Inqubo yomthetho iwumgogodla wentando yeningi emelela idemokrasi, ukuguqula izidingo zomphakathi zibe umthetho oboshiwe. Nakuba ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengesejwayezi esikude, esithathwa ngemuva, izinqumo ezenziwa ngale nqubo zilungisa indwangu yendawo ngokuqondile kususela ekukhuleni komoya namanzi kuya ekutholakaleni kwezindlu ezithengwayo kanye nokuxhaswa kwezikole zomphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi umthetho uba yize kanjani isikole sibe yimfundo efundekayo; unika izakhamuzi amandla okungenela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo kanye nomsekeli wezithakazelo zazo. Lesi sihloko sihlola isigaba ngasinye senqubo yomthetho ngokujule futhi sihlola ithonya elibonakalayo, umthetho onakho emiphakathini yendawo, kuyilapho unikeza isiqondiso endleleni abantu abakwazi ngayo ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo.

Iyini Inqubo Yokushaya Imithetho?

Inqubo yomthetho inqubo ehlelwe ngendlela elandelanayo echaza umthetho ohlongozwayo − owaziwa njengomthetho ocatshangelwayo −, olungiswe, olungisiwe, owenziwa noma owenqatshwe. Nakuba imithetho eqondile nezinqubo zihluka phakathi kwamazwe futhi ngisho naphakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni phakathi kwezwe elifanayo, izigaba eziyinhloko zifana ngokuphawulekayo. Ezingeni likahulumeni eUnited States, lenqubo ichazwa ngemithetho-Mithetho-sisekelo futhi ihlanganiswe nemithetho yendlu yabameli ne-Gasagelethi. Ezindlu zomthetho-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho zedolobha, izigelethi zesifunda, nemiyakhe, izinqubo efanayo iyasebenza, ngokuvamile ngemithetho yemithetho efanayo kanye nezikhathi ezingezimbalwa kakhulu.

Le nqubo iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlotshisiwe, uphikiswana futhi ucwengisiswe ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho. Inikeza amaphuzu amaningi okungena ukuze umphakathi ungene futhi idala izisekelo phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene namagumbi kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekuqinisekiseni indlela umqondo olula ongaphenduka ngayo ube umthetho othinta izigidi zabantu.

Izisekelo Zenqubo Yomthetho Ngemininingwane

Impumelelo yemali ixhomeke ekuhambeni ngesiteji ngasinye ngaphandle kokuphikiswa okubulalayo noma izithiyo ezibangelwa imingcele.

Isimemezelo Sebhuloho

Uhambo lwemithetho luqala lapho ilungu lendlu yomthetho-mthetho `a ummeleli, i-senator, noma ilungu lomkhandlu ("lomkhandlu") lingenisa imvume. Icala lingasuka emithonjeni eminingi: isicelo somkhandlu, iqembu lokucindezela, inxusa likahulumeni elibonisa isidingo somthetho, noma inqubo yomthetho. Uma seliye laziswa, lomthetho unikezwa inani elikhethekile nesiqu, futhi ungeniswe erekhodini elingokomthetho. Ezindaweni eziningi, isimemezelo kumelwe sixhaswe okungenani yi-gestro enye, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abasizi bemithetho bakhona ukuze bakhe isivinini. Isigaba sokuqala silapho umbhalo ogcwele wesimemezelo utholakala obala, uvumela izakhamuzi namaqembu ukuba aqale ukuhlola imiphumela yayo.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, izimali zibhekiselwa ekomitini emile ephethe ngokukhethekile kulesihloko. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhwama sokuxhasa isikole somphakathi sithunyelwa eKomitini yemfundo; isikhokhelo sezinga lamanzi eKomitini Yendawo Ezungezile. AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu wokusebenza ekwahluleleni umthetho uyenzeka khona. Aphethe ukuzwakala lapho ochwepheshe, izikhulu zezinhlangano, namalungu omphakathi angafaka ubufakazi. Ikomiti ingabe iphethe khona “isimiso sokubhakatha”, phakathi naleso amalungu afaka isikhala nokuvota ukuze ahluze izikhangiso. Amakomiti angakhetha ukubulala isimemezelo ngokumane nje angasebenzisi iqhinga elazi ngokuthi“ igeonho.” Uma amakomiti evota ekhomba ukukhomba ukukhomba kahle.

3. Impikiswano Ephakeme Nesichibiyelo

Uma isikweleti sesiye sabikwa ekomitini, sibekwa ekhalendeni lemithetho ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo yonke indawo. Inkulumo - mpikiswano yemithetho elawula igumbi eliphansi iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Endlu yabameleli yase-U.S., impikiswano ilinganiselwe kakhulu ngomthetho obekwe yiKomiti ye-Mithetho. ESigqeni, impikiswano ivame ukuba ingenamkhawulo, ivumela izinkulumo eziqoshiwe eziklanyelwe ukulibazisa noma ukuvimbela ukuvota. Ingxoxo yaphansi, abamisi-mthetho bangase bahlose ukunqanda ukunqandwa kwemithetho ngezindlela eziphawulekayo, ngezinye izikhathi ishintshela ngokuphelele injongo yayo (ngoba ukuthi “impebe namaqhinga anjalo avame ukuphikisana). Inkulumo yenkulumo iqopheli eliqophelwe ukunaka okukhulu futhi ingenza ukunaka okukhulu, yenza ithuba elibalulekile lokuhlela ukwakheka kombono womphakathi.

Ukusakazisa

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, imvume ifakwa evotini. Uhlobo lwemali efunekayo luxhomeke endikimbeni yemithetho nasesimweni semali. Umthetho ovamile udlula ngeningi elivamile (ngaphezu kwengxenye yalabo abakhona kanye nokuvota). Ezinye izikweleti, njengokulungisa noma ukulinganisela kohlelo lwemali, kungadinga ukubhalisa okukhulu (umz., amamitha amathathu). Uma umthetho uhluleka, uyaphela. Uma udlula, uhamba uye kwelinye igumbi lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho (esenza i-biral system system), lapho uyoqala khona futhi udlulele ngenqubo efanayo.

5. IKomiti Yeminye Imikhandlu Nengqungquthela

Kuyi-bidaral congress enjenge-Breamiral Congress noma izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni, umthetho kumelwe uvunyelwe ngendlela efanayo ngawo womabili amagumbi. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa, ubhekisa ngqo kumphathi. Uma igumbi lesibili lenza izinguquko, izindleko zibuyela ekamelweni lokuqala lesivumelwano. Uma lamaqembu amabili engenakuvumelana, ikomiti yengqungquthela ehlangeneyo kulawo makamu − qhamissions imiswe ukuba ixazulule ukuhlehlela. Umbiko wengqungquthela owenzekile kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo omabili amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumphathi. Lesisigaba ngokuvamile sikhiqiza uhlelo lokugcina, oluwujuqu lwezi umthetho.

6. Ukugunyazwa Kwabantu Abaphethe

Uma lamakamelo esedlulise izindleko ezifanayo, anikezwa umphathi omkhulu ($padentint, umbusi, noma umphathi wedolobha, kuye ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Isikhulu singathatha esinye sezenzo eziningana:

  • [ Uphawu olungenamthetho ngokushesha.
  • [ Ufaka umlomo , uwubuyisela esigeqeni ngempikiswano. Isishaya-mthetho singabe sesithatha i-veto, ngokuvamile ngevoti eyi-3 egumbini ngalinye.
  • vumela izivumelwano ukuba zibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayino (i-pocket vento) uma umphathi akathathi nyathelo esikhathini esithile esinqunyiwe lapho isishaya-mthetho siseseqephini.
  • Kwezinye izifunda, umphathi unegunya lokushaya amalungiselelo akhethekile emali ye-appry ngaphandle kokwenqaba yonke isilinganiso.

Uma umthetho uba umthetho, unikezwa inani lomthetho wasobala futhi uhlanganiswe ezincwadini zemithetho ezifanele. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iphelele, kodwa ithonya langempela lomthetho lisekhona.

Umphumela Omangalisayo Womthetho Emiphakathini Yendawo

Imithetho yabekwa noma kumuphi uhulumeni, isifundazwe noma indawo, ithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi ngezindlela zikakhonkolo. Izindawo ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela ukumiswa kwemithetho okuthinta ngayo imiphakathi yendawo.

Izakhiwo Nentuthuko Engokomnotho

Umthetho we-Federal onjenge-Infrablicactal Investment ne-Jobs Act inikeza izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi emigwaqweni, amabhuloho, ukuthuthwa komphakathi, izimiso zamanzi, kanye nezimiso ezibanzi ezisesiteshini sendawo. Ukwanda komgwaqo omkhulu owodwa noma umsebenzi omusha wesimiso sendle kungaguqula ukuxhumana komphakathi, izakhiwo, namathuba ebhizinisi. Imithetho yokuthuthukisa kwezomnotho yezinga eliphezulu inganikeza izisusa zentela ukukhanga abaqashi, kuyilapho imithetho yendawo ehlelayo inquma ukuthi umsebenzi ukhona kuphi futhi intuthuko yezendawo. Lezi zinqunywe ngokuqondile zithonya ukutholakala komphakathi, ukutholakala kwezindawo, kanye namathuba okuchuma komphakathi wonke.

Ukutholakala Kwempilo Yomphakathi Nezosizo Lezempilo

Umthetho unquma ukuba ngcono kwezinhlelo ezifana noMedicaid neNdlela yempilo yoMshuwalense (CHIP), ehlanganisa izigidi zemikhaya ethola imali encane. Imithetho yoMbuso futhi ilawula izimakethe zomshuwalense, idinga ishendelwa ngezinkonzo ezithile (umz., ukulinganisela kwezengqondo), futhi igunyaza imizamo yezempilo yomphakathi enjengemikhankaso yokugoma noma izinhlelo zokushintshisana. Ezingeni lendawo, iziqondiso zezempilo nezimali zithinta ukutholakala kwemithola-mthola-mthola-mthola-khaya, ukuhlola izitolo zokudlela, nokulungisa isimo esiphuthumayo. Umphakathi oncikeneno esibhedlela esisodwa, isibhedlela esisesilinganini seseceleni semithetho yese-simende yese-yo-yosimessace unganquma ukuthi ingabe ukuthi isibhedlela sihlala sivuliwe yini noma izinhlelo ezintsha.

Imfundo Nezikole

Izindlela zokuxhasa imali zesikole zivame ukubhalwa ekwakheni umthetho kahulumeni, kudala umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Imithetho ye-Frederal efana ne-All Scheevereds Act (ESSA) imisa izindinganiso zokulandisa nokuhlola izimfuneko. Amabhodi ezikomfunda asendaweni, izidalwa zomthetho kahulumeni, zenza izinqumo mayelana nezifundo, ukuqashwa, nokuvalwa kwesikole okumiswe umthetho wezinga eliphezulu. Ukushintsha kwezimfuneko zothisha, ukukhokha amalungelo ahlangene, noma ukukhokha intelelwa kwabafundi kungathinta ngokuqondile izinga lemfundo emakilasini endawo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwendawo Nezwe

I-Ceac Air Act ne-Ceaner Water Act, yomibili imithetho kahulumeni, imisa izindinganiso zendawo ezilinganiselwe ohulumeni bendawo okumelwe bahlangabezane nazo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho egunyaza amandla avuselelwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala zinambuzane, nokulawulwa kwemfucumfucu. Amabhodi ezindawo zomphakathi nokuhlelwa kwezindawo kusetshenziswa umthetho kahulumeni wokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, ukumisa izithiyo, nokuvikela amaxhaphozi noma izifunda ezingokomlando. Umphakathi oseduze kwefektri noma indawo ehlongozayo unesiphazamiso esiqondile enqubeni yomthetho ebeka imingcele yokukhipha noma imibandela evumela izivumelwano.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Umthetho uchaza ubugebengu, ukubeka izijeziso, nokunika amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, namajele imali. Ezingeni lezwe, ukugweba inguquko, ukuguqula ibheyili, nokugunyaza imilaliso ethile kunemiphumela emikhulu endaweni. Imithetho yendawo ilawula izikhalo zomsindo, amanqanda, nezakhiwo ezikhathazayo. Umthetho wamaphoyisa wokuguqula isimo (ezifana nezimfuneko zokuthatha amakhamera, ukusebenzisa ukubika kwempoqo, noma izibhodi ezizimele zithinta ngokuqondile indlela ukugcinwa komthetho okusebenzelana ngayo nezakhamuzi zendawo. Ukuxhasa izintambo zomphakathi ezingekho emthethweni ezisemthethweni kunganciphisa imiphakathi yejele futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela yokuphepha komphakathi.

Ubani Ololonga Imithetho?

Ukuqonda inqubo yokushaya umthetho kusho futhi ukuqaphela inqwaba yabadlali abawuthonyayo, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokuba izindleko zifike ngisho naphansi.

  • [ Izikhulu eziphawuliwe nenduku yazo, ezikhipha izikweletu nomalusi.
  • [ Abaxhasi bamelela izinkampani, izinxuluma zezohwebo, izinyunyana, noma izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo, ezinikeza ulwazi nokungafundi.
  • [ Izinhlangano eziphethe ezimisa imithetho futhi ngokuvamile zihlongoza izinguquko ezilawulayo.
  • Amaqembu e-Advocation nezimpande zezinhlangano eziqoqa ukusekela komphakathi noma ukuphikiswa.
  • [ Izindawo zokukhipha ezilawula ukuqonda komphakathi futhi zimise uhlelo.
  • [ Izakhamuzi ezingabantu ezibhala izincwadi, eziya ezindlebeni, noma ezihlela imikhankaso.

Umthetho ophumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile ubangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kokwaziswa okungochwepheshe, ukuxoxisana kwezombangazwe, nokuthembisana kwangempela komphakathi.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo enqubweni yomthetho akugcini ngokuvota njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emine.

Ukuxhumana Nezikhulu Eziqashelwe

I-imeyili ebhalwe kahle, ucingo, noma umhlangano ne-paperson osebenza nomphathi-mthetho noma izisebenzi zabo zingawenza umehluko omkhulu. Uma kuthintana nezikhulu, kusiza ukucacisa inombolo yezikhokhelo, chaza ukuthi ingakuthinta kanjani wena noma umphakathi wakho, futhi ubuze ukuthi ume kanjani. Izindaba zomuntu siqu zinesisindo esikhethekile, qhawe ngethonya lenqubo ingasusa umbono womenzi womthetho.

Ukufakazelwa Ukuqulwa Kwecala Lomphakathi

AmaKomiti avame ukuqungatha izikhalo lapho noma iliphi ilungu lomphakathi lingakhuluma khona. Ubufakazi bokulungiselela obufingqiwe, obuyiqiniso, futhi obugxile ethonyeni lendawo kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla. Ezinhlanganweni eziningi zombuso nemikhandlu yedolobha, ubufakazi basobala bulinganiselwe ngemizuzu embalwa, ngakho bukhokhela ukwenza futhi ukuletha amakhophi abhaliwe ukuze kubhalwe umbhalo.

Ukuhlanganyela EmaHholo Omuzi Nasemaholidini

Ukuya kulezi zenzakalo nokubuza imibuzo edinga ulwazi kungavusa ukuqaphela ngezimpikiswano nabaholi abacindezelayo ukuba bakhulume ngezinkinga zomphakathi.

Ukuzihlanganisa Noma Ukwakha Amaqembu Abusayo

Izwi ngalinye linamandla kakhulu uma lihlanganiswa. Ukujoyina isahluko sendawo senhlangano yesizwe, `njengeNhlangano Yabesifazane, i-Sierra Club'', noma inhlangano yothisha-mzali(inikeza imithombo, ukubambisana, nokunxusa komphakathi. Izindaba ezinokumelela okulinganiselwe okukhona, izakhamuzi zingakha imifelandawo yazo, zisebenzise izicelo, izicelo, nemithombo yezindaba yendawo ukuze zakhe ijubane.

Ukukhuluma Kuzo Zonke Izinhlobo Zokukhetha

Inkokhelo iyindlela yokulandisa edlula zonke. Nakuba ukhetho lukamongameli ludonsa ukunakekela okukhulu, ukhetho lwemithetho yemithetho nolwendawo ngokuvamile lunethonya eliqondene nezindaba zomphakathi. Izinhlanga zebhodi lesikole, ukhetho lomkhandlu wedolobha, nonoshethisi bama-collendm banquma izinqubo zentela yempahla, isikole, nemisebenzi yendawo. U-Voter ucima kuleminyaka edlule nokhetho lwendawo kuvame ukuba nethonya eliphansi, okusho inani elincane lezakhamuzi ezithembisiwe kungaba nethonya elikhulu.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yomthetho ayiyona inqubo eqhele kakhulu; inqubo ekwazi ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, izidingo, nezinto eziza kuqala zibe yimithetho elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ekuphuzeni amanzi kuya ekulondekeni kwemigwaqo, kusukela ekuxhaseni imitapo yezincwadi yendawo kuya ekuqondiseni imitapo emifushane, yonke imithetho iqukethe indaba yendawo. Ngokuqonda izigaba zendlela izingcango eziba ngayo umthetho futhi baqaphele amathuba amaningi okufakwa komphakathi, abantu bangasuka ezibukelini abangenzi lutho baye kubantu abakhuthele. Ukungenela enqubweni yomthetho akuyona nje indlela elungile kodwa umthwalo wemithetho kuhlala ingenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokubumba ikusasa lendawo oya kuyo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo: USA.gov – Indlela Imithetho Ebekwe ngayo inikeza ukucazululwa okufushane kwenqubo kahulumeni. . inqubo yemithetho yegov inikeza izincazelo eziningi nezingakhokhwa. Izinhlelo zendawo zihlanganiswa yi- Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legistrations[.[FLT:]