Inqubo Yokulungisa Isebenza Kanjani? Ake Sithathe Iphuzu

Zimbalwa izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo ezidala imidlalo, ukudideka, nempikiswano yezombangazwe kunezentengiselwano. Uma i House of Messicators ivotela ukuvotela umongameli, izihloko zezindaba zimemeza emhlabeni wonke. Izinhlangano zeCble zihlanganisa udonga nodonga. Imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo iveza imibono. Kodwa ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi amaMelika amaningi awaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi incazelo ewuthonyeka ngempela isho ukuthini noma indlela lenqubo esebenza ngayo.

Ingabe ukujezisa kusho ukususwa esikhundleni? Umongameli angacekelwa indiva nganoma yini engekho esimweni soMkhandlu? Ubani onquma icala noma ubumsulwa? Futhi kungani lenqubo ngezinye izikhathi ibonakala ingeyokwezombangazwe kakhulu kuneyomthetho?

Inqubo yokuzifundisa [ imelela enye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho emagunyeni ombuso nokwahlulela [1] ikhambi labasunguli eladalwa ukususa izikhulu ezisebenzisa kabi igunya lazo ngaphandle kokuphendukela ebudloveni noma ekuvukeleni. Ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi yokuzihloba embula ngayo akuvezi nje abalungisi bomthetho-mthetho kuphela kodwa imibuzo eyisisekelo ephathelene nokulandisa, amandla, kanye nokubusa komthetho eMelika yentando yeningi.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uchaza inqubo yokungavumelani ngenquzumo, kusukela ekumangaleleni kokuqala ngecala leSigele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzama ukuqonda izenzakalo zamanje, ukutadisha uhulumeni waseMelika, noma umane unelukuluku lokwazi ngalokhu ngokomthetho, lo mqondisi unikeza konke okudingekayo ukuze wazi ukuthi imisebenzi yokungagunyazi, kungani kubalulekile, nokuthi yembulani ngedemokrasi yaseMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Lokho Abasunguli Abakwenza Nesizathu Sokuba Kudalwe

Inqubo yokufundisa [[[QUL:0] ayivelanga ndawo-kanye] ibonakalisa abasunguli bengqondo ecophelelayo ngokuthi bangasusa kanjani izikhulu eziyingozi kuyilapho belondoloza izimiso zedemokrasi.

Isenzakalo SaseBrithani

Isinqumo seza eMelika sivela eNgilandi, lapho iPhalamende lalisebenzise khona amakhulu eminyaka ukulandisa ngezikhulu zasebukhosini. Abasunguli babejwayelene namacala adumile aseBrithani aphikisanayo, kuhlanganise nalawa:

• Warren Hastings [1] [1] (178-1795): Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphathi wamakoloni kwaqhubeka iminyaka eyisikhombisa, kubonisa ukungagunyazi njengethuluzi ekuxhashazweni kwezikhulu
• Izibonelo ezibanzi[: Umlando wesiNgisi wokungagunyazi wabonisa kokubili isidingo samandla (ukuhlola izikhulu) nezingozi zawo (ushushiso lwezombangazwe)

Abasunguli baboleka lomqondo kodwa bawenza waba uMelika, benza inqubo efanelana nerepublic engenawo umbuso.

Izimpikiswano Zomhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo

EMhlanganweni woMthetho - sisekelo ka - 1787, izihambeli zaphikisana kakhulu ngokuthi kufanele yini zihlanganise ukunganaki:

[[Umthetho:0] Izimpawu ze[[[Umthetho:1]:

• Abaqondisi bangasebenzisa kabi amandla ngo-"ukonakala" noma "ukuhlukumezeka"
• Izinhlelo zokhetho zizodwa azinakukwazi ukuvikela izikhulu ezilulaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokwako
• Inkulumo kamongameli yeminyaka emine yayisho ukuthi abavoti babengeke basuse abaholi abayingozi ngokushesha
• Ukucela ukubukelwa kwaba nenye indlela esikhundleni sobudlova noma ukugumbuqelwa kwemibuso

[[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano ezimelene[[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ingasetshenziswa njengesikhali sezombangazwe, yenze ababusi bathobele izishaya - mthetho
• Kungase kuqede ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuzibusa
• Ukhetho oluvamile kufanele lunikeze ukulandisa okwanele

[[UMTH:0] Ukuhlehla [: Abasunguli bahlanganisa ukunganaki kodwa bayizungeze ngezivikelo:

• Umnyango ophakeme (izigele ezimbili kwezintathu zivotelwe ukuze kutholwe ukukholiswa) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa kwabashokobezi
• Izizathu Ezilinganiselwe ("Ukucabanga, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye Izenzo Zobugebengu Eziphakeme Nabadukisi") ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungezwani kwezimiso
• Ukuhileleka endlini neSigele ekuqinisekiseni ukucubungulana ngemidanso
• UMahluleli omkhulu owayengamele ukuqulwa kwamacala kamongameli ukuze anezele amandla adonsela phansi okwahlulela

Lokho Okushiwo "Ubugebengu Obuphakeme Namaphutha" Eqinisweni

Inkulumo [[QL:0]" Ubugebengu obuphakeme nama-Misdemers" ibangele impikiswano engapheli nokudideka. Ihlanganisani?

[[FOLT:0] Awukho nje ubugebengu obungathandeki: Naphezu kwegama "icala," leli gama lihlanganisa ukuziphatha okungaphulwa imithetho engekho emthethweni. Njengoba u-Alexander Hamilton achaza ku-Federalist No. 65, amacala angenakuphikiswa yilawo abangelwa ukuziphatha okubi kwabantu, noma amanye amagama ngenxa yokuxhashazwa noma ukwephulwa kwento ethile yomphakathi."

" Phezulu" Ayisho ubuwula : "Phezulu" ibhekisela emacaleni enziwa izikhulu eziphakeme emandleni azo angokomthetho" ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungakhona ngenxa yesikhundla sazo kuphela.

Ukuqonda okungokobunzululwazi: Ekwinkulungwane ye-18 yeNgilandi ne-Melika yakuqala, "ubugebengu obukhulu namaphutha" kuhlanganisa:

• Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya
• Ukukhohliswa Kokwethembana
• Ukonakala
• Ubufakazi Bomthetho - sisekelo
• Ukuphula isifungo sokuthatha isikhundla

Indlela yokuchaza : Namuhla, izazi zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zivumelana nokuziphatha okungalawuleki:

• Ukusebenzisa ihhovisi ukuze uzuze
• Amandla anamandla anamandla
• Ukuyala Ubulungisa Noma Ingqungquthela
• Izithakazelo zesizwe ezibhebhethekayo
• Ukwenza imisebenzi ngokunganaki
• Yenza izinto ezisongela uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo

Uvivinyo oluyinhloko: Ingabe ukuziphatha kusetshenziswa kabi ukwethenjwa umphakathi? Uma umongameli jayks, lowo uyisigebengu kodwa engakholeki. Uma umongameli amukela ukufumbathiswa noma evimbela ukuphenya kokungalungi kwawo siqu, lokho akunakwenzeka ngisho noma ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho bungavimbela ukumangalelwa.

Ubani Ongacindezelwa?

Amandla oMthetho-sisekelo adlulela ngalé kukamongameli ezigabani eziningana zezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Izikhulu Ezizifihlayo

UMongameli : Isisulu sokungaqondi okukhulu kweprofile, nakuba bebobathathu kuphela abaye batshelwa (U-Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump kabili) futhi akekho owalahlwa.

[ Umongameli ongumsizi : Ungayekwa, nakuba lokhu kungakaze kwenzeke. Umongameli ongumKhosi u-Aaron Burr wahlolwa kodwa akazange akhunjulwe nakuba ebulala u-Alexander Hamilton.

[ AbaHluleli abaPhakeme: Bonke abahluleli bahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, bangaphansi kokungagunyazi. Abahluleli abangaba ngu-15 baye bafundiswa, futhi abangu-8 basuswa ehhovisi (-"evolution") ukwenza ukugunyaza kokwahlulela okuvame kakhulu kunegunya lokuqondisa.

Amalungu eCabinet kanye "Abaphathi-mikhosi be-Civiles": Umthetho-sisekelo ubhekisela ku-"izikhulu ze-Compristu" ezihlanganisa onobhala bamaKhabhinethi nezinye izikhulu eziphethe. UNobhala weMpi uWilliam Belknap wafundiswa ngo-1876.

Ongenakuphoqelelwa

Amalungu oKhongolo-bumba: Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza inqubo ehlukile yokuyala amalungu awo uqobo (ukuxosha ngevoti yama-3. Abameleli nangabo abakwazi ukufundiswa.

[[[QURT:0] Abaphathi-mikhosi abaphethe [: kuyilapho bephethe ihhovisi likahulumeni, izikhulu zezempi zingaphansi kwezinkantolo eziphethe kunokuba zinikeze iziyalezo.

[ Izikhulu zezikhulu : Lokhu kusaphikisana. Icala lesigele likaWilliam Belknap laqhubeka ngemva kokuyeka kwakhe, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kwesibili likaDonald Trump kwenzeka ngemva kokushiya ihhovisi, kodwa izazi zomthetho sisekelo zisahlukene ngokuthi imvume ingasebenza kuziphathimandla zangaphambili.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuveza Izinkulumo Nokuhlola Kokuqala

Inqubo yokuzifundisa [ iqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba noma yikuphi ukuvota okungokomthetho, ngokuvamile ngezinsolo, ukuhlola, nokuqoqa ubufakazi okungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka.

Indlela Ukuzikhandla Okuqala Ngayo

Imibiko ye-Wistlerier [: Ngezinye izikhathi uphenyo luqala ngezambulo ezingaphakathi. I-Ukraine engafuni ukubhajwa ye-Presidenti Trump yaqala ngokukhala kocingo lwakhe nomongameli wase-Ukraine.

Izenzakalo ze- Izenzakalo ze-Public: Ukuziphatha okungathandeki okwenzeka obala kungabangela uphenyo olusheshayo. Ukuhlasela kuka-Capitol kwaholela ngokuqondile kuTrump's procep.

[ Uphendlo lwama-Cult lungathola ukuziphatha okungathandeki. Uphenyo lwe-Watergate olwaholela ekuhoxisweni kukaNixon's lwaqala ngokuzwa kwengqungquthela ekwenza umkhankaso.

Izibalo ezibonisa [: Ukuhlolwa kwamaphephandaba kuvame ukuveza amacala angathandeki. IPentagon Papers, ukubika kweWatergate, nezinye izibonelo ezingenakubalwa zibonisa indima yezokulawula ukuziphatha okubi.

Izeluleko: Iseluleko esikhethekile, abahloli, noma abanye abacwaningi bangazenza izikhombo kuKhongolozeli zisikisele ukuziphatha okungathandeki.

Uphenyo Lwekomiti

Lapho kuqubuka izinsolo ezingathi sína, amakomiti endlu aqala ukuhlola okungokomthetho:

AmaKomiti : Ngokuvamile, iKomiti yendlu yeJawer ihola ekufundiseni, kodwa amanye amakomiti anikela:

• Ikomiti yezentengiselwano: izindaba ezihilela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ubuhlobo bangaphandle, noma ukwaziswa okuhlelwayo
• [ Ikomiti yokunakekela [: Ihlola ukuziphatha okubi kwegatsha eliphethe igatsha nenkohlakalo
• Amanye amaKomiti asebenzayo: Kuye ngokwezinsolo, amakomiti aphethe izindawo ezithile angahlola

[[UMTL:0] Amathuluzi okusungula[[UMQONDISO:1]:

Subpoenas: AmaKomiti angaphoqelela ubufakazi nokhiqizo lwezincwadi, nakuba ilungelo eliphetheyo livame ukuholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho ezinde.

[ uzwa [: Ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kuvumela amakomiti ukuba abuze ofakazi, anikeze ubufakazi, futhi akhe ukuqonda komphakathi (noma ukuphikiswa) ukuba angagunyazi.

Izilinganiso: Izilinganiso zangasese zivumela abacwaningi ukuba babuze ofakazi ngaphandle kwesekisi.

I-Acter Burder ye-ikhasi ye-inter: Abangenisi bahlola ama-imeyili, imisebenzi, amarekhodi ocingo, kanye namanye amabhukwana okumisa i-pane yesikhathi futhi bafakazele izikhalo.

[[Ubufakazi obungathathi hlangothi:] Ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe: izazi zomthetho-sisekelo, iziphathi-mandla, kanye nochwepheshe bendaba banikeza umongo nokuhlaziywa.

Isibonelo sezwe sangempela - Trump Ukraine Impeatingment: Uphenyo luhlanganisa:

• Izikhulu zoMnyango Wezokuphepha Wezwe NezoMkhandlu Wesizwe
• Ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi nabaphathi bombuso abanjengoBill Taylor noMengameli uMarie Yovanovitch
• Izicelo zedokhumende (eziningi zivinjelwe yi - White House)
• Ukuhlaziya ukukhononda kwama - hyttleer
• Uprofesa womthetho womthetho womthetho ufakazela izindinganiso zokungavumelani

Ithonya Lezombangazwe

Akwenziwa ukuhlola kwezombangazwe:

Umbono we-Public : Abalindi bahlola ukuhlola ukuthi umphakathi usekela ukuphakamisa. Ngaphandle kokusekela komphakathi, ukujezisa kuba ingozi kwezombangazwe engxenyeni enkulu.

IMedia Ficurage [[FL:1]]: Indlela imithombo yezindaba ehlanganisa ngayo uphengululo ithonya ukuqonda komphakathi kanye nokukwazi ukumelana kwezombangazwe.

Parisan Division: Ngezikhathi ezihlukene, uphenyo olungenamthetho lwahlukana kakhulu kanye neqembu, amalungu amancane eqembu evikela umongameli kanye namalungu amaningi akha icala lokungagunyazi.

Izibalo ze-Electal: Abezombangazwe bahlola indlela ukunganaki okuthinta ngayo amathemba abo okukhetha, ikakhulukazi lawo asemibusweni encintisanayo.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Izihloko Ezilungisayo Zokuhlongoza

Uma uphengululo lwembula ukuziphatha okungahambisani, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukwenza amacala abekwe nge amachashaza okungagunyazi ngokukakhulu, kuchazwa ukubekwa icala okungacaci.

Izihloko Eziqukethe Izimiso

Icala elingathi sína[: Isihloko ngasinye sikhuluma ngecala elingathandeki. Kunokusola okuvamile, izihloko zisho:

• Lokho okwenziwa yilesi sikhulu
• Bakwenza nini futhi kanjani
• Isizathu sokuba kube isono esingalawuleki
• Imiphi imisebenzi noma imithetho engokomthetho eyaphulwa

[[UMBHA:0] Ubufakazi obukhangisayo[: Izihloko zobufakazi obukhombayo zisekela ukumangalelwa ngakunye /ubufakazi bobufakazi bobufakazi, amaphepha, izinkulumo zomphakathi, kanye nobunye ubufakazi.

Izibalo zomthetho nokhokho : Izihloko zichaza ukuthi kungani ukuziphatha kuhlangabezana nendinganiso "Izenzo zobugebengu eziphezulu nezingalawuleki", ngokuvamile zicaphuna amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, noma ukuqonda komlando.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando

Andrew Johnson (1868)[FLT: ISiphakamiso Ngamangalela uJohnson ngokuphula umthetho we-Ofisi ngokususa unobhala weWar Edwin Stanton. Ezinye izihloko ziningiliziwe ngokunye ukuphulwa okuthiwa kulungile kanye "ukuhlaziywe" izinkulumo ezimelene noKhongolo.

Richard Nixon (Ithuba-Been, 1974): IKomiti yoMjudishi yagunyaza izihloko ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba Nixon aphume:

• ISiphakamiso I: Ukuqedwa kobulungisa ekuhloleni iWatergate
• ISiphakamiso II: Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya ngokusebenzisa kabi izinhlangano zikahulumeni
• ISiphakamiso III: Ukudelelwa Kwezishaya - mthetho

[[UMTL:0] BEll Clinton (1998:

• Isihloko I: Umpethwane phambi kweqembu elikhulu labasizi bejaji ngobuhlobo bakhe noMonica Lewinsky
• ISiphakamiso II: Ukufundiswa kobulungisa ngokukhuthaza ubufakazi bamanga nangokufihla ubufakazi

[[UMTL:0] Dénald Trump (2029):

• ISiphakamiso I: Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla ngokucindezela i - Ukraine ukuba ihlole imbangi yezombangazwe uJoe Biden
• ISiphakamiso II: Ukumiswa Kombuso ngokuvimbela izimpondo nobufakazi

[[UMTL:0] Uvumed Trump (2021):

• Isihloko Esinye: Ukugqugquzelwa kokuvukela okuhlobene nokuhlasela kukaCapitol ngo - January 6

Inqubo Yekomiti Yomquphi

ISichibiyelo neSichibiyelo: Izimpikiswano ze House Committee Judicary Committee ngayinye ehlongozwayo, ngezinye izikhathi izinsuku. Amalungu angahlongoza ukulungisa, ukuphikisana ngolimi, nokuvota esihlokweni ngasinye ngokwehlukana.

Committee Vote[[FL:1]]: Ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingathumela izihloko endlu yonke yini. Izihloko zingahluleka ekomitini, nakuba lokhu kungaqabukela uma inqubo ifinyelela kulesigaba.

Imibono ye-Monority [: Iqembu elincane lingaphikisana nemibiko echaza ukuphikiswa kwalo, kudala umbhalo wegebe lezombangazwe.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukucabangela okungathandeki[[QUL:1]: Abadambisa ijubane kumelwe balinganisele:

• Ubufakazi obuqinile[: Kuhlanganiswa kuphela izikhalo ezinobufakazi obuqinile
• Ikhono eliyi-Palithic: Ukugxila ekumangaleleni umphakathi uyakuqonda futhi uthole ukuthi kungathi sína
• [[QULT:0] Ukucacisa okusemthethweni[[QL:1]: izihloko ezibhalayo ezihlangabezana ngokucacile nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo
• [ Isicelo seBiparstan: Ukuphonsa izimali ukuze kukhange ukusekela okuthile kokuphikiswa (ngokuvamile okungaphumeleli ezimisweni zanamuhla)

Isinyathelo 3: Impikiswano Yasekhaya Nomsindo

Lapho iKomiti Yomjudisi isizivumile izihloko zokungahloniphi, lenqubo ithuthela eNdlu Egcwele Yabameleli.

Impikiswano Ngezimo Ezinde

I-Irebration ehlotshisiwe: imithetho yasendlini ibusa impikiswano:

• Ohlangothini ngalunye luthola isikhathi esilinganayo (ngokuvamile amahora amaningana ngesihloko ngasinye)
• Abaholi abakhulu nabaholi abambalwa balawula isikhathi
• Amalungu anikeza izinkulumo ezisekelayo noma eziphikisayo
• Akukho kulungisa okuvunyelwe phakathi nenkulumo - mpikiswano yaphansi (izenzakalo zivela kumakomiti amisiwe)

Izinkulumo eziphicothwayo: Izimpikiswano zokungahloniphi endlini ziye zaveza izikhathi ezikhumbulekayo:

• Gerald Ford (1970) ngokuphikisa uMahluleli William O. Douglas: "Icala elingathandeki yinoma yini iningi lendlu yabameleli eliyibheka njenge"
• James Diensenbrener (1998]) uvikela i-Clinton project: Perjury ululaza isimiso sobulungisa
• Amanzi amaMaxine (2029) phakathi noMthetho weTrump: "Imali ingeyokuvikela idemokrasi yethu"

I-Media Ficurage [[FL:1]]: Izimpikiswano zanamuhla eziphikisayo zithola ukusakazwa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, amalungu ekhuluma kakhulu kubantu ababukele ekhaya njengabanye abasebenza nabo ekamelweni.

Ikhono Lokuzifunela Okuthile

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuvota iMechanics[[Umthetho:1]:

• Isihloko ngasinye sivotelwa ngokwehlukana
• Iningi nje (manje elingu - 218 labangu - 435) lidinga ukwamukela noma isiphi isihloko
• Ngokuvamile ama - “vote ” alandela imigqa yeqembu enkathini yanamuhla ehlanganisa izifunda zomhlaba
• Amalungu avota "yeya," "nay," noma "kumele"

Yini eshiwo "Ilungu] sho[: Uma ngisho nesihloko esisodwa sithola ukusekela okuningi, isikhulu singu siceliwe[. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuqonda: [[[FLT:]] ukuzimisela akusho ukususwa ehhovisi [. Ukubekwa icala okungokomthetho kuyicala lendlu. Ukuqulwa kwegebe kunquma umphumela.

[[Umthetho:0] Izinhlendla zolimi oluphithikayo[[Umthetho:1]:

Andrew Johnson (1868)[[FL:1]:

• Izihloko eziyishumi nanye zamukelwa
• Abahlabeleli babelandela kakhulu imigqa yeqembu (izikhulu zikaRepublicas ngokuthi, amaDemocrates amelene)
• Abanye abaseRepublica bamelana nokugxekwa njengoba bephamba ezombangazwe

[[UMTL:0] BEll Clinton (1998:

• Isihloko I (perjury): Idlula ngo 228-206, namaDemocrates amahlanu ajoyina amaRepublicans
• ISiphakamiso II (ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo): Idlula ngo 221-212, ineziDemocrates ezinhlanu ezijoyina amaRepublicans
• Ezinye izihloko ezimbili zehluleka ukuthola ukusekelwa okuningi

[[UMTL:0] Dénald Trump (2029):

• ISiphakamiso I (isebenzisa amandla): Sadlula ezingu - 230 -97, kungekho baRepublicans kanye noyedwa ozibandakanya namaDemocrates; amaDemocrat amabili aphikisayo
• ISiphakamiso II (ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo): Idlula ngo - 229-198, kanye nokuphambuka okungokomoya

[[UMTL:0] Uvumed Trump (2021)

• Isihloko esisodwa (ukuhlinzwa): Sadlula ngo - 232 -97, namaRepublicans ahlanganyela namaDemocrat ayishumi
• Iningi lamacala e - bipartisia ahlolwa umongameli emlandweni, nakuba lisahlukaniswe kakhulu

Imiphumela engathi shubistiki: Abameleli bokuvota ukuvota, ikakhulukazi eqenjini likamongameli, ngokuvamile babhekene:

• Izinselele eziyinhloko ezivela kubashisekeli beqembu
• Izinkinga zokulungisa izimali
• Ukuchachamba okuqinile (noma ukusekela, kuye ngokuthi isiphi isifunda)
• Ukunakwa nokutuswa kwesizwe noma ukugxekwa

Isinyathelo 4: Ukulungiselela Ukuqulwa Kwecala Kwezigele

Ngemva kokuphoqelelwa kwendlu, ukulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala leSigele () umthetho - sisekelo oyingqayizivele oqhubeka ngokungafani nanoma imuphi omunye.

Ukumisa Abaphathi Bendlu

Bangobani [: Abaphathi bezindlu basebenza njengabashushisi ekuqulweni kwecala leSigele. I House Speaker ibakhetha, ikhetha:

• Amalungu eKomiti Yomculi Esezingeni Elikhulu anobuchwepheshe obungokomthetho
• Abakhulumeli nabaphikisi abanekhono
• Amalungu ezizinda nezigodi ezihlukahlukene
• Ezokungavumelani nabashokobezi, amalungu eqembu amaningi kuphela

[[UMTL:0] Indima yabo[[[UMTL:1]: amamenenja endlu:

• Nikeza indaba yokuqiniseka eSigeleni
• Ofakazi bemibuzo (uma iSigele sibavumela)
• Yenza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho - sisekelo
• Sabela empilweni
• Ngokuyisisekelo, yize lokhu kuwukuqulwa kwecala kwezombangazwe, hhayi ubugebengu

[ Izibonelo eziphicothiwe[:

• I-Clinton Imfundo: amaRepublicans akhetha abaphathi abayi-13, kuhlanganise noHenry Hyde (Umculo) kanye nenkanyezi ekhuphukayo iLindsey Graham
• [[QUL:0] I-rump yokuqala I-insecont[[FL:1]: Abaphathi beDemocratic menu baholwa yi-Intelligence Committee Cainger Adam Schiff
• Trump Second Insecation: Abaphathi abayisishiyagalolunye abaholwa uJamie Raskin, begxile ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo

Izihloko Ezidlulisayo Eziya Esigele

I-Ceremony: Indlu idlulisa ngokomthetho izihloko kuSigele emcimbini ohloniphekile:

• Abaphathi bezindlu banqamula iCapitol benqamula lezi zihloko beya egumbini LeSigele
• Kufundwa izihloko ngokuzwakalayo phansi eSigele
• ISigele sithola igunya elingokomthetho

Impikiswano ephikisayo: Umthetho wokulawula ukudlulisa izihloko. UNancy Pelosi wahlehlisa ukudlulisa izihloko zokuqala ze-Trump amasonto ambalwa, ethemba ukucindezela izigebengu zeRepublicas ezinqubeni zokuhlola − isu lokuphumelela okungabazekayo.

Umhlangano weqembu lamasosha avikelayo

Ilungelo eliyiPredified Privile : Isikhulu esihlolile sihlanganisa iqembu lokuzivikela, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise:

• White House Counser (owabaholi)
• Abameli abangabodwa (ukuze baphikisane namaphuzu ezombangazwe nawawomthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kokuhileleka okungokomthetho eMnyangweni Wokwahlulela)
• Ababeyizikhulu zikahulumeni nezazi ezingokomthetho
• Abameli bemithombo yezindaba abanganqoba ukulwa komphakathi

Amaqembu avikelwayo [:

• Clinton: Abameli bomshoshaphansi uCharles Ruff noDavid Kendall baphikisa icala ngokuthi alihlangabezanga izilinganiso zokungavumelani
• Trump (Okuqala): White House Court Pat Cipollone nabameli bomuntu siqu Jay Sekulow no-Alan Dershowitz baphikisa ngokusebenzisa kabi amandla kwakungenakuyekwa ngaphandle kokuziphatha kobugebengu
• Trump : AbaLawy baphikisa iSigele sasingenagunya phezu kowayengumongameli

Isinyathelo 5: ISigele Siyakuphikisa Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala lesiGeqephu liyisiphetho esiphawulekayo senqubo yokungavumelani − okuyintuthuko eyingqayizivele ehlanganisa izici zokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, impikiswano yezombangazwe, nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Isikhulu Esiqondisayo

[ Kumongameli we-: Umthetho-sisekelo udinga [[FT:2] Ubulungisa obuphezulu be-United States [ ukuba ulathise, wenezele amandla okwahlulela awenziweyo futhi uvimbele uMongameli (ongase abe ngumongameli uma ukuqiniseka kwenzeka) ekungameleni ukunyuka kwabo.

[[[UMTL:0] Kweminye Imithetho: Umongameli ongumsekeli (njengoMongameli weSigele) noma uMongameli uPro Tempore uqobo uyabusa, nakuba iSigele singasho noma imuphi umsekeli.

Indima yobulungisa ye-[FT:0]

• Imithetho yokuthatha isinyathelo esisekelwe ekuziphatheni nasekuvimbeleni (engaphansi kweSigele igadliwe)
• Ukulondoloza ukuhleleka nokuziphatha okuhle
• Ibuza imibuzo yomnini sithombe
• I - cast av avtition ngaphandle kokuba ikhiqize uthayi (akekaze ayenzeke ngokungavumelani)

Isaziso esingokwempikiswayo: UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts wengamela icala lokuqala lomthetho kaTrump. IJaji eliyinhloko uSalmon Chase wengamela icala lika-Andrew Johnson, enza izinqumo eziphikisanayo abanye abakholelwa ukuthi zasindisa uJohnson ekukholelweni.

Isifuba sesibani

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, abasizi bafunga isifungo esikhethekile: “Ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ezintweni zonke ngisekela ukulingwa kokungalungi [kwegama], ngiyokwenza ubulungisa obungakhethi ngokoMthetho - sisekelo nangemithetho, ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu.”

Isibonakaliso[: Lesifungo kucatshangwa ukuthi siphakamisa izifungo ngaphezu kokucabangela abashokobezi, ezifuna ukuba bahlulele ubufakazi ngokungakhethi. Ngokwesiko, ukwethembeka okungaguquguquki ngokuvamile kudlangile, nakuba kuyizimo ezingokomfanekiso zesifungo.

Ukuzikhulula : imithetho yesigele idinga abasizi ukuba bahlale buthule phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, balalele izimpikiswano ngaphandle kokukhuluma (nakuba bangafaka imibuzo ebhaliwe). Lokhu kuphikisana nezigigaba ezivamile lapho impikiswano ihlala njalo.

Izakhiwo Zokuqulwa Kwecala Nezindlela Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

ISigele simisa imithetho yaso yokuqulwa kwecala, ehlukahluka ngecala:

[[Umthetho:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo[:

• Abaphathi bezindlu baveza isikhwama sabo (ngokuvamile amahora angu - 24 ezinsukwini eziningana)
• Iqembu lamasosha liveza ukuphikisana (isikhathi esilinganayo)
• Izimpikiswano zihlanganisa ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlaziya umthetho, ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo, nezimpikiswano zezombangazwe/izombangazwe

[[Isikhathi sokususa] [[[Umthetho:1]

• Abameleli banikeza uMahluleli Oyinhloko imibuzo ebhaliwe
• Imibuzo iyashintshana phakathi kwalabo abahlolwa
• UMahluleli oyinhloko ufunda imibuzo ngokuzwakalayo
• Amamaneja noma abameli abavikelayo bayaphendula
• Le ndlela ivimbela ukuma kahle nokugcina ukuziphatha kuhlanzekile

[[INTLO] Ubufakazi nezinqumo zobufakazi: Isigele sivota ukuthi kumele:

• Ukubiza ofakazi ukuze bafakaze
• Izincwadi ezengeziwe ze - “Subpoena ”
• Vumela imifakela
• Cabangela ubufakazi obusha

La mavoti agxeka futhi ngokuvamile ahlukanisayo. Ecaleni lokuqala le-Trump, amaRepublicans anqoba imizamo yedemocratic yokubiza ofakazi njengoJohn Bolton. Ecaleni lesibili, ngemva kokuba ivoti yokuqala idlulile, zombili izinhlangothi zavuma ukungena ekwakheni ufakazi embhalweni kunokuba zinwebe izigigaba.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuguqula [[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, abasekeni bangazenza ngasese
• ISigele singangena esiqenjini sokuvala icala ukuze sixoxe ngecala
• Uma besebenza, abasekeni abavamile ukushintsha izingqondo zabo — — abaningi bafika ngezikhundla ezinqunyiwe

Isibonelo sangempela sezwe: Icala lokuqala le Trump

[[Umthetho:0] Uvula izimpikiswano[[Umthetho:1]:

• Abaphathi bezindlu (beqhutshwa u - Adam Schiff) banikeza amahora angu - 24 bephikisana ngamandla kaTrump ngokucindezela i - Ukraine kanye neSishaya - mthetho Esiphazamisekile
• Iqembu lokuzivikela likaTrump laphikisana ngecala lendlu lalibuthakathaka, inqubo yayingalungile, futhi ukuziphatha kwakungahambisani nezindinganiso zokungafundi
• Zombili izinhlangothi zazibonisa ubufakazi bama - video, zikhombe izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, futhi ziphikisana ngomthetho - sisekelo

[[Isikhathi sokususa] [[[Umthetho:1]

• Abahlaziyi bahambisa imibuzo engu - 180 ezinsukwini ezingaphezu kwezimbili
• Imibuzo yembula ukuhlukana okuhlukanisayo (Izikhulu zesonto zicela abaphathi ukuba bafake izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi, amaRepublicans ayinselele imfundiso yokumangalela)
• Abanye abaseRepublica abalinganiselayo babuza imibuzo esikisela ukuvota okungaba khona okugunyaza ukukholisa

[[UMTL:0] Impikiswano yoFakazi [:

• Amademocrates agqugquzelwa ukuba abize uJohn Bolton (owayeyiNsirhelelo Yesizwe ngaphambili enobufakazi obungase bulimaze)
• AmaRepublic avimbela ofakazi 51 - 49
• Lokhu kwaba ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala ngaphandle kobufakazi

[[Umthetho:0] Imiphumela kanye nomphumela [[UMTL:1]:

• Zombili izinhlangothi zagcina izimpikiswano
• ISigele savota abangu - 52 - 48 ukuba bakhiphe icala lokusebenzisa kabi igunya, uMitt Romney ekhetha iziboshwa kuphela eRepublic
• Isigele savota abangu - 53 - 47 ukuze sikhiphe isigwebo ngokuvinjelwa, futhi bonke abaseRepublica bavota ukuba kukhululwe icala

Isinyathelo 6: Icala Lesigele Nemiphumela

Icala lifinyelela umvuthwandaba esinqumweni seSigele, funa ukuthi isikhulu siboshelwe yini futhi sisuswe noma sikhululwe futhi sigcinwe.

Inkathi Yokukholelwa

I-Iyadi yoMququzeleli : Ukuqiniseka kudinga amavoti amabili-ntathu (67 kwamalungu ayikhulu uma ekhona) kunoma isiphi isihloko. Lomnyango ophakeme ubonisa injongo yabaqali yokuvimbela ukungavumelani nomthetho we-'quor's' kodwa uvumela ukususwa kokuziphatha okubi kakhulu.

SEPARATE Votes: Isigele sivota ngokwehlukana kwesihloko ngasinye. Isikhulu singalahlwa ngecala kwezinye izihloko futhi sikhululwe kwezinye.

Public Roll Call: amavoti agunyaziwe angomphakathi futhi aqoshwe, adala amarekhodi ahlala njalo esikhundla se-senator ngayinye, njengamanye amavoti esigele angavota ngezwi.

Akukho Presidential Veto: Umongameli akanakukhipha izinqumo, ngisho nezabo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa inqubo yokulandisa ngecala ayinakuvinjelwa yisisulu sayo.

Izilawu Ezingokomlando

Andrew Johnson (1868)[[FL:1]:

• Ivunyelwa yivoti eyodwa: 35-19 (ivoti eyodwa ayifinyeleli kuma-32 adingekayo)
• Abameli abangu - 7 baseRepublica bahlukana neqembu labo ukuze bakhululwe, baziwa ngokuthi “izikhulu zecala ”
• UJohnson wafeza isiqu sakhe kodwa waphikiswa kwezombangazwe

[[UMTL:0] BEll Clinton (1999):

• Kubhalwe kuzo zombili izihloko
• Isihloko I (perjury): 50-50 (17 amavoti afinyele isiqinisekiso)
• ISiphakamiso II (uhlelo lokufundisa): 50-50 (17 amavoti afinyele)
• Akukho maDemocrates avotela iziboshwa; amaRepublic amahlanu ahlukanisa izigaba ukuze akhululwe ngokumangalelwa

[[UMTL:0] Uvumelo oluthi Trump (20)[[UMTL:1]:

• Kubhalwe kuzo zombili izihloko
• ISiphakamiso I (ukusebenzisa amandla): 48-52 (ivoti ifinyele), neRomney okuwukuphela kwevoti yeRepublic
• ISiphakamiso II (ukwakhiwa): 47-53 (20) amavoti afinyele

[[UMTL:0] Uvumed Trump (2021)

• U - 57 - 43 (10 amavoti angenasisekelo)
• AmaRepublica angu - 7 ahlanganyela nabo bonke abaHluleli bokuvota iziboshwa — eziningi kakhulu ezisekela ukuvota emlandweni, nakuba zazingakaphumeleli

Imiphumela Yokukholelwa

Uma izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezikhulu zivotela iziboshwa, imiphumela ishesha futhi inzima:

Ukususa okuzenzekelayo ehhovisi: Uma isikhulu sithathe ukuqiniseka, sisuswa ngokushesha. Akukho nkathi yomusa, akukho kunxusa okungaphakathi kwenqubo yokungasheshi--"ukuvuselelwa kushesha.

I-Pixactionation : Ngemva kokuqiniseka nokususwa, iSigele singabamba ivoti ehlukeneyo [ ukuthi umuntu angakufanelekeli yini ukuba nesikhundla sikahulumeni sesikhathi esizayo. Levoti idinga inani elivamile kuphela.

Akukho mithetho ethathayo: Ukujezisa nokususa akufaki zijeziso zobugebengu/alukho luhlawu, akukho kuboshwa. Isijeziso singobezombangazwe kuphela: ukususwa nokungakhi.

Ukungavumelani okungokobuzwe: Kumajaji angusishiyagalombili kahulumeni aboshwa futhi asuswa ngokungagunyazwa, amathathu nawo awazange afaneleke esikhundleni sesikhathi esizayo. Lesi sijeziso singesokuzithandela futhi sidinga ukuvota okuhlukile.

Ukulahlwa Nencazelo Yako

Lokho okusho ukuthethelelwa [: Ukulahlwa kusho iSigele senqaba ukumangalelwa. Isikhulu sihlala ehhovisi (noma, ebhokisini lesibili leTrump, asibhekeni nokukhishwa kwehhovisi lesikhathi esizayo).

[[Umthetho:0] Lokho okushiwo ukuthethelelwa okungasho ukuthi[[Umthetho 1]:

• Ukulahlwa Akulona ihlazo noma ukuthola ukuthi umsulwa
• Akuvimbeli ukuquliswa kwecala
• Ayikususi ukukhuthazwa erekhodini lesikhulu
• Isikhulu sihlala "sihlohliwe" ngisho noma sikhululiwe (imvume inguvoti yendlu, hhayi isinqumo seSigele)

Imiphumela engathi shubistiki: Ngisho nezikhulu ezingenacala zivame ukuhlupheka ngokwezombangazwe:

• Ukonakalisa idumela nefa
• Inhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe ebuthakathaka
• Inkinga ebekelwe izinselele zokukhetha eziyinhloko noma ezivamile
• Isahlulelo esingokomlando njengesinye sezikhulu ezimbalwa ezibhekene nokungavumelani

Kwenzekani Ngemva Kokufuna Isinqumo?

Isiphetho se nqubo yokungakhuthazi asipheli ekungabekelwe icala.

Ukumangalela Kwesigebengu

Umqondo ophindwe kabili Doctan Awusebenzisi: Umthetho-sisekelo usho ngokucacile ukuthi ukujezisa akuvimbeli ukumangalelwa kobugebengu. Isivikelo sengozi esiphindwe kabili (ukuzama kabili ngecala elifanayo) asisebenzi ngoba:

• Ukufuna ukukhokha kuyinqubo yezombangazwe, hhayi ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu
• Izindinganiso, izinqubo, nezijeziso ezihlukene ziyasebenza
• Ukulingwa kobugebengu kungavela ngaphambi, phakathi, noma ngemva kokungahloniphi

[ Izibonelo eziphicothiwe[:

Alcee Hastings: Umahluleli kahulumeni wahlolwa futhi wasuswa ngo 1989 ngenxa yokufumbathisa nokukhohlisa. Wayekhululwe ngaphambili enkantolo yobugebengu (ekhosela ukuziphatha kwakhe naphezu kokuthethelelwa). Kamuva wakhethwa eSigungwini, lapho wakhonza khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-2021.

U-Harry U-[FLT: 1]: Ijaji le-Federal lagxeka futhi lasuswa ngo-1986 ngenxa yokubalekela intela(("ngemva kokuboshwa kakade) futhi baboshelwe icala elifanayo. Icala lenzeka kuqala, ukujeziswa kwalandela.

Ukuqulwa ngecala kwe-Trump : Ngemva kokungagunyazi kwakhe, uTrump wabhekana nophenyo lwezigebengu eziningi (ukuthi umongameli uvikela uhulumeni ufaka umbango onzima):

• Ukuhlolwa kokuphazamisa kokhetho ngoJanuary 6
• Ukuphathwa kwamaphepha afakiwe
• Imikhuba yezimali neyebhizinisi
• Amacala kahulumeni eGeorgia naseNew York

Imiphumela Yezombangazwe

Imiphumela engathi sína:

• Andrew Johnson wanqatshelwa ukumiswa kweqembu lakhe ngemva kokuhloma
• Izilinganiso zemvume kaBill Clinton zanda ngempela phakathi nokungafundiswa, futhi amaDemocrates athola izihlalo zendlu phakathi nonyaka ka-1998
• UDonald Trump walondoloza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwe - Republican siseko naphezu kwezinhlangano ezimbili, wawina u - 2024 Republican nognome

[[Umthetho:0] Impatho yeGovernance[[Umthetho 1]:

• Abaphoqelelwa kodwa abakhululwayo ngokuvamile babhekana negunya elibuthakathaka
• Ubuhlobo bomphakathi ngokuvamile buyawohloka
• Izinqubo ezingase zingasebenzi
• Ukuma kwezizwe zonke kungalimala

[ Ifakthera yase-Italical: Isikhulu ngasinye esiqeqeshiwe sithwala loluphawu unomphela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi silungile noma singunxantathu, ukugodla kuba isici esichaza idumela labo elingokomlando.

Ukuhloma Kuwo Wonke Umlando WaseMelika: Izibonelo Nezifundo

Ukuhlola [[Umthetho:0] umlando wokufundisa [ kwembula izindlela zokuthi inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo isetshenziswa nini futhi kungani isetshenziswa.

Ukuhlongozwa Komongameli

Andrew Johnson (1868): Ukungavumelani kokuqala nomongameli kwavela ezimpikiswaneni zokulungisa kabusha-era:

Isizinda [: Johnson, i-Democrat yaseNingizimu owaba isekela likamongameli we-Republic ka-Lincoln, iphikisa u-Republican Republic Reconstrucrations. Ukuxabana neRepublican Congress kwaqina kwaze kwaba yilapho uRepublicans efuna ukususwa kwakhe.

[ I-': Imangalelwa ngokuphula umthetho we-Tenure of Office (cishe ngokungekhona ukubunjwa, futhi kamuva incitshiswe) ngokususa unobhala weMpi uEdwin Stanton, kanye nokunye okuthiwa kuxhaphakile.

[ Imali efunyenweyo: Ivunyelwa yivoti eyodwa. Ukusondela kwezizathu ezingabazeki kwaholela abaningi ekubhekeni ukuyekelela njengokuphambana okuyingozi, okuthonya ukuqapha kwekusasa.

[[Umthetho:0] Izinhlamvu[[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ukujezisa akufanele kusetshenziselwe ukungavumelani kwezimiso
• Izisekelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho zilulaza ilungelo lokufaneleka
• Ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe kungabangela imiphumela emibi

Richard Nixon (1974): Nakuba uNixon ehlehlisiwe ngaphambi kokuphenya, lenqubo yembula amandla okungagunyazi:

Isizinda: Ihlazo leWatergate ````````i-watergate'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Ihlazo eliyihlazo eliyi-watergate'''", i-borggborn, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla (ukuhlola) ukudalula ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu komongameli.

Inxanxathela: Indlu yeKomiti yeJadiyu evunyelwe ukuvimbela ubulungisa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokudelela uKhongoloshe, ngokusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan.

[ Imali efunyenweyo: ukubhekana nokungathonyeki nokuqiniseka okuthile, uNixon wasula. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi ukungathobeli kungasebenza ngendlela ehlongoselwe ngayo, kususa umongameli owayelahlekelwe ngisho nokusekela kweqembu lakhe siqu.

[[Umthetho:0] Izinhlamvu[[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ubufakazi obuqinile nokusekela i - bipartisan kwenza umuntu angagunyazi
• Ukucela okuthile kungaphumelela ngisho noma kungalingwa ngokusemthethweni uma ubufakazi buningi
• Umbono womphakathi ubalulekile------Nixon wayeka lapho ukusekela kuncipha

Bil Clinton (1998-1999): I-presidenti yanamuhla engatshazwa ngokomthetho:

Isizinda: Uphenyo lwe-Implurensieence Kenneth Starr's lokusebenza kweWhitewater nendawo kwakhula kwaba indaba kaClinton ne House White Monica Lewinsky.

[ Inxanxathela: ukwahlulela okungalungi okuhlobene nokuqamba amanga ngendaba efunwe isho ukuthi ikhuthaza ubufakazi bamanga.

[ Imali efunyenweyo: Ihlolwe yiRepublican House, ikhululwe yiSigele kanye namaRepublicans ajoyina iDemocrat. Umbono womphakathi wawumelene nokungagunyazi, uyibheka njenge-accomplist nengenakulinganiswa.

[[Umthetho:0] Izinhlamvu[[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ukuziphatha okubi komuntu siqu, ngisho nokukhohlisa, kungase kungahlangabezi "ubugebengu obuphakeme" uma kungahlobene nemisebenzi engokomthetho
• Ukuzifaka esimweni esingenasisekelo somphakathi kuyizindleko ezingokombangazwe (Izihlalo zeRepublic ezilahlekile phakathi nenkathi ka - 1998)
• Ukusekela okubuthakathaka kokuphikisa akuvamile ukuphumelela

Donald Trump (209-2020, 2021]]: umongameli wokuqala wacela kabili:

[[UMTH:0] Ukwandiswa kokuqala[[Umthetho:1]:

• Isizinda: u-Trump a kuthiwa wacindezela i-Ukraine ukuba ihlole uJoe Biden ngokugodla usizo lwezempi
• [: ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kanye nokuvinjelwa kombuso
• Imali ephume [: wacela amavoti eqembu, wakhululwa ngokuvota iRomney kuphela ukuba iboshelwe iziboshwa
• Izifundo: Ingxenyesan efundeka enkathini eqhelile iveza isinqumo esiqinisekile sokukhetha

[[I- Imithetho elandelwayo[[QUL:1]:

• Isizinda: Indima ye-Trump kuhlasela kwe-Capitol ka-January 6
• Imijikelezo: Ukushukunyiswa kokuvukela
• [ Imali ephume [: Yasekelwa ngeRiphabliki, yakhulula 57-43 (izigidi eziyisikhombisa zovotelwa iziboshwa)
• Izifundo[: Ngisho ne-bipartasan ayinakunqoba ukuthembeka okuhlukanisayo uma ukuqiniseka kudinga amavoti amabili-3

Ukujeziswa Kokwahlulela

Abahluleli abaphethe balandisa ngecala eliningi elingafanele, elinamacala ayishumi nanhlanu agxekwayo futhi eliyisishiyagalombili liboshiwe:

[ Isizathu sokuba kuvame kakhulu: Abahluleli basebenza ukuphila, badala isisusa esinamandla sokususa amajaji okonakala noma angaqedi angenakuvotelwa.

[[Uphawu:0] Izindawo eziwuphawu[[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ukuziphatha kobugebengu (ukubalekela intela, ukukhohlisa, ukufumbathisa)
• Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwehhovisi lokwahlulela
• Ukungafaneleki kwengqondo noma ukungafaneleki kokwahlulela

[[Umthetho:0] Izenzakalo ezingangashiwo[[[Umthetho:1]:

USAMUEL Chase (1805): IJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme laliphikisa ngenxa yobandlululo emacaleni nangokuziphatha okungahleleki. Ukungavumelani, ukumisa ukungezwani kwesimiso nefilosofi yokwahlulela akukufanele ukususwa.

Walter Nixon (1989): umahluleli wesigodi walahlwa ngecala, walahlwa futhi wasuswa ngisho nangemva kwecala lobugebengu. Inselele yakhe enqubweni yokukhokha iholele eNkantolweni Ephakeme ekunqumeni ukuthi ukujezisa kuyinkantolo yemibuzo yezombangazwe ayikwazanga ukubukeza.

Thomas Portmost (2010): Isuselwe ukonakala futhi isho amanga, bese ingafaneleki ehhovisi lesikhathi esizayo. Ukuhlolwa kwamuva okuphumelele kakhulu kwanoma isiphi isikhulu.

Lokho Umlando Okufundisayo

Imfundo Ingu-Rare: Ngeziphakamiso ezingamashumi amabili kuphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-230, futhi izinkolelo eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela, ukunganaki kuhlala kuhlukile kunomthetho. Lokhu kubonakalisa kokubili izindinganiso eziphakeme nezingozi zezombangazwe ezihilelekile.

Parisanshi Dooms Ukuqiniseka[: Zonke iziphakamiso zomongameli ziye zahlukaniswa kakhulu. Imfuneko yesithathu ezimbili isho ukusekela i-bipartisan ukuze iphumelele cishe okuyinto engenakwenzeka.

[ Imibono ehlangeneyo Imithetho: Izindlela zokuzihloba ngaphandle kokusekela komphakathi (Clinton) zivame ukubhuntsha ngokwezombangazwe, kanti lezo ezisekelwa umphakathi (uNixon, nakuba eshiywe) zingaphumelela.

I-Evidence Seacts Legitacy: Izincwadi ezisekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile bokuziphatha okubi okungathi sína (uNixon, ezinye iziteshi zokwahlulela) zibhekwa njengezisemthethweni. Lezo ezisekelwe ezimpikiswaneni zemithetho noma ukuphambaniswa kwezobuchwepheshe (Andrew Johnson) zibhekwa njengezenzo ezingafanele.

Ukuqamba amajantshi. Okunye okungaqashelwa

Inqubo yokufundisa ingenye yezindlela eziningana zokubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni icala, ngayinye enezinjongo nezinqubo ezihlukene.

ISichibiyelo Se - 25

Lokho oyikho[: Ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kuvumela uMongameli ongumsizi neKhabhinethi ukuba kususe umongameli ongakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi ebangelwa ukuhlaziywa ngokwengqondo noma ukuhlaziywa.

[[UMTHLO:0] Indlela Ohluka ngayo ku-'I-'IARC''[[UMTL:1]:

• Amakheli angenangqondo, hhayi ukuziphatha kabi
• Inqubo yegatsha eliphethe (Cabinet ne VP), hhayi ukushaya umthetho
• Ukulungiswa kwesikhashana, umongameli akwazi ukubekela inselele
• Ungalokothi usebenziseke ngokuphumelelayo ekususeni umongameli

Lapho kucatshangelwa[: ISichibiyelo se 25 saxoxwa ngoTrump ngemva kukaJanuary 6, kodwa amalungu eKhabhinethi awazange asinxuse.

Ukumangalela Kwesigebengu

Kubaphathi abaningi: Izikhulu zeFederal zingaqulwa ngecala ngenxa yokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni, kuholele ekuboshweni uma ziboshelwe.

I-Pradissidentity [: Uma umongameli ohleziyo engamangalelwa ngokungemthetho akakaphenduliswa. Isimiso soMnyango wokwahlulela (akuwona umthetho) sithi cha, kodwa lokhu akukaze kuvivinywe enkantolo. Ngemva kokuphuma ehhovisi, abaholi bangamangalelwa ngokucacile.

[[[QULT:0]Relebration to Impecation: Izinqubo zobugebengu nokungagunyazi zingahamba ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngokwemininingwane, zibhekisa ukuziphatha okufanayo ngezindlela ezihlukene.

Ukulandisa

[[UMTH:0] Itshekisi eliyi-Primita[: Izinhlelo zinikeza indlela eyinhloko yokulandisa, zivumela abavoti ukuba basuse izikhulu ezingazijabulisi.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithetho[[Umthetho:1]:

• Kusebenza kuphela ngesikhathi sokhetho (eminyakeni ethile ngemva kokuziphatha okubi)
• Ngakhoni ukususa izikhulu ngokushesha
• Abavolontiya bangase baphinde bakhethe naphezu kokuziphatha kabi uma bevumelana nezimiso
• Azisebenzi izikhulu ezingakhethwa njengamajaji

I - Censure Yase - Congress Ne - Reprimiand

Lokho eziyikho[: Izinkulumo ezibonisa ukungamukeleki ezingazikhiphi izikhulu esikhundleni kodwa zilahla obala ukuziphatha kwazo.

Isibonakaliso[: kungokomfanekiso, kodwa kungalimaza idumela nokuma kwezombangazwe. UMongameli Andrew Jackson wagxekwa (kamuva wasuswa), njengoba kwakunjalo ngoMongameli Trump (Ukulahla Indlu ngemva kokukhulula okokuqala).

Usetshenziswa kwe-Strategic [: Ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa njengenye indlela uma ukulahla kubonakala kungaphumeleli, kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulahle ukuziphatha okungokomthetho ngaphandle kokuphoqelela ukususwa.

Izimpikiswano Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukungathathi kahle kwanamuhla kuphakamisa imibuzo engaxazululeki ngenjongo, izindinganiso, kanye nokuphumelela kwale nqubo.

Ingabe Ukuhluleka Kwezombangazwe Kunzima Kakhulu?

Indaba [: Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukugomela kuye kwaba isikhali esilwayo esithathelwa isodwa kunokuba kube yithuluzi lokulandisa elingokomthetho. Uma amaqembu ekhetha amongameli abavela kwelinye iqembu kakhulu, ingabe le nqubo isebenza ngokwenjongo?

[[[Umthetho:0] Ukuvinjelwa kwe-Politic [[Umthetho:1]:

• Ukwanda kokulinganiselwa (ingxenye yakho konke ukungagunyazi komongameli kwenzeka kuleminyaka engu - 25 edlule)
• Indlela yokuvota eyingxenye
• Izinsongo zokuhlasela ezisetshenziswa ekukhulumeni kwezombangazwe
• Isikhathi esiqondile ngokhetho

I-liferator: Abasunguli babelindele ukungezwani ukuba kube kwezombangazwe − uHamilton wakubiza ngokuthi kwezombangazwe kuFederalist No. 65. Umbuzo uwukuthi ungumxhasi (isigaba-driven) vs. ezombangazwe (isusa isahlulelo mayelana nesithakazelo somphakathi).

Ingabe Ungakwazi Ukuthuthukisa Umsebenzi Ezikhathini Ezinokushintshashintsha?

Inkinga: Imfuneko yokuqiniseka efunwayo engafinyelelwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu. Namuhla, ngisho nokungalungi kokuziphatha okubi kungase kungakhiqizi amavoti eNkantolo engu-67.

[[Umthetho:0] Izifundo[[Umthetho:1]:

• Abaholi bangase bagonywe ngokuphumelelayo ekususweni uma iqembu labo lilawula izihlalo zezigele 34+
• Ukuziphindiselela kuba ukulahla okungokomfanekiso kunokuba kube indlela yokususa ngokoqobo
• Imibono yabaxhasi bomthetho-mthetho mayelana nokubambisana kwengxenye ephambanayo ayisaxhasi

[[AKT:0] Izixazululo zeze-Pixel (akukho okusebenzayo manje):

• Umnyango ophansi wokukholwa (wawuyodinga ukulungiswa komthetho - sisekelo)
• Beka izindinganiso ezicacile zokungavumelani (ukunciphisa ukwahlulela kwezombangazwe)
• Umkhankaso wezimali wokulungisa nokuncishiswa kwezindawo ezibandayo (isikhathi eside, ingaqondile)

Ingabe Ababeyizikhulu Kufanele Babe Abangathonyeki?

Impikiswano: Ukungaqondi kwesibini kwenzeka ngesikhathi engumongameli, kodwa icala leSigele lenzeka ngemva kokuba ephumile ehhovisi. Lokhu kwaphakamisa imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho.

[[Umthetho:0] Izimpawu ze[[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ivimbela izikhulu ukuba zingayeki ukuba ziphunyuke ekuzilandiseni
• Ukungahleleki okuvela ehhovisi lesikhathi esizayo kuhlala kuwusizo ngemva kokuhamba
• Ukuzithethelela kuveza umlando nokulahlwa

[[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano ezimelene[[Umthetho:1]:

• Umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ubhekisela ekususweni kwezikhulu "esikhundleni," unikeza ngokomthetho ukuthi kumelwe zibe nesikhundla
• Iba yinjongo yokungalungi, hhayi yokususa injongo ehlukile
• Kwakungasetshenziswa ukuhlasela abaphikisi bezombangazwe bengasekho kuhulumeni

C Isimo samanje: Umbuzo awukaphenduli. ISigele saqhubeka nokuqulwa kwecala likaTrump kodwa amaRepublic amaningi aphikisa ngokuthi ayengenagunya.

Yini Ebizwa ngokuthi “Ubugebengu Obuphakeme Nezigebengu Ezingalungile"?

Impikiswano eqhubekayo[: Naphezu kweminyaka engu 230+ yomlando, ukuphikisana kuyaqhubeka ngokuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okungathandeki.

Umbono owe-Culisayo: Ngokuvamile uphikisa incazelo encane(ubugebengu obungokoqobo) noma ukwephulwa okucacile komthetho-mthetho.

Umbono we-Liberal[: Ama-hendth aqondene nencazelo ebanzi("ukusetshenziswa kwegunya, ukwephulwa kokuthemba umphakathi, ukwenza izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

[ Izifundo: Ngaphandle kokuvumelana, konke ukuhluleka kuba yimpi phezu kwezindinganiso, futhi uhlangothi ngalunye luthi olunye luye lwayisebenzisa kabi lenqubo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke: Indlela Ezinye Izigungu Zokukhipha Igunya Ezikusingatha Ngayo Ukususwa Kwesimiso Sombuso

Ukuhlola indlela amanye amazwe asusa ngayo abaholi kunikeza umongo wenqubo yokufundisa yaseMelika [[FLT: 0].

Izimiso Zasephalamende

United Kingdom: Ayikho inqubo engokomthetho yokufundisa uNdunankulu, okhonza enjabulweni yePhalamende. Ivoti yokungathembi isusa PMS ngokushesha.

Izinga eliphezulu: Ukususwa ngokushesha kwabaholi abahlulekile; ukulandisa okucacile kumthetho-mthetho; akudingeki amacala akhethekile.

Izikhundla eziphambili: Ohulumeni abangaqinile uma amavoti angathembiwa avame kakhulu; isivikelo esincane ekushushisweni kwezombangazwe.

Izimiso Zobumongameli

South Korea: Useke wahloma futhi wasusa abameli, muva nje iPark Geun-hye ngo-2017 ngenxa yenkohlakalo. INkantolo yabo yoMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe isekele ukugunyaza, /ukuhlanganisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela enqubeni yezombangazwe.

Brazil: Ngempumelelo uMongameli ohlonishwe ngo-2016 uDilma Rousseff ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuhlela. Inqubo yabo iyafana neyaseMelika kodwa iye yasetshenziswa kaningi.

Fransa: Umongameli angahlolwa ukuba "afeze imisebenzi yakhe ngokusemthethweni angayiboni imvume yokuqhubeka ehhovisi," afune womabili amagumbi ukuba avote. Akazange asetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Embonweni Oqhathaniswa Nendawo

Isiphambano saseMelika: Inqubo yokungafundiswa kweU.S. ingu:

• Amazwe amaningi anzima kakhulu (asezigoqweni eziphakeme)
• Ichazwe ngokucacile kunezinye izimiso
• Ukuzimela kwezinkantolo kunabanye (Iningizimu Korea isebenzisa ukubukezwa kweNkantolo Yomthetho - sisekelo)
• Abaphumeleli kakhulu kunabanye ababusa ngentando yeningi

Trade-of: zonke izilinganiso zesimiso:

• Ukuphumelela (ukususwa okunzima kuvikela ekuntengantengisweni kwezombangazwe)
• ukugcinwa komlando [ (ukususwa okucinene kuqinisekisa abaholi ukuba bangahlolwa)
• Umthetho wentando yeningi (izinhlangano ezihlukile", i-legislatures vs. izinkantolo v.voti/nezimpawu zedemokrasi ezihlukene)

Isimiso saseMelika simisa ukuqina nokuhlukana kwemibuso ngokuyisusa kalula, kube ngcono nangokwengeziwe.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngokuhlongozwa

Ukuqeda ukudideka kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Inganekwane 1: "Imali isho ukususwa ehhovisi"

Ubuqiniso[: Indlu eletha amacala (njengecala). Icala lesiGqebhene linquma ukususwa. Isikhulu singakhishwa kodwa sikhululwe (Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kabili).

Inganekwane 2: "Imali Nemali Idinga Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu"

Ubuqiniso[: Nakuba ubugebengu bungangayekwa, "Ubugebengu obuphezulu kanye nezigebengu" zihlanganisa ukungasetshenziswa kabi kobushiqela kwamandla, ukukhaphela ukwethenjwa umphakathi, nokuziphatha okululaza uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo.

Inkolelo - ze 3: "INkantolo Ephakeme Inquma Amacala Angenandaba"

Ubuqiniso[: Ukunikeza imvume ngokuphelele. UMahluleli omkhulu uqondisa ukuqulwa kwecala likamongameli kodwa akenzi zinqumo ezincinci. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile azinakuzibukeza izinqumo (ziwukubusa umbuzo wezombangazwe" kwi Nixon v. United States, 1993).

Inkolelo - ze 4: "Isifiso Sifana Nokuqulwa Kwecala"

Ukuba ngokoqobo[: Nakuba inezici ezifana nokulingwa, ukugxeka kuyimithetho yezombangazwe ngokuyisisekelo, hhayi ubugebengu. Imithetho ecacile ehlukene, ingekho ijaji, akukho zijeziso zobugebengu, futhi akukho ukucabangela kwezombangazwe okufanelekile.

Inkolelo - ze 5: "Izikhulu Ezingaqeqeshiwe Azinakuphinde Zikwazi Ukuthatha Ihhovisi"

Ukuba ngokoqobo: Ukusuka ehhovisi akuzenzakaleli ngengozi ukuba ungakufanelekeli ukungenela inkonzo yesikhathi esizayo. Isigele kumelwe sibe nevoti ehlukile yokuhlukanisa (kungafunwa iningi elivamile kuphela). Ngaphandle kwaleyovoti, izikhulu ezisusiwe zingaphinde zihambe.

Inganekwane 6: "Inzalo ibuyisela ukhetho"

[ Claim: Abanye baphikisa ukuvota ngokulahla intando yabavoti ngokususa izikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Ukuba ngokoqobo: UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuhlolwa njengenhlolo ebhekiswe ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe. Abasunguli basungula inqubo yokususa izikhulu phakathi kokhetho lapho besebenzisa kabi amandla okhetho, bedelela ukwethembana, noma belulaza idemokrasi ngokwayo.

Isiphetho: Inqubo Engahleleki Isebenza Kanjani?

Inqubo [[QULT:0] yokuzihlela [ ihlanganisa ukushukuma kombuso wentando yeningi: Ubasusa kanjani abaholi abasebenzisa kabi amandla ngaphandle kokwenza ukuntengantenga noma ukwenza ushushiso lwezombangazwe?

Umsunguli wempendulo − inqubo enzima edinga ukusekela okukhulu kakhulu () iveza umzamo wabo wokulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo:

• [ ukulandisa [ ngaphandle kokwenza i-volution vendettas
• Ukusebenziseka [ ngaphandle kokwakha ukuvikeleka kwe-monarch
• Umthetho osemthethweni wentando yeningi uma uvikela amalungelo amancane
• [ Isenzo sokuhlinza [ ngokusongelwa kwangempela kuyilapho kuvimbela izahlulelo eziphaphamele

Uma lokhu kulinganisela kusebenza embonweni wakho. Abaxhasi bakhomba ukuthatha kwe-athority kanye ne-back ephezulu njengobufakazi obuyivimbela ukususwa okungathí sina lapho kusekhona ngezikhathi zezinkinga zangempela. Abagxeki baphikisa imfuneko enkulu yenza ukuba ukususwa cishe kube ngenakwenzeka ezikhathini ezihlukene, okwenza lenqubo ingasebenzi kahle uma kudingekile kakhulu.

Umlando ubonisa kokubili. Ukuhlelwa kwenqubo kaNixon kubonise lenqubo ingasebenza lapho ubufakazi buqashelwa futhi kuvuleka ukuvumelana kwe-bipartisan. Kodwa ukuvumelana kwanamuhla komongameli kuvele kwavela ukunqanda ukukhulula, konke okuphumela ekulahlekeni − ukuveza lenqubo kuye kwaba yisibonakaliso kakhulu kunesebenzayo, okungenani kumongameli abasekela kakhulu iqembu.

Kujaji bezwe, ukujezisa kusebenza kangcono. Uma amajaji ayishumi nanhlanu eqediwe futhi esusiwe, le nqubo isusa ngokuphumelelayo abahluleli abonakele noma abangaqedi abangase baphile ukuphila. Isifundo: ukuphakamisi kusebenza kahle kakhulu uma:

• Ukuziphatha kabi kucacile futhi kubhalwe kahle
• Izigxobo zezombangazwe ziphansi (ababusi abamelene nababusi)
• Kukhona ukuvumelana okuthile nge - bipartisan
• Umphakathi uyawaqonda futhi uyawasekela amacala

Ukubheka phambili, ukuhluleka kubhekene nezinselele. Ukudayisa i-partistion kwenza ukuqiniseka okuqinile cishe kungabi nokwenzeka ekunikezelweni kwemithetho kamongameli. Imfuneko ephindwe kabili yesithathu eyaqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni manje idala inqubo eseduze. Nokho izicelo zokulungisa inqubo ye-(-echollet quences), ukumisa izindinganiso ezicacile, ukwenezela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela izinkinga zabo futhi awanandlela engokoqobo yokutholwa.

Mhlawumbe inani langempela lokungagunyazi alikho ekususweni kodwa likhona njengendlela yomthetho-sisekelo. Ithuba nje lokungagunyazi lingase linqande ukuxhashazwa okuthile. Inqubo ngokwayo. /i-acpinseon, izindlebe, impikiswano yomphakathi /-accompan, iveza ukuziphatha okubi, i-commenter jove shond short izikhulu ngisho noma zingakhululwa. Futhi ukungagunyazi kunikeza indawo yokukhipha umthetho wesikhalo esingathiwe kakhulu esingase sithathe isinyathelo esinzima.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda kusho ukuqaphela amandla akho kanye nemingcele yakho. Akusona ithuluzi elihlukanisayo ukususa abezombangazwe abangakuthandi noma inqubo engcwele ngaphezu kokucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe. Likhambi lezombangazwe lezinkinga zezombangazwe(impoqo, ingxabano, futhi ligxile kakhulu esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo wethu.

Njengoba iphawula i-National Constitution Center, ukuqamba kubonisa inkolelo yoMsunguli wenkolelo yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wodwa awunakuvikela idemokrasi. Baqaphela ukuthi akukho simiso semithetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiswe kahle kangakanani, singasebenza ngaphandle kwabaholi bokholo oluhle nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandisa. I-athority ekugcineni iyisahlulelo sezombangazwe esinikezwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, zona ngokwazo ezinecala lokuvota.

Ngaleyondlela, ukufaneleka komthetho kuxhomeke kunezilinganiso ezingokomthetho kunokubopha ngentando yeningi. Umphakathi onolwazi oyiqondayo le nqubo, uhlola ubufakazi, futhi ufaka abameleli icala wenza isheke elisebenzayo kumandla. Umphakathi ongathathi hlangothi obheka ukujeziswa ngamalens agcinayo kuphela uvumela lenqubo ukuba ibe isikhali sezombangazwe noma uphawu olungenamazinyo.

Inqubo yokungavumelani iyaqhubeka ngoba, kuwo wonke amaphutha ayo, imelela okuthile okubalulekile: isimiso sokuthi eMelika, akekho, futhi cishe nomongameli (‘naye `umongameli] ungaphezu komthetho. Ukuthi leso simiso siyiqiniso asixhomekile nje embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa nasesibophweni esiqhubekayo sezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo ukuba bakwenze. Ukuqonda ukungagunyazi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqinisekiseni lenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo enamandla kufeza injongo yayo: ukuvikela idemokramenti kulabo abayisebenzisa kabi.