo, amavoti amabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zephalamende alandelwa ukuhlaziywa ngezindawo eziningi. ISiphakamiso somthetho-sisekelo V siyisibonelo esivelele. I-Rigiddy iqinisekisa ukuzinza futhi ivikela izimiso eziyisisekelo ekushintshweni kokunganaki. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo oguquguqukayo, ngokwehluke, ungalungiswa ngenqubo evamile yemithetho yomthetho-mthetho. Umthetho-Constitudicle we-United Kingdom uvumelana kakhulu nezimiso zomthetho-mfakelele, njengoba izimiso zomthetho-mfakela zidlula ngenani elilula. U-Rfaxmation uvumela ukuguquka ngokushesha kodwa izingozi ezilula.

Ama-Federal v. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Unitary

Umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni uhlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni omkhulu nohulumeni besifunda (izifundazwe, izifundakazi, amacanton), nesilinganiso ngasinye esinamandla azimele angashintshwanga ngesinye isikhathi. Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States, Canada, ne-Australia ungowombuso. I-Federalism ivame ukukhethwa emazweni amakhulu noma ahlukene ukuze ivumele ukuzibusa kwendawo kuyilapho ilondoloza ubunye besizwe. Umthetho-sisekelo we-sescreditional ugxilisa amandla obukhosi kuhulumeni ophakathi, nakuba ungasusa igunya lezindawo ngemithetho yendawo. IFrance, iJapan, ne-Sweden isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho esemthethweni ehlangene. Izimiso zobumbano zingaba ngcono futhi zingashalalisa ukungezwa ukungafani kwezwe.

Imithetho yomthetho kahulumeni

Imithetho-mthetho yedemokrati iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubukhosi obuthandwayo, ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, nokulandisa kwababusi. Ihlanganisa izindleko zamalungelo, amalungiselelo okhetho olukhululekile, kanye nezikhulu zejaji ezizimele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho-sisekelo yobubusi, ingase ibe khona ephepheni kodwa ngokuvamile iklanyelwe ukuqinisa amandla eqembu elibusayo noma elikanye. Bangase bantule amalungelo abalulekile okuvikela, balinganisele ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe, futhi banikeze izivivinyo ezibuthakathaka emandleni empathini esimiso sombuso wentando yeningi. Ukuba khona komthetho-sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo akuqinisekisi ukubusa; isilinganiso sawodwa kakhulu kunesimo sawo.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho - sisekelo

Kungani cishe zonke izifunda zanamuhla zinomthetho - sisekelo?

  • Igcizelela ukubusa koMthetho: Umthetho-sisekelo unqoba kokubili uhulumeni kanye nababuswayo ngokwemithetho eyaziwayo obala, uvimbela ukubusa kobushiqela nokukhuthaza ukubikezela, ukulunga, nobulungisa. Akekho ongaphezu komthetho, ngisho nezikhulu eziphakeme.
  • Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omuntu Ngamunye:[ Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi ihlanganisa ingcaca yamalungelo noma uhlu lwenkululeko eyisisekelo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nenqubo efanele. Lamalungelo asebenza njengesihlangu kubantu ngabanye ngokumelene nohulumeni ophambanayo. Anikeza futhi isisekelo sokubukezwa kokwahlulela lapho amalungelo esongelwa.
  • Ukuhlela uHulumeni: Umthetho-sisekelo wakha izinhlangano zikahulumeni("exation, isishaya-mthetho, isishaya-mthetho, i-jadiary() neyaleza ukuhlelwa kwazo, amandla, nemingcele. Lokhu kucaca kubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni okuhlelekile nasekuvimbeleni ukubekwa kwamandla.
  • Ukuhlukanisa ngokuhlukanisa amagunya nokuhlolwa kwe-checks: Ngokusakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, umthetho-mthetho uvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni. Igatsha ngalinye lingahlola elinye: isishaya-mthetho, umphathi ophethe uyawaphoqelela, futhi ijudiary iyawachaza. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli wase-U.S. angawachaza umthetho, kodwa iNkathi yeKhondlu ingayiqeda leyoveto; iNkanto ePhakathi lingashaya imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo noMandla: Umthetho-sisekelo kumele ube kokubili ozinzile novumelana nezimo. Izinqubo zokulungisa komthetho zenza ukuba idokhumende ishintshe ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekuguqukeni. Imfuneko yezikhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ziveza ukuvumelana okukhulu.
  • I-Facial Judication Review:[ izinkantolo zichaza umthetho-sisekelo futhi zingaqeda noma yimuphi umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha esiphikisana nawo. Lamandla ayitshe lesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amagatsha kahulumeni ahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yawo emisiwe.

Ukubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo kudlulela ngalé kwabaphathi-mthetho. Kusebenza njengenkulumo engokomfanekiso yesizwe nezindinganiso ezihlanganeyo, ngokuvamile iqala ngesandulela esisho "Thina bantu" noma isibopho sobulungisa, inkululeko, nokulingana. Umthetho-sisekelo ungaba amandla ahlanganisayo emiphakathini ehlukene nekhampasi yokuziphatha yesenzo sezombangazwe.

Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Osebenza Ngayo

Izindlela umthetho - sisekelo osebenza ngazo zibalulekile ukuze uphumelele, hhayi nje kuphela umbhalo ngokwawo kodwa nemikhuba nezincazelo eziwenza uphile.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Amalungiselelo eSichibiyelo avumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba uvumelane nezinselele ezintsha kanye nezindinganiso ezishintshayo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho, njengaleyo yaseNdiya, iye yalungiswa izikhathi ezingamakhulu amaningi, ibonakalisa isimo sezwe sezenhlalo nesezombangazwe esinamandla. Eminye, njengoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., iye yaguqulwa izikhathi ezingu-7 kuphela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ebonisa ukuzibamba ngamabomu. Ukuzilawula kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo zidinga ukusekelwa kakhulu.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola ukuthi imithetho nezenzo ezingokomthetho ziwumthetho-sisekelo yini. Emazweni anokubukezwa okunamandla kokwahlulela, njenge-United States, iJalimane, ne-South Africa, izinkantolo zihlela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Izindlela zokuchaza ziyahlukahluka: umthetho-sisekelo ufunda ngokuvumelana nesikhathi sokumukelwa kwawo; ukugcinwa komthetho-sisekelo kubheka izimiso zawo ezihlangene nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Ukukhetha ukuchaza kungaba nemiphumela enzulu emalungelweni nasebusweni kahulumeni.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Isimiso somthetho-mthetho wezokuhlola nokulinganisela sidinga ukuba kungabikho gatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokucela utho ezindabeni ezibucayi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise; iNdlu ingaba yisitha, neziboshwa zeSigele. La mandla ahlukeneyo akha isimiso sokuziphendulela. Ezimisweni zephalamende, ngokuvamile ahlola ikhono lomphathi womthetho lokumxosha ngevote ngokungabikho kwethemba, kuyilapho umphathi engenza i-parlamente incice.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Imibuso iyanda lapho izakhamuzi ziqaphela amalungelo azo omthetho-sisekelo futhi zihlanganyela ekubuseni. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvota ngemibandela efanayo, ukunxusa kukahulumeni, nokuthola ukwaziswa komphakathi. Izinhlelo zomthetho-mthetho wokufundisa nokufundisa umphakathi zisiza abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo nendlela yokuwavikela. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezikhuthele zivame ukubheka ukuthotshelwa komthetho-mthetho nommeli wokulungisa noma ukuvikela.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, umthetho-sisekelo ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya lawo ngokuvunyelwa nokusebenza phakathi kwemingcele echazwe. Unikeza uhlelo lokhetho olukhululekile nolulungile, uvikela amalungelo amancane ekubuseni kobushiqela, futhi uthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo ngokuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo somthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo umisa nezinqubo zokuziphendulela, njengemishini ezimele yokukhetha amahhovisi, amahhovisi e-ombudsman, kanye nezindikimba ezilwa nomthetho omthetho owenziwa abantu.

UbuKhosi - sisekelo Nentando Yeningi

Umthetho-sisekelo uyisimiso sokuthi amandla kahulumeni kufanele alinganiselwe ngomthetho-sisekelo nokuthi labo ababusayo kumelwe balandele umthetho. Iyisici esiyinhloko sedemokrasi ekhululekile, esiyihlukanisa nezimiso zempoqo lapho ababusi bengaphezulu komthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo ukhuthaza ukuba sobala, njengoba izenzo zikahulumeni kumelwe zithetheleleke ngokwemithetho engokomthetho. Ikhuthaza futhi isiko lomthetho lapho izakhamuzi zingabekela khona inselele yokusetshenziswa kabi kwezinkantolo ezizimele. Ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho- sisekelo, umthetho-sisekelo umane nje uyincwadi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho-mthetho ivame ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi njengezingxenye eziningi zentando yeningi, ukubekezelelana, nokudluliselwa ngokuthula kwegunya. Idala izindlela zokusungula umthetho-sisekelo, njengezakhalo zezakhamuzi noma izimemezelo, ivumela abantu ukuba bamise ngokuqondile umthetho oyisisekelo. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi osanda kusungulwa, umthetho-sisekelo owenziwe kahle ungasiza ekuqiniseni intuthuko yentando yeningi futhi unikeze ukuzinza phakathi noshintsho.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Komthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho - sisekelo wanamuhla wavela emakhulwini eminyaka wokulwa nokubusa okuphelele nokubusa ngobuqili.

  • Magna Carta (1215) - - yamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi yayingaphansi komthetho, ibeka isisekelo senqubo efanele nokulinganiselwa emandleni obukhosi.
  • I-Lill of Rights yaseNgilandi (1689) – i-Asterected paramente, yenqabela ukuphakama kwephalamende, ukujeziswa ngonya nangendlela engavamile, futhi yaqinisekisa ukhetho olukhululekile nenkululeko yokukhuluma ePhalamende.
  • Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States (1787) – Umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala obhalwe yonke weriphabliki enkulu, ohlanganisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso, uhulumeni, kanye nencwadi yamalungelo.
  • Isimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nowaseSizweni (1789) – samemezela izimiso zendawo yonke zenkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nobudlelwane, kuthonya imibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke.
  • Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya (1950) - umthetho-sisekelo wezwe omude kunawo wonke obhalwe, ukuhlanganisa idemokrasi yephalamende, amalungelo ayisisekelo, nezimiso eziqondisayo zesimiso sikahulumeni.

Igagasi lokulahla amalungelo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II labona izizwe eziningi ezintsha zithatha imithetho-sisekelo ebhaliwe njengezimpawu zobukhosi. Muva nje, amazwe angemva kwe-communist e-iMpumalanga Yurophu nangemva kwe-apartheid South Africa ahlanganisa imithetho-mthetho yanamuhla egcizelela amalungelo abantu nokubukezwa komthetho-sisekelo. Namuhla, umthetho-sisekelo ucishe ube jikelele kakhulu, nakuba umkhuba wawo uhluka kakhulu.

Izinselele Ekubuseni Komthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kokwamukela imithetho - sisekelo esakazekile, izinselele eziningi zanamuhla zibhekana nazo.

  • Inkinga engokobuProthestiki yokungaguquguquki nomthetho-sisekelo: Izinguquko ezivamile zikahulumeni, izingxabano zombango, noma ukungenela kwezempi kungalulaza uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Kwamanye amazwe, abaholi babhala futhi noma bangawunaki umthetho-sisekelo ukuze banwebe, okuholela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umthetho sisekelo wobukhomfandazwe."
  • Ukungalinganiswa: ukonakala okusakazeke kabanzi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuqeda umthetho nokwethembela komphakathi ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Lapho abahluleli nezindikimba ezikhethiwe zihlehliswa, izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo ziba yize.
  • I-Judicial Activism noma ukuthatha kakhulu: Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zandisa amandla azo ngaphezu kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, zibangela ukungezwani namanye amagatsha. Nakuba ukubukezwa kokwahlulela okuqinile kunempilo, ukuthatha isinyathelo esingaphezulu kakhulu kungadala "umbuso ngejadiary" ukuthi amaqembu agunya lobudemokhrasi.
  • ISiphazamiso sobuGcisa: Izakhamuzi zingase zingawaqondi amalungelo azo omthetho-sisekelo noma indlela yokuziphoqelela. Leligebe lolwazi liholela ekunganakini, ukuthatha isinyathelo esincishisiwe, kanye nokuchayeka ekuphukeni kwamalungelo.
  • I-Digalial Infish and Modern Rights:[ Imithetho-sisekelo ebhalwe ngaphambi kwenkathi yolwembu lwe-inthanethi ingase ingazixazululi ngokwanele izinselele ezinjengokuqapha inqwaba yabantu, imfihlo yokwaziswa, ukubusa kwemithetho-algoric, nokuchaza kwemidwebo. Amanye amazwe aye amisa izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo noma izincazelo ezintsha ukuze avikele amalungelo enombolo (umzk., ilungelo lokufihla inkathi yohlelo lwezibalo).
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokulawula kwezwe lonke: izivumelwano nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke (umzk., European Union, WTO) kungalinganisela ubukhosi bomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe. Ukulinganisela izibopho zokubusa kwembulunga yonke nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya kuhlala kusenkingeni.

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga ukuqapha umphakathi, izimiso zezezigebengu ezizimele, ezemfundo eqinile, nokubukeza noma ukulungisa ngezikhathi ezithile komthetho - sisekelo. Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo zomthetho - sisekelo zinendima eyinhloko ekuvumelaniseni izimiso eziyisisekelo nezimo ezintsha.

Isiphetho

Umthetho - sisekelo uyisisekelo sokubusa okungokomthetho, ukunikeza isisekelo segunya lezombangazwe, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokubusa umthetho. Noma ibhalwe encwadini eyodwa enkulu noma ivela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka enkambiso neyandulela, umthetho-sisekelo ubonisa izindinganiso ezijulile zomphakathi nezifiso zobulungisa, inkululeko, nokuhleleka. Ukuqonda izinhlobo zawo, imisebenzi, nezinselele zibalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekuphileni komphakathi noma ekufundweni kwezimiso zezombangazwe. Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nobuchwepheshe obusha, izingcindezi zembulunga yonke, nezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlala njalo, izimiso eziqinile zemithetho-mthetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho ziyoqhubeka zibumba ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Umthetho womthetho awusona isivumelwano esiphilayo kodwa asibalulekile kodwa ukuhlonipha nokunakekela nokuhlala njalo.

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