Amagama "republic" kanye "umbuso we-democracy" avame ukusetshenziswa ngokungafani engxoxweni evamile, kodwa abhekisela emiqondweni ehlukene emfundisweni nasekwenzeni kwezombangazwe. Nakuba ekugcineni zombili izimiso zithola igunya lazo kubantu, zihlukile ezimisweni eziyisisekelo njengokuvikela amalungelo amancane, indima yomthetho-sisekelo, nezindlela zokukhetha abaholi. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, njengoba kucacisa izisekelo zezimiso zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke futhi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokunengqondo enkulumweni yezembubhiso.

Ukuchaza Intando Yeningi

Idemokrase isuka emagameni esiGreki s (abantu) kanye kratos[ (igunya noma ukubusa). Engxenyeni yayo, idemokrati isho "kubusa abantu." Ohlelweni lwentando yeningi, izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhethwa ngokhetho, futhi izimiso zinqunywa ngemithetho eminingi. Nokho, idemokhrasi njengesibonelo sokubusa ayiyona i-olithic; iveza ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye ngezimpawu zayo siqu nezibonelo ezingokomlando.

Intando yeningi Eqondile

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliqondile, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo. Loluhlobo lwalusetshenziswa e-Athene yasendulo, lapho izakhamuzi zabesilisa ezifanelekayo zazihlangana khona emihlanganweni ukuze zivote imithetho nezimiso. Izibonelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa ama-Swisss asebenzisa izikhombo ezivamile nemihlangano yasemadolobheni eNew England, lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona ngezimali nangemithetho. Idemokrati elawula inikeza izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lengxenye yezakhamuzi, kodwa ayisizi ngamazwe amakhulu, anenani ngenxa yokuzikhubazeka kwemithetho kanye nobunkimbi bemithetho yanamuhla.

Intando Yeningi Emelele Uhulumeni

Kuyintando yeningi emelelwa abameleli, izakhamuzi ezikhethelwe ukwenza izinqumo. Lena indlela evame kakhulu yentando yeningi namuhla, ebonwa emazweni anjengeUnited Kingdom, Canada, neJapane. Abameleli balindeleke ukuba basebenze ngenzuzo engcono kakhulu yezindawo zabo ezizimele, futhi nokhetho luvame ukuba khona njalo ukuze kulondolozwe ukulandisa. Izilinganiso zokubusa ngentando yeningi zivumela ukuba kube nesigaba sezisebenzi ezibusayo ezibusayo, .

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Sentando Yeningi

  • Ukhetho olukhululekile nolungakho: njalo, ukhetho oluncintisanayo olunesici sokulawula kwentando yeningi.
  • Ubunikazi obuyi-intshi:[ izigidi eziningi kanye namaqembu anesithakazelo ancintisana ukuze athole amandla nethonya.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi:[ Inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, nokuhlangana kubalulekile ukuze kusebenze idemokrasi.
  • ukubusa kobuMajority ngokuhlonipha amalungelo amancane: Nakuba iningi lizonqoba, idemokrasi ihlanganisa izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuvinjelwe iningi ekuguquleni iziqeshana ezincane.

Ukuqonda IRepublic

IRepublic uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho izwe libhekwa "njengendaba yomphakathi" (kusukela kwelesiLatini i-transla )). E-riphabliki, igunya ekugcineni lisebenza kubantu, kodwa amandla asetshenziswa abameleli abakhethiwe nomholi okhethiwe (ngokuvamile obizwa njengomongameli) ngaphansi kwesimiso esiboshwe umthetho. UCrucily, i-republic isebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe olinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi uhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo. Umqondo werepublic uqala emuva eRoma yasendulo, lapho izakhamuzi ezikhethwe ngamajaji nezikhulu kodwa zibuswa ngemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimiso Ze - core of Republic

  • Imithetho yomthetho:[ isebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, futhi akukho muntu, futhi futhi (ayikho) noyedwa okhethiwe izikhulu nabaholi bezempi (ingaphezulu komthetho). Lokhu kuvimbela ukubusa okuzenzekelayo.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane: Irepublic ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane ngokucindezelwa okungase kube ngubushiqela beningi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kufinyelelwa ngencwadi yamalungelo nokubukezwa kokwahlulela.
  • Ukuhlukanisa amagunya: Amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kwesikhulu, izikhulu, i-progin, namagatsha okwahlulela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugxilisa ingqondo nokuxhaphaza. Amarepublic amaningi anesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.
  • Incazelo: Izakhamuzi ezikhethwe abameleli ukuba baqondise izindaba zikahulumeni, kunokuba balawule ngokuqondile. Lokhu kunikeza isithiyo ezinqanda izinqumo ezithandwayo ezivusa inkanuko noma ezingekho ulwazi.

AmaRepublic Nemithetho - sisekelo

Isici esichazayo se-republic yanamuhla umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe osebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe. Umthetho-sisekelo ubala amandla kahulumeni, uhlela izinqubo zokwenza umthetho, futhi uvikela amalungelo abantu ekungeneni kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa uhlobo lukahulumeni lwerepublic, nomthetho-Bill of Rights oqinisekisa inkululeko enjengokukhuluma, inkolo, nenqubo efanele. Umthetho-sisekelo unzima kakhulu ukuqeda, udinga izikhundla ezinkulu noma imihlangano ekhethekile, okunezela ukuqina nokuvimbela ukuguquka komthetho oyisisekelo.

Imfantu Engafani Phakathi KwamaRepublic Nemibuso

Nakuba ama - republic nentando yeningi kugcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo, kunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwalezizinto ezimbili.

Ukubusa Okukhulu kuyaphikisana.

Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ophelele, ukubusa okuningi kuyigunya eliphelele: iqembu elinamavoti amaningi lingamisa noma iyiphi inkambiso, ngisho noma iphazamisa amalungelo edlanzana. E-riphabliki, ukubusa okuningi kulawulwa umthetho-sisekelo olinganisela lokho iningi elingakwenza. Umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezimiso ezithandwa kakhulu kumelwe zivumelane nezisekelo ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kusengaphambili futhi zingephuli amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, eRepublic, ivoti enkulu ayinakuqeda inkulumo ekhululekile noma impahla ehlangeneyo ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile, kanti enqubweni elawulwa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho, kungabonakala.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile u v. umfuziselo

Imibuso yentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi eqondile, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile emithethweni nasezimisweni. AmaRepublic athembele cishe kuphela kubameleli abakhethiwe ukuba banqume futhi banqume. Lokhu mehluko unemiphumela esebenzayo: eriphabliki, abameleli balindeleke ukuba basebenzise ukwahlulela futhi bacabangele imiphumela emide yesikhathi eside, kunokuba nje babonise umbono othandwayo. UJames Madison, kuyiFederalist Paper, waphikisa ngokuthi irepublic "incomeka futhi yandisa imibono yomphakathi ngokuyidlulisa ngendikimba yezakhamuzi ezikhethiwe."" Lomphumela wokuhluza uhloselwe ukuveza ukubusa okungcono kunevota okuthandwayo.

Gxila Elungelweni Lomuntu Ngamunye

IRepublic igcizelela kakhulu ukuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ngokuvamile ngencwadi yamalungelo neyamalungelo azimele. Izikhulu zingahlela kabusha ukwenza izinqumo kanye nentando yeningi, ngezinye izikhathi okungadlula isivikelo ngasinye uma singahloliwe. Ngokomlando, lomehluko uye waba obucayi kakhulu: abahleli be-frears of the U.S. Constitution babesaba "imfuculty of therential" futhi baklama isimiso sombuso weriphabliki esinemigomo eminingi ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Njengomphumela, amarepublic omthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla uthambekele ekubeni nesivikelo esiqinile senkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzivivinya, ukulungisa, namalungelo empahla kunezincwadi ezinjalo zesisekelo.

Umlando

Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amazwe akhona evame ukuxubana nezici zazo zombili le zimiso, kuye kwavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwenkulungwane.

IGrisi Yasendulo: Indawo Yokuzalwa Kwentando Yeningi

Isifunda sedolobha sase-Athene sidunyiswa kabanzi njengendabuko yentando yeningi ngekhulu lesihlanu BCE. Idemokrasi yase-Athene yayiqondile: izakhamuzi (isigqebhezana esilinganiselwe samadoda amadala) ezazihlangene eMhlanganweni ukuze zixoxe futhi zivote imithetho. Zakhonza futhi ezindaweni zombuso wentando yeningi. Nokho, idemokrati yase-Athens yayiyindawo ekhethekile − → abesifazane, izigqila, nezizwe zazingenamalungelo ezombangazwe. Yayingaqinile futhi ngezinye izikhathi, iholela ekuthatheleni noma ekuthatheni izinqumo eziwundabeni ngokuqungaqeqedi, njengoba kubonakala ekuqulweni nasekubulaweni kukaSocrates. Lawo kamuva abenzi befilosofi abanjengoPlato no-Aristotle bashukumisela ukuba bagxeke idemokraties futhi basekele ohulumeni abaxubeneyo ababenga ukubusa nokubusa okunganyelwa yimibuso eminingi ngokubusa kwabantu abambalwa.

IRome Republic: Isibonelo Sokuqala SeRepublicism

IRome yasungula isimiso sobuphekula phakathi kwesikhathi esifanayo ne-Athens, kodwa ngesakhiwo esihlukile. IRome Republic yaqokomisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe (izikhulu, izigebengu, i-tribunes), uhlelo lomthetho olubhaliwe (ishumi elinesibili lamaTables), nesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwama-patrician nama-proberian. Izakhamuzi zamaRoma zazingavota emithetho nabaholi abakhethiweyo, kodwa zabelwa izinhlangano eziningi ukuze zivimbele noma yiliphi icebo lokubusa. Icebo lamaRoma [[FLT:]] [into yomphakathi] (into yomphakathi) yagcizelela ukuthi umbuso ungowazo zonke izakhamuzi, hhayi enkosini. Ukuwa kweRoma eRome eRiphabliki yekhulu leminyaka, i-BCEN, ikhohliswa kakhulu futhi ikhohliswa kakhulu ngempotho-othensi ye-BPricity.

Iziphazamiso Zanamuhla: Ukuxuba Izakhi

Amazwe amaningi aphila ngesikhathi awekho amademokrasi aphelele noma amarepublic ahlanzekile kodwa izimiso ezixubile ezihlanganisa izici zombili. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States iyi-republic yomthetho-sisekelo enezinqumo zentando yeningi zenza ukhetho lwentando yeningi. Ngazikhathi ezithile amazwe amaningi aseYurophu ayintando yeningi ehlangene nemithetho yentando yeningi ehlangene nemithetho yentando yeningi. Ukuphakama kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 kuhlangene ukugcizelela kombuso weRepublicismism emalungelweni nemithetho entando yeningi yentando yeningi.

Izibonelo ZamaRepublic Nemibuso

Ukuhlola ohulumeni bezwe bangempela kusiza ekukhanyeni indlela izimiso ezifiphele zobuRepublic nentando yeningi ezisebenza ngayo. Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene lemiqondo esetshenziswa ngazo.

United States: IRepublic yoMthetho - sisekelo

I-United States iyirepublic yomthetho-mthetho, hhayi i-demokrasi eqondile. Izincwadi zayo ezisungulweyo ze-Constitution ne-Bill of Rights .(*) i-Cystitution isimiso sikahulumeni esinemibuso ehlukene, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezibalwayo, nezivikelo zenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Izakhamuzi ezikhethiwe zimela iKhomishane, izishaya-mthetho, amahhovisi ezindawo zombuso; zikhetha umongameli futhi nge-Electoral College. Nakuba i-U.S. iphethe ukhetho lwe-station nomthetho-Constitution oluthandwayo, ibeka imikhawulo kulokho okungamenziwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphendulo sokuqala sivimbela i-Congress Congress kukhulumed, ngisho noma iningi lezakhamuzi zifuna ukuvimbela umbono othile.

ISwitzerland: Intando Yeningi Ephakathi KweRepublic Yesizwe

ISwitzerland ivame ukuvezwa njengesimiso esixubile esihlanganisa izakhiwo eziqinile zeriphabliki nentando yeningi eqinile. I-republic kahulumeni enomthetho-mthetho obhaliwe, uhulumeni onezigaba eziningi, nomphathi wezomkhandlu. Kodwa izakhamuzi zaseSwitzerland zinamandla angavamile okuqala ukudlulisa ama-empempence nokuveza imithetho emisha noma ukulungisa umthetho-mthethweni ngezindlela ezithandwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, abavoti baseSwitzerland banganxusa ukuba bavote ezindabeni ezisukela ekuthuthweni kwentela, futhi uhulumeni kumelwe uhloniphe imiphumela. Lokhu kuvumela izakhamuzi zaseSwitzerland ukuba zithobe ithonya ngokuqondile lapho zisasebenza phakathi komthetho owesisekelo ovikela amalungelo abalulekile.

ENdiya: Intando yeningi enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni

INdiya ingu-"umbuso wentando yeningi owenziwe ngokomthetho." Iyidemokrasi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enabavoti abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-90. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, wamiswa ngo-1950, wamisa isimiso sephalamende esinomphathi omkhulu nomongameli kahulumeni okhethiwe. Umthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa uhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo ayisisekelo (amalungelo entando yeningi) neNkantolo eqinile yamalungelo omthetho ophakeme kanye namandla okuhlola asemthethweni. Ngakho i-Indiya ihlanganisa ukhetho lwentando yeningi nomthetho we-riphabliki, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi, ukubusa okuningi nombangongowabantu kuye kwaphazamisa isivikelo esincane. Isibonelo saseNdiya sibonisa ukuthi kokubili ukuvikela idemokhrasi nerabhuleki akuqinisekisi amalungelo aphelele ngokuzenzaka ngokuzenzekelayo kanye nezimiso zezindaba zokwahlulela.

Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha

Ukungaqondi okuningi ngamarepublic nentando yeningi kuyaqhubeka ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi.

  • " i-United States iyidemokrasi, hhayi irepublic. Eqinisweni, i-United States iyirepublic ne idemokratistiki, iyirepublic yentando yeningi. Igama elithi "umbuso wentando yeningi" libhekisela endleleni yokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi (ukhetho olukhona), kanti u-"reblic" ubhekisela ohlotsheni lukahulumeni (isimiso somthetho, umthetho wesiko, isivikelo samalungelo abantu). Okubili akuyiyo kuphela.
  • " IRepublic ivikela njalo amalungelo amancane. Yize inkolelo-mbono yeriphabliki igcizelela amalungelo nokubusa komthetho, ngokomthetho, amarepublic amaningi aye ahluleka ukuvikela amaqoqo amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, irepublic yakuqala yase-U.S. ivumela ubugqila futhi inqabe abesifazane ukuvota. Umthetho-sisekelo wodwa awunele ngaphandle kwezinkantolo ezizimele nokuzinikela emalungelweni.
  • " idemokrasi elawulwayo ingcono ngokwemvelo kunohulumeni wabameleli. Isimiso esiqondile sentando yeningi sinikeza ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi eziningi kodwa singaholela ekuthatheni izinqubo ezicatshangelwa kabi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamaqembu enzalo eshavvy, nokucindezelwa amaqenjana amancane. Uhulumeni omelele uvumela ukucubungula nobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi ungaba nomthetho ophelele. Asikho isimiso esiphelele; amakhambi angcono kakhulu ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izici zombili.

Isiphetho

Ngamafuphi, nakuba kokubili amarepublic nentando yeningi kuhloselwe ukukhonza abantu, benza kanjalo ngezinqubo nezimiso ezihlukene. IRepublic imisa umthetho, imingcele engokomthetho, nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nabangawodwa, kanti idemokrati igcizelela ukubusa okuningi nokukhetha. Kulokhu, ohulumeni abaningi abaqinile bahlanganisa izici ze-republic nedemokraticism, badala izimiso eziqinile ngenxa yokuthi bayalinganisela ngokuzivikela ngokomthetho. Ukuqaphela lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile kubafundi nabafundisi ukuze bathuthukise ukuqonda okujulileyo kwezimiso zezombangazwe kanye nezici zazo zomphakathi. Ukuze baqhubeke befunda, [[FLT:] [FLT] [FULT] [F:1]