Table of Contents

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa ezweni ngalinye lamashumi amahlanu kulo lonke elase-United States. Lezi zindikimba zomthetho zinamandla amakhulu kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zamaMelika, zimisa imithetho ebusa yonke into kusukela emfundweni nasemkhakheni wempilo kuya ekuphatheni kobulungisa bezezomthetho. Ukuqonda ophethe lezi zinhlangano ezibucayi, indlela ezisebenza ngayo, futhi yimiphi imibuso ezinayo edingekayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso sikahulumeni saseMelika futhi ahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ukuqonda Imithetho KaHulumeni: Isisekelo Sikahulumeni WoMbuso

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimelela igatsha lombuso lokwenza umthetho, elisebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko lapho izakhamuzi zihunyushelwa khona enkambisweni yomphakathi. Lezi zikhungo zisebenza ngokuzimele kuhulumeni kahulumeni, zisebenzisa imibuso egcinelwe izifundazwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. Isishaya-mthetho ngasinye sinobuntu baso obuhlukile, obulolongwa amasiko angokomlando, amasiko ezombangazwe, nezimiso zomthetho eziqondene ngokomthetho kuleso sifundazwe.

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, izishaya-mthetho ngokuyinhloko zisebenza njengemikhakha yokwenza umthetho, ukumisa nokumisa imithetho ethinta izakhamuzi zezifundazwe zazo. Ngaphandle kokumane zidlulise umthetho, lezi zindikimba zenza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ehlanganisa ukuthuthuka kwendlela yokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, ukuphatha, nokumelelwa kwezindawo. Izinga legunya lemithetho kahulumeni libanzi ngokuphawulekayo, lithinta cishe zonke izici zemfundo yomphakathi ezisekelwe ekusekeleni izimali zezindawo ezizungezile.

I - Biadral vs. Unicameral Croatium

Umbuso ngamunye (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska) unendlu yomthetho ye-baobaral, okusho ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sinezikhungo zomthetho ezimbili ezihlukene (noma izindlu). Lesi simiso setshe elinamaza amabili sibonakalisa isakhiwo seSishaya-Mkhandlu, kanye nezwe eligcina kokubili iSigeqe neNdlu yabameleli (noma i-Assembly). Umklamo we-biobaral udala isimiso sokuhlola kwangaphakathi nezimiso, ifuna umthetho ukuba udlulele ezindikimbeni ezimbili ezihlukene ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Kuzo zonke izishaya-mthetho ze-bidamaral, igumbi elincane libizwa ngokuthi iSigele futhi ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi indlu engaphezulu. Amalungu egumbi elincane amelela izakhamuzi eziningi futhi ngokuvamile asebenzisa amagama amade (cishe iminyaka emine) kunamalungu egumbi elikhulu. Lomehluko wokwakha uqinisekisa ukuthi iSigele sinikeza ukuqina okuthe xaxa futhi siqhubeke, kuyilapho iNdlu noma i-Assembly isasabela kakhulu ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi.

Ezifundazweni ezingu- 41, ikamelo elikhulu, noma indlu ephansi, ibizwa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli. Izifundazwe ezisele zisebenzisa amanye amagama anjengeSishaya - mthetho, iNdlu Yezihambeli, noma i-General Assembly emakamelweni azo aphansi. Naphezu kwalokhu kubizwa kwezindlela ezingafani, umsebenzi oyisisekelo uhlala ungaguquguquki: ukunikeza izimpawu ezilinganayo ezisekelwe ezakhamuzini.

Isimiso seNebraska esiyingqayizivele

INebraska ine-uncameral, noma ikamelo elilodwa, lesi sishaya - mthetho. Lokhu kwenza iNebraska ibe yisifundazwe esiwukuphela kwesizwe esinondlu eyodwa yomthetho, umehluko eye yawulondoloza kusukela ngo-1937. Ngosizo lwe-Sen. UGeorge W. Norris isifunda saseNebraska wenza ushintsho olungokomlando. Noris waphikisa ngokuthi isishaya-mthetho esine-uncameral sisebenzisa isimiso esingcono nesiphumelelayo sokwenza umthetho kunaleyo esikhona manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphikisa ngokuthi isishaya-mthetho esincane, i-unhameral singebizi kakhulu futhi singenza umsebenzi ongcono ekumeleni izakhamuzi ze-Nebraska kunendikimba emibili emikhulu.

Kusukela ngo-1937, i-uncameral meterislatur - i-padrent yombuso engcono kunayo yonke ku-Staberra ibinamalungu angu-49 asebenza ezweni iminyaka emine. Okwenza isimiso se-Nebraska sihluke nakakhulu isimo saso esingapharti. I-Unicameral iyisishaya-mthetho. Ayikho amaqembu ezombangazwe asemthethweni phakathi kwe-Nebraska Legislature, futhi akukho sibonakaliso seqembu lezombangazwe le-comgamfort.

Isakhiwo esine-undamaral sinikeza izinzuzo eziningana, kuhlanganise nokwenza izinqumo ezilandelanayo, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko, nokulandisa okukhulisiwe. Nokho, futhi siqeda amasheke angaphakathi anikezwa yisimiso samachamber amabili, sibeka umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kubavoti namanye amagatsha kahulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukubusa okulinganiselwe.

Ukuqonda Izikhundla Zokuba Inhloko - dolobha

Isakhiwo sobuholi ezindlini zikahulumeni sifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo, ukuthi zithathwa kanjani izimpikiswano, futhi zinjani ekugcineni ukuthi zinjani izinqubo eziba umthetho. Izindima zokuqondisa zemithetho yombuso zithinta ngokuqondile izinqumo nezenzo zezishaya-mthetho. Nakuba abavoti benomthwalo wokukhetha izikhulu, abanakusho ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani onezikhundla zobuholi egumbini ngalinye njengoba izishaya - mthetho zikhetha abaholi bazo. Le misebenzi yokuhola, njengokudala ikhalenda noma ukuqondisa izimpikiswano, ivumela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zifeze indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni inqubo kunemithetho engokomthetho.

Umkhulumeli Wendlu

Isikhulumi sendlu singumholi oyinhloko wendlu noma we-Assembly. Imisebenzi yabo yomzimba ngamunye ihlanganisa: ukuqondisa ezimisweni zansuku zonke. Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yemikhosi, uSomlomo usebenzisa igunya eliqinile phezu kwenqubo yomthetho.

Abaphathi bezenhlalo bahlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi, kuhlanganise nokwenza izabelo zamakomiti, ukubiza izihlalo zamakomiti amagama, ukumisa izishayamthetho emsebenzini, ukumisa izinyathelo zokuyala, ukuqondisa izakhiwo, nokwengamela izisebenzi zegumbi. Ngenxa yokuthi abaholi bezemithetho benza izabelo zekomiti futhi babambe izihluthulelo ezibekwa ezikhundleni zekomiti, banamandla okuthuthukisa nokuvala umsebenzi wezigebengu ngazinye.

Amandla oMphathi-sank adlulela ngalé kwemisebenzi yangaphakathi. Bengamela inqubo umthetho obhekiselwa kuyo ekomitini futhi banomthwalo wokumisa nokwenza iziphakamiso. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uvumela uSheaker ukuba abeke phambili izinyathelo ezithile zenqubo kuyilapho evimbela ngokuphumelelayo abanye ekuhlolweni.

UMongameli WeSigele

Umongameli ungumholi oyinhloko weSigele. Umongameli uyothi: Wongamele izikhawu zansuku zonke zeSigele sigcine uhlelo. Isikhundla sikaMongameli weSigele sihlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezigaba ezithi isikhundla sigcwaliswe kanjani nokuthi sihilela ziphi izikhundla.

Ezifundazweni ezingu-26, umbusi omkhulu ukhonza njengomongameli weSigele. Kwezinye izizwe, amalungu egumbi akhetha umongameli weSigele. Uma umbusi omkhulu ekhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, lesisikhundla ngokuvamile sithwala amandla anciphileyo usuku nosuku, njengoba umphathi-mphathi we-puteni engelona ilungu lendikimba yemithetho futhi angase angenele ngokulinganiselwe emikhankasweni yemithetho. Lezizikhundla zingaba abahloniphekayo, kodwa emazweni lapho umbusi omkhulu wesigebengu ephatha khona iSigele, umongameli u-tem usebenza njengedeo presidemo.

Abaholi Abakhulu Nabancane

Ngaphandle kwezikhulu eziqondisayo, igumbi ngalinye lihlanganisa abaholi abaningi nabambalwa abakhonza njengezikhulu zezikhulu zeqembu labo. Umholi omkhulu uyisandulela seqembu leningi phakathi nezimpikiswano. Babuye basungule ikhalenda futhi basize umongameli noma isikhulumi ngokuthuthukisa uhlelo, ukusungulwa kwezimiso nezinqumo zezimiso.

Umholi wegumbi eliphansi lesishaya - mthetho uphethe imisebenzi yemithetho yansuku zonke yegumbi. Kuye ngesimo, umholi omkhulu angaqondisa iziphathi zeqembu, ahlele amakhalenda emithetho nsuku zonke, aqondise icebo lakhe leqembu, abuthe amalungu eqembu ukuze avote amavoti abalulekile, futhi abe umkhulumeli weqembu.

Umholi wedlanzana wenza imisebenzi efanayo ngeqembu elingalawuli igumbi, lisebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zeqembu labo, ukuhlanganisa ukuphikisa inqumo yeningi, futhi libeke iqembu labo esikhundleni sempumelelo yesikhathi esizayo. Abaholi abaningi nabambalwa basizakala ngokweziswebhu, abaqinisekisa ukujeziswa kweqembu kanye namalungu amavoti abalulekile.

Izihlalo ZaseKomitini

Izihlalo zamakomiti zimelela omunye ungqimba olubalulekile lobuholi bemithetho. Laba bantu bengamela izindawo ezikhethekile njengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezokuthutha, noma izindaba zomthetho. Izihlalo zamakomiti ezilawula izikweleti ezithathwayo, isikhathi esingakanani esinikezelwe ukuxoxa, nokuthi umthetho uqhubekela egunjini eligcwele yini. Lo mbuso wenza izihlalo zamakomiti phakathi kwabantu abanethonya kakhulu enqubweni yezemithetho, ngokuvamile usebenzisa amandla awusizo kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile ezikhethekile kunesikhulu sesikhulu segumbi.

Indlela Ababeluleki Bemithetho KaHulumeni Abakhethwa Ngayo: Izinhlelo Nemifanekiso

Izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zithola izikhundla zazo ngokhetho lwentando yeningi, nabavoti esifundeni ngasinye abakhetha abameleli bemithetho ukuze basekele izithakazelo zabo eqenjini likahulumeni. Inqubo yokukhetha yezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundazweni, ibonisa izindlela ezihlukene zokumelela, ubude besikhathi, nokwakheka kwesifunda.

Izigodi Nemifanekiso

Abameli bamelela izigodi ezithile zendawo futhi basebenza ngokukhuthaza izidingo zabantu abakanye nabo esifundeni. Lezizifunda zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso sabantu silingana, nakuba ubukhulu bezifunda buhluka kakhulu emazweni asekelwe engqikithini yezakhamuzi zombuso nenani lezihlalo zomthetho.

Izikhulu zikahulumeni waseCalifornia zimelela izakhamuzi ezingaba izigidi eyodwa ngayinye, kanti izinyunyana ze-North Dakota zimelela abantu abacishe babe ngu-16,500. Indlu yabaphathi ye-New Hampshire ikhulu kunawo wonke enamalungu angu-400, kanti iSigele saseMinnesota siyigumbi eliphezulu kunawo wonke enamalungu angu-67. Lokhu ukuhlukahluka kwendlela ehlukile ibonisa amafilosofi ahlukile ngobukhulu obungcono bemikhakha yemithetho kanye nesilinganiso esifanele sabameleli bamalungu amaqembu.

Amabalazwe esigodi ayaphinda adwetshwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokuba i-U.S. Creatence ibonise ushintsho lwenani labantu. Lenqubo yokulungisa iqala ukuphikisana emazweni amaningi, ngokubekwa izinsolo zokulawula imingcele yesifunda ukuze kutholwe isigaba esisodwa ngaphezu kwesinye, . Ngokuvamile ukuvela. Ezinye izizwe ziye zazama ukusingatha lokhu ngokumisa izikhomishane zokuzimela, kuyilapho ezinye zilawula inqubo yemithetho.

Izinga Elinqunyiwe Nokukhethwa Kwalo

Abameli basebenzisa amagama amabili, 4-, noma ama-6 eminyaka, kuye ngesimo. Abameleli abaningi bombuso noma amalungu omhlanga asebenzisa amagama omhlangano iminyaka emibili, afuna ukuba babhekane nabavoti njalo futhi baqhubeke besabela ezinkathazweni ezihlangene. Abameli bakahulumeni basebenzisa imibandela yeminyaka emine, banikeza izimo ezizinzile kakhulu futhi babavumele bagxile ezimisweni zesikhathi eside ngaphandle kokucindezela komkhankaso.

Izikhathi zokhetho zithinta kakhulu ukuziphatha komthetho. Izishayamthetho ezibhekene nokhetho olungapheli zivame ukugxila ezimpikiswaneni ezisheshayo nezibonakalayo ezingaqinisa amathemba azo okukhetha kabusha. Labo abanezinqumo ezinde bangase bazizwe bekhululekile ukusingatha izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, zesikhathi eside ezingase ziveze izinzuzo ezisheshayo zezombangazwe.

Izimfuneko Zehhovisi

Ayikho imfundo yangaphakathi noma i-secrectal edingekayo ukuze ikhonze esiGungwini sombuso. Izimfuneko ziyahlukahluka ngokwesifundazwe kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa: Ubuncane beminyaka: Ngaphakathi kwe 18-30 kuma-senator kazwelonke; 18-25 kumalungu endlu kahulumeni ·Residency: Kumelwe aphile esifundeni nasesifundazweni (isikhathi esingokomthetho) i-dollance nesikhundla somvoti obhaliwe e-U.S.

Lezizimfuneko eziphansi ngokuqhathaniswa zibonisa isimiso sentando yeningi sokuthi inkonzo yemithetho kufanele ifinyeleleke ezakhamuzini ezivamile kunokuba itholakale esigabeni sezombangazwe esikhokhelwayo kuphela. Nokho, imingcele esebenzayo yokugijima ukuze uthathe isikhundla − kuhlanganise nezimfuno ezikhokhelwayo, izibopho zesikhathi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bemikhankaso, (ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi abashaya umthetho bavela ngokungenakulinganiswa ezizindeni ezithile zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi emabhizinisini, nasemfundoni.

Imikhosi Yezombangazwe Nezigaba Eziyingxubevange

Kuzo zonke izifundazwe ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, ukhetho lwemithetho luyizindaba ezihlukanisayo, futhi abazothatha i-accounting bangaphansi kwezimpawu zeqembu − izikhulu zeDemocratic noma iRepublican, nakuba izigaba zesithathu zivame ukuthatha izigaba zasensimini. amaqembu ezombangazwe afeza indima ebalulekile ekujoyisweni kwabantu abazojoyina, ekunikezeni imithombo yemikhankaso, nasekuhleleni umsebenzi womthetho uma nje beboshiwe.

Iqembu elihlangene lithonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwemithetho, futhi amalungu eqembu elilodwa akhetha ndawonye ezindabeni ezinkulu futhi ahlele amasu asetshenziswa eqenjini. Iningi leqembu ngalinye lilawula izikhundla zobuholi, izabelo zekomiti, nezinhlelo zomthetho, okwenza ukulawula umklomelo ophezulu kukhetho lwezwe.

Imisebenzi Yemithetho KaHulumeni

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ebumbe umbuso wonke ulawule futhi uthonye ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kukhanyisa indlela uhulumeni wezwe osebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani kunezici zokhetho.

Ukwenza Imithetho: Umthetho Wokwenza Ubuqili Kahulumeni

Umsebenzi obonakalayo kakhulu wezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukwakha imithetho elawula izindaba zikahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zibhala, phikisana, futhi zivote imithetho ethinta izakhamuzi kuwo wonke umbuso wazo. Leligunya lokwenza imithetho lidlulela cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha engagcinelwe ngokuqondile kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemfundo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukugcinwa kwendawo ezungezile, inqubo yezebhizinisi, namalungelo omphakathi.

Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho ummisi-mthetho emisa umthetho ohlongozwayo. Imithetho ibhekiselwa ekomitini ephethe indawo ehlangene nesimiso. Ukuthuthukisa izimiso ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, izakhiwo, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile i-· Ligislator isebenza nasemakomitini agxile ezindawo ezithile zezimiso futhi angase abeke izikhalo zomphakathi ukuze aqoqe ukufakwa.

Uma isamba semali sisaqhubeka sicatshangelwa, siqhubekela egumbini eligcwele ukuze kuxoxwe futhi kukhethwe. Ezindlu zomthetho ze-Bacamaral, umthetho kumelwe udlulise womabili amakamu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuya kumbusi. Lemfuneko yesivumelwano se-badamal ngokuvamile ifuna ukuvumelana nokuxoxisana, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula igumbi ngalinye.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali Nokusikisela

Ukubheka phansi uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni (idlalelwa izikole, ezokwelapha, ezokuthutha, amapaki, kanye neminye) kumelela omunye wemithwalo yemfanelo elandela impela yesigebengu. Imali kahulumeni yokuhlela izimali eziyizigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezikhokha intela inqunywa kanjani ngokwezinto eziphikisanayo, ithinta ngokuqondile izinga nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezikhona.

Lendima yokulinganisela ingafezwa ngokuqondisa umthetho okuhlanganisa ukubukezwa nokuhlolwa kwemisebenzi ekhethiwe yegatsha eliphethe isakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa "amandla esikhwama" – okusho ukuthi, ukufeza umthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Kuhulumeni waseMelika, ayikho izimali ezingasetshenziswa inxusa lezikhulu ngaphandle kokuba inkokhelo ecacile yenziwe ngokumiswa kwemithetho (imali ihlelwe emthethweni owenziwe njenganoma yimuphi umthetho).

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali iqala ngokunikeza umbusi imali ehlongozwayo ehlongozwayo. Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho abe esebukeza isiphakamiso, aqule izikhalo, futhi asungule iziphakamiso zawo siqu zokuhlela. Isimiso sokugcina semali sibonisa izingxoxo phakathi kwendlu yomthetho nombusi, kanye naphakathi kwamagumbi amabili emithetho ezifundazwe. Izimpi zokugawulwa kwemali zivame ukumelela izimpi ezinkulu zezombangazwe zesimiso somthetho, njengoba ziphoqelela ukuba kukhethwe izinto eziza kuqala nezindinganiso.

Ukuqondisa Nokuhlola Amandla

Amagunya ezindlu zombuso ahlanganisa yonke indawo ukuguqula imithetho ekhona kanye nokwenza imithetho emisha, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuhlela uhulumeni, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu kulethwa phambi kwesishaya-mthetho, ukubiza ababusi nokususa amanye amalungu egatsha eliphethe. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lihlala linesibopho kubameleli abakhethiwe.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinomthwalo futhi wokwengamela ukumiswa kwemithetho nokuqapha ukuphumelela kwayo. Zinegunya lokuhlola nokuhlola umthetho okhona, zenze ukulungisa okudingekile noma izinguquko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifinyelela imiphumela yazo ehlosiwe.

Ukwengamela umthetho kunezimo eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwezindaba lapho izikhulu eziphethe zifaka khona ubufakazi ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano zazo, ukuhlola ukuthi azikho kahle noma azikwazi, nokubukeza njalo ukuphumelela kohlelo. Ukubukeza nokulawula kwe-ovent (futhi izimali ziwumbuso "ukudlula"") kungomunye wamandla abaluleke kakhulu asetshenziswa yizishaya-mthetho. Ngokufaka izintambo zemali ezisekwe esikhwameni sombuso nasezingeni lombuso, ukuzimela kwegatsha le-proginmental kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-ofisi ye-ast kanye nomholi wenhlangano yegatsha ephethe ihlala ixhomeke kakhulu ekusekeleni i-wigconst. Ngakho, ukuqondisa kuvunyelwe futhi igatsha eliphetheyo akuvunyelwe ukuba lingasabeli abani abakhi bemithetho nabaphathi bemithetho.

Incazelo Nenkonzo Ebalulekile

Indima eyinhloko yesishayamthetho sombuso iwukumelela izidingo nezinkathazo zabantu abahlala kuso nasesifundeni saso somthetho. Njengoba ummisi wemithetho ngamunye enesibopho sokukhipha inani elincane labameleli abavela endaweni ethile, bakwazi ukuxoxa ngezinkathazo ezingabonakali ezikhulwini eziphethe njengoMbusi noma uHulumeni Attorney.

Le misebenzi emelelwayo ihlanganisa okungaphezu kokuvota nje kuphela ngokomthetho. Abameli basebenza njengezindawo ezixhumanisa izigaba nohulumeni, basiza abantu ukuba baqondise izinqubo zombuso, baxazulule izinkinga nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi bangene ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni. Bathola futhi ukwaziswa okuvela kumahholo edolobha, iziphengululo, nemihlangano ngaminye, besebenzisa le mvume ukwazisa izinqumo zabo zemithetho kanye nezinqumo zokuvota.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zinendima ebalulekile ekumeleni izithakazelo nezinkathazo zabantu ezikanye nazo. Ngokuqhuba imihlangano yehholo lasedolobheni nangokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, zifuna ngenkuthalo ukuzwana kwabameleli ukuze ziqinisekise ukuhleleka kwezinqumo zomthetho ngezifiso zalabo ezibamelelayo.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Kusebenza Khona Imithetho

Nakuba izimpikiswano zasesitezi namavoti okugcina kukhanga umphakathi, umsebenzi omningi owenziwa izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni uyenzeka emakomitini. Lamaqembu amancane asebenzayo avumela izishayamthetho ukuba zithuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso futhi zenze ukubukezwa okuningiliziwe komthetho ohlongozwayo.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zigcina izinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti, ngalinye lisebenza imisebenzi ehlukene. Amakomiti azimele ayimikhandlu ehlala njalo ephethe izifunda ezikhethekile zezemfundo, ezokunakekela impilo, ezokwahlulela, noma ezokuthutha. La makomiti akhona kulo lonke igama lemithetho futhi asingatha zonke izikweletu ezihlobene nendaba yawo.

Izicelo noma amakomiti ezimali abaluleke ngokukhethekile, njengoba bebukeza wonke umthetho ngemiphumela eguquguqukayo futhi bethuthukisa uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuphakama kwezinqumo zokulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ukuze kuqondiswe imibuso, inkonzo kula makomiti ifunwa kakhulu futhi igcinelwe izishayamthetho eziphambili noma ezinethonya.

Amakomiti akhethekile noma akhethiwe ayizindikimba zesikhashana zenzelwe ukusingatha izindaba ezithile noma ukwenza uphenyo oluthile. La makomiti ancibilika lapho eseqedela imisebenzi yawo eyabelwe. Amakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili futhi avumelanisa izimpikiswano ezidinga ukubambisana kwe-bamaral.

Amandla Nezinhlelo Zamakomiti

AmaKomiti anamandla aqinile okulawula umthetho ngemisebenzi yawo yokugcina amasango. Amakomiti abhekiselwe kumakomiti angase athole izimemezelo zomphakathi lapho abasekeli nabaphikisi befaka ubufakazi, avumele abashaya umthetho ukuba baqoqe ukwaziswa futhi bahlole umbono womphakathi. AmaKomiti angalungisa izikweletu, ngokuyinhloko ashintshe lokho abakuqukethe ngaphambi kokuba abathumele egumbini eligcwele.

Ngokungathiwa, amakomiti angabulala umthetho futhi ngokwenqaba ukuwuqhubekisela phambili, aqede amathemba emali ngaphandle kokuvota ngegumbi eligcwele. Lamandla enza izihlalo zamakomiti namalungu abalulekile abadlali ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso zenqubo ezithathwa ngokungathi sína.

Imithetho yengxenye yesikhathi igcwele v. Ingxenye-isikhathi

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ekutholeni kwazo umsebenzi, ezinye zisebenza isikhathi esigcwele, izinhlangano ezijikeleza unyaka wonke kuyilapho ezinye zihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kushintsha okukhulu kuthinta indlela izishaya-mthetho ezisebenza ngayo futhi ezikwaziyo ukukhokha.

Imithetho Engochwepheshe

Izwe elinjengeCalifornia, i-New York, i-Pennsylvania, ne-Michigan linezishaya-mthetho ezingochwepheshe, ezisebenza isikhathi esigcwele. Lezi zindikimba zihlangana unyaka wonke, zikhokhele iholo elikhulu, futhi zinikeze abashaya izishayamthetho ukusekela okuphawulekayo. Izishaya-mthetho zezomthetho zingaqhuba ukucwaninga okukhulu kwezimiso, zibambe izimemezelo eziningi, futhi zimise umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukusebenza ngokugcwele kwalezi zishaya-mthetho kusho ukuthi ukukhonza njengommisi-mthetho ngokwako kuwumsebenzi, kunokuba kube umsebenzi womphakathi wesikhashana. Lokhu kuqashwa kuletha ubuchwepheshe nolwazi lokuhlela kodwa kungahlukanisa futhi izishayamthetho kokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwabasebenzi abasebenza kweminye imikhakha.

Imithetho Yezakhamuzi

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isho iMontana, Wyoming, neNew Hampshire alondoloza izishaya-mthetho zezakhamuzi ezihlangana ngezikhathi ezilinganiselwe", ngokuvamile izinyanga ezimbalwa njalo ngonyaka. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zihlangana kanye ngonyaka izinyanga ezimbalwa, kodwa futhi zingaba nezinhlanganyelo ezikhethekile zezindaba eziphuthumayo. Kulezi zindawo abaphathi bathola intengo encane kakhulu nezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe.

Indima ivame ukuthathwa njengengxenye yesikhathi kodwa ivame ukuthatha isikhathi esiningi, isilinganiso samahora angaphezu kwangu-30 ngesonto. Izishayamthetho zezakhamuzi zivame ukulondoloza eminye imisebenzi, ziletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene kobuchwepheshe enkonzweni yomthetho kodwa ngokunokwenzeka zintula isikhathi nemithombo yemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa isimiso.

Izimonyo Ezisahwaqa

Izifunda eziningi ziwela phakathi kwalokhu kweqisa, zigcina izindlu zomthetho ezixubile ezihlangana minyaka yonke izinyanga ezimbalwa kodwa zingasebenzi unyaka wonke. Lezi zishaya-mthetho zinikeza imbuyiselo elinganiselwe kanye nezisebenzi, zizama ukulinganisela ukufaneleka kolwazi ngokutholakala kwezakhamuzi.

Imingcele Yezikhathi Nokushintsha Kwemithetho

Izifundazwe ezingu-15 zimisa imingcele enqubeni yazo, ilinganisela ukuthi abantu bangasebenza isikhathi eside kangakanani esimisweni somthetho. Lemingcele isukela eminyakeni eyisithupha kuya kweyishumi nambili, nakuba amalungiselelo akhethekile ehluka kakhulu. Imingcele yemithetho ithinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwemithetho, ukuthuthuka, kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu.

Impikiswano Yokulinganiselwa

Abasekeli bemingcele yesilinganiso sesikhathi baphikisa ngokuthi bavimbela ukufakwa kwemiqondo nemibono emisha njalo, futhi banciphisa izinzuzo zokungalingani okukwenza kube nzima ngababekela inselele ukunqoba okhetho. Imingcele yemithetho inganciphisa ithonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile ngokulinganisela isikhathi abamisi-mthetho okumelwe bathuthukise ngaso ubuhlobo obunethezekile nabamukela izithakazelo.

Ukugxekwa Kwemingcele

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele ebekwayo iphuca amalungu omthetho angomakad ’ ebona aqonda izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimiso nezinqubo zomthetho. Ukuphoqelelwa kungashintsha amandla kubaphathi abaqashelwayo, abangenisi, nezikhulu zegatsha ezinikeza ukuqhubekeka nobuchwepheshe okuthiwa abashicileli bemithetho abaswele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele yesikhathi esithile ingakhuthaza ukucabanga okufushane, njengoba izishayamthetho ziyazi ukuthi ngeke zibe khona ukuze babone imiphumela yesikhathi eside yezinqumo zabo.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Amabhuloho Aba Ngayo Imithetho

Ukuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo ngesishaya - mthetho sikahulumeni kukhanyisa amaphuzu amaningi lapho iziphakamiso zingalolonga, zilungiswe noma zinqotshwe khona. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezwe, inqubo evamile ilandela indlela efanayo ezindlini eziningi zomthetho.

Ukuqala Nokubuya Kwemizimba

Ezifundazweni eziningi, izishaya - mthetho kuphela ezingaletha izikweletu, nakuba imibono yemithetho ingase ivele kubantu abahleli, amaqembu enzalo, izinhlangano eziphethe noma abashaya umthetho ngokwabo.

Ukucabangela Ikomiti

Uma ike yabhekiselwa ekomitini, ukudalelwa kwemali kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuzimiseleni kwesihlalo sekomiti ukuyihlela ukuze ihlolwe. U-Bhishobhi othola ukuthethwa kwamacala ahlolwa amalungu ekomiti, angase azwe ubufakazi abasekeli, abaphikisi, nofakazi abangochwepheshe. Amakomiti angalungisa izikweletu, ngezinye izikhathi ashintshe kakhulu okuqukethwe.

Uma iningi lamalungu ekomiti lisekela isikweletu, livota ukuba lisibike kahle egumbini eligcwele. Amabhukwana ahlulekayo ukuthola imvume yamakomiti avame ukufa ngaphandle kokucabangela okwengeziwe, nakuba ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izinqubo zokukhipha izikweletu ekomitini.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

UBills ovela ekomitini ubekwe ekhalendeni lomthetho ukuze uhlolwe ngegumbi eligcwele. Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, izishayamthetho zixoxa ngezimfanelo zemali, zihlongoza ukulungisa, futhi ekugcineni zivote ekudluleni. Ingxoxo yemithetho ebusa phansi iyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni, abanye bavumele impikiswano elinganiselwe kakhulu, kanti abanye bavumela nemingcele eqinile yesikhathi.

Uma la makamu amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, kumelwe avumelane, ngokuvamile ngekomiti yengqungquthela enamalungu asemagumbini omabili. Uma la maqembu evumela ulimi olufanayo, lo mthetho ubhekiswa kumbusi.

Isenzo

Abalawuli bavame ukukhetha izindlela ezimbalwa lapho benikezwa umthetho: basayina umthetho, bawuvumele, noma bawuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwe. Ababusi abaningi banamandla engxenye yohlu lwe-veto ekhokhiwe ekhokhwani lokukhipha iziphakamiso, abavumela ukuba basebenzise izinto ezithile ezithile kuyilapho bevumela ingxenye esele yemali.

Imithetho ingadlula i-gubernarliatial vertoes, nakuba lokhu kudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu − cishe ama-35 egumbi ngalinye. Lomnyango ophakeme usho ukuthi ama-vetoe awavamile ukuvinjwa, anika ababusi ithonya eliqinile esimweni sokugcina somthetho.

Indima Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe Emithethoni YoMbuso

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anendima eyinhloko ekuhleleni izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, ekuhleleni icebo lomthetho, nasekuhleleni imiphumela yezimiso. Ukuhlangana kweQembu kuthonya cishe zonke izici zemisebenzi yokushaya umthetho, kusukela ekukhetheni ukuhola kuya ezabelweni zamakomiti kuya ezindleleni zokuvota.

Iqembu Elinolimi Nenhlangano

Abameli beqembu ngalinye bahlela ukuba babe iziteshi ezihlangana njalo ukuze baxoxe ngezindlela, baqondise izikhundla ezingokomthetho, futhi bakhethe abaholi beqembu. Laba baqondisi basebenza njengezinhlangano eziyinhloko zenhlangano egumbini ngalinye, banqume izabelo zamakomiti, babeke indawo yehhovisi nezindawo zezisebenzi, futhi bathuthukise izinto eziza kuqala ezingokomthetho.

Iqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye lilawula izikhundla zobuholi, izihlalo zamakomiti, nezinhlelo zemithetho. Lokhu kulawula kuvumela iningi ukuba liqhubekisele phambili isimiso salo esiza kuqala kuyilapho livimbela noma lihlehlisa izinhlelo zeqembu elincane. Izintambo zokulawula iningi zichaza ukuthi kungani ngokuvamile ukhetho lwemithetho luncintisana kakhulu futhi lunemigqomo emihle.

I - partisan Polaryation

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zabona ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa okuncishisiwe emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba amaDemocrates namaRepublican ethatha izikhundla ezihlukene kakhulu ezindabeni ezinkulu zesimiso. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezwe kwenza ukubambisana kwe-bipartan kube nzima, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlukene lapho isigaba ngasinye sibona khona inzuzo egqamile ekugqamisani ukungafani kunokuba sithole isisekelo esisodwa.

Nokho, izinga lokuhlukanisa lihluka kakhulu ezifundazweni. Ezinye izifundazwe zilondoloza amasiko okubambisana kwe-bipartisan, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zendawo noma ngaphandle kokumelana okusobala. Ezinye zibhekene nezingxabano ezinkulu zokuhlukanisa ezingaholela ekubekeni imithetho engokomthetho futhi zibangele ubunzima bokuthatha ngisho nomthetho ovamile.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nezivumelwano Zesizwe

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisebenza esimisweni sikahulumeni lapho umbuso uhlukaniswa khona phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Leli lungiselelo lidala ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kohulumeni obuthinta kakhulu imisebenzi yemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukudamba Nokuhlengwa Kwabantu

Imithetho ye-Federal ngezinye izikhathi iyala ukuba izwe lithathe izinyathelo eziqondile noma lihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile, liphoqelele ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Lemiyalo ingaxhaswe, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeze imithombo edingekayo, noma engagunyaziwe, ukuba iphoqelele amazwe ukuba abhekane nezindleko zokulalela.

Ukukhululwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yomthetho kahulumeni endaweni ethile, uvimbela izifundazwe ukuba ziqondise izindaba ezithile. Umbuso wokukhulula uhulumeni ubulokhu ulokhu uwumthombo oziphindaphindayo wempikiswano kuhulumeni waseMelika, ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni ushaya indiva ngemithetho kahulumeni egunyani labo lokwenza izimiso.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimali Nokusetshenziswa Kukahulumeni

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlola nokulawula izimali zikahulumeni ezinikezwa umbuso ngezinhlelo eziphakathi kwezindawo zokuthutha, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, iMedicaid, njll., abashaya izishaya-mthetho bayaqaphela ukuthi leyomali kahulumeni edluliswayo isetshenziswa kanjani igatsha eliphethe. Okubaluleke kakhulu, izakhamuzi ezifisa ukwazi ukuthi leyomali kahulumeni ingasetshenziswa kanjani kulesisifundazwe nakulendawo futhi zicele ukuba ilandiswe.

Iminikelo ka Federal inikeza izimali ezinele zezinhlelo zikahulumeni kodwa ngokuvamile iza nezimo ezizokhethwa yizimiso zikahulumeni ezinesimo. Izwe kumelwe linqume ukuthi lizokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni nezimfuneko ezihambisana nazo noma lidele imali ukuze lilondoloze inkululeko eyengeziwe yokuzibusa. Lezi zinqumo zithinta kakhulu izimali zikahulumeni kanye nezinkonzo ezikhona ezakhamuzini.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nemithetho KaHulumeni

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zangesikhathi esidlule zibhekana nezinselele eziningi ezithinta ikhono lazo lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo futhi zilondoloze ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukuncipha Kokwethenjwa Umphakathi

Ukuthembela komphakathi ezindlini zomthetho, njengezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuye kwancipha emashumini eminyaka amuva. Izakhamuzi zivame ukubheka izishayamthetho njengezizithathela izithakazelo ezikhethekile, zingazihlanganisi nezinkathazo zabantu abavamile, noma zinesithakazelo esikhulu ekusebenziseni abashokobezi kunokuxazulula izinkinga. Ukwakha kabusha ukuthembana komphakathi kuyinselele enkulu kuhulumeni abafuna ukulondoloza ukufaneleka nokuphumelela kwabo.

Imali Nethonya Elikhethekile Lemali Yomkhankaso

Izindleko ezikhulayo zemikhankaso yomthetho nethonya labanikela ngezimali abacebile namaqembu anezithakazelo ezikhethekile zibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izishaya - mthetho zimelela ngempela yini abameleli bazo noma zisiza ngokuyinhloko labo abasekela imikhankaso yabo.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kutholakale inzuzo yabashokobezi kuye kwaba okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokumelelwa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimelela abesifazane, izinhlanga ezimbalwa, namanye amaqembu amanani abantu ngokwengxenye yabo yezakhamuzi. Nakuba ukuhlukahluka kuye kwanda eminyakeni yamuva, kusekhona izikhala eziphawulekayo. Ukuqaphela ukuthi izishayamthetho zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okugcwele kwemibuso yazo kuseyinselele eqhubekayo ehambisana nemiphumela yezimiso kanye nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi.

Ikusasa Lemithetho KaHulumeni

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yokushintsha kwenani labantu, ezobuchwepheshe, amasiko ezombangazwe nezimiso.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bemishini bunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa ukuvela kwemithetho nokuthembisana komphakathi. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi manje zilandelana nge-intanethi, zigcine amawebhusayithi agcwele anemininingwane yemali nemibhalo yokuvota, futhi zisebenzise imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze zixhumane nezinhlangano. La mathuluzi angenza izishaya-mthetho zitholakale futhi zikwazi ukulandisa, nakuba zidala izinselele ezintsha ngokulinganisela ulwazi oluningi nokuhlukanisa kwemicikilisho.

Izinselele Ezixazulula Inqubo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kumelwe zixazulule izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi eziyandayo, kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, izindleko zezempilo kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezobuchwepheshe nokushintsha kwenani labantu. Lezi zimo zidinga ubuchwepheshe, ukuhlela isikhathi eside, kanye nokuhweba okunzima okungacindezela amandla emithetho nentando yezombangazwe.

Imishini Esetshenziswa Kahulumeni

Ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe, nohulumeni bendawo kuyaqhubeka kushintsha, kanye nomphumela wegunya lesizwe lomthetho nomthwalo wemfanelo. Izwe lingazithola linegunya ezindaweni lapho isenzo sikahulumeni sintula khona noma simelane nemithetho kahulumeni eliyibheka njengenobuqili. Lamandla ayaqhubeka ehlela indima nokubaluleka kwezikhulu zikahulumeni ekubuseni kwaseMelika.

Ukuhileleka: Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nemithetho KaHulumeni

Ukuqonda izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala; ukuthembisana uhulumeni okunenjongo kudinga ukuba nengxenye ekhuthele enqubweni yomthetho.

Ukuxhumana Nabenqabelo

Imithetho inaka izingxoxo nabantu abaningi abaxhumana nabo ngendaba efanayo. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kuqondile, kuthintana nomuntu siqu, futhi kucacile ukuthi isiphi isinyathelo ofuna ummisi-mthetho asithathe.

Ukufakazela Ukuqulwa Kwezindlebe

Izishaya - mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zivumela ubufakazi basobala enkantolo, zinikeze izakhamuzi amathuba okunikeza imibono yazo ngokuqondile kubashaya - mthetho abacabangela izikweleti ezithile. Ubufakazi buphumelela kakhulu lapho bunikeza ukwaziswa okucacile ngendlela umthetho ozothinta ngayo abantu noma imiphakathi yangempela, kunokuba nje zisho imibono.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekukhetheni

Ukuqamba okhethweni lwezishayamthetho zikahulumeni lumelela uhlobo oluyisisekelo kakhulu lokuthembisana. Lokhetho ngokuvamile luthola ukunakekela okuncane kunemijaho yobumongameli noma ye-gaberna, nokho banquma ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani ozokwenza izinqumo ezithinta imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, nezinye izikhulu zemithetho. Ukuvota okusekelwe olwazini kudinga ukucwaningwa kwezikhundla kanye nemibhalo yemikhondo yabazocela ukubhapathizwa.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Zobufundisi

Izinhlangano eziningi zizama ukuthonya imithetho yezomthetho ezindabeni ezihlanganisa ukuvikela indawo ezungezile nokuthuthukisa intuthuko yezemfundo kuya emalungelweni omphakathi.

Isiphetho: Indima Ebalulekile Yemithetho KaHulumeni Embusweni WaseMelika Wentando Yeningi

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zimelela izinhlangano ezisemqoka zentando yeningi yaseMelika, zinamandla amakhulu ezimisweni ezilawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zezakhamuzi.

Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani ophethe lezi zindlu zomthetho − kusukela kubavoti abakhetha amalungu abaya kubaholi abahlela izihlalo ezilawula ukuqhubekeka komthetho wekomiti − kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wombuso osebenza ngayo. Isakhiwo sezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, kungaba yi-biabral noma uni - a - nadamal, ochwepheshe noma osekelwe ezakhamuzini, sithonya kakhulu indlela lemizimba esebenza ngayo kanye nezinkambiso ezizenzayo.

Izinselele ezibhekene nezindlu zombuso zinkulu, kusukela ekuncipheni kwethemba lomphakathi nokuhlukana kwemingcele kuya ezinkingeni zezimiso zanamuhla. Nokho lezi zinhlangano zisebalulekile ekuhlonzeni kwentando yeningi nasekuthatheni izinqumo, eduze nezakhamuzi kunohulumeni ophethe futhi zikwazi kangcono ukusingatha izidingo zendawo ezihlukene kunezimiso zezwe ezilinganayo.

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni eziphumelelayo zidinga izakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukubhekana nempumelelo yokusebenza kwalezi zikhungo, ezihlanganyela okhethweni, ezixhumana nabameleli, futhi ezibheka izishaya - mthetho njengezilandisa ngezinqumo zazo. Ngokufunda ngezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni nangokuhlanganyela nazo ngenkuthalo nazo, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezizinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu zifeza isithakazelo somphakathi futhi zilondoloze indima yazo ebalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngesimiso sombuso sombuso, imithombo itholakala kalula. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Conferenceal of State Legislatures zinikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezimiso zemithetho nezimiso ezinqamule zonke izifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu. Babaltia [ inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi mayelana nezinqumo, nokhetho, nomsebenzi womthetho. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zilondoloza amawebhusayithi okuxhumana nomthetho, ukuxhumana kwemithetho yemithetho, nokusakaza amavidiyo, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele futhi zihlanganyele nombuso wazo.

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziyoqhubeka ziphendukela ekusabeleni ezimweni ezishintshayo, kodwa ukubaluleka kwazo okuyisisekelo ekubuseni kwaseMelika akuguquguquki. Ngokuqonda lezi zinhlangano nangokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuhleleni izimiso ezibusa izifunda zazo futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu ezibakhonzayo.