Amandla Abusayo oMbuso

Izakhamuzi eziningi ziqaphela umbusi njengesikhulu esiphakeme kakhulu esimiswe esizweni sazo, kodwa imishini eqondile umbusi amisa ngayo imithetho ihlala ingenangqondo. Umbusi akasona nje isifekethiso noma ummeli wemithetho. Zisebenza njengesikhulu esiphethe umbuso, zinomthwalo wemfanelo womthetho wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa uhulumeni umisiwe futhi uphoqelelwe. Lombuso awumi ngemithetho yesizwe, uqondiswa umthetho, ukubukezwa kwezimiso zomthetho, kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo esimiso somthetho womthetho waseMelika ohloniphekile. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo ibalulekile ekuqondiseni uhulumeni, ukwenze abaholi baphendule, futhi ukwenze kube nomthwalo wemfanelo ophumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi.

Amandla omthetho omthetho wobuphoqelelo athinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezingeni lamanzi okuphuza kuya ekulondekeni kwemigwaqo, ukusebenza kwezikole, nokuqondisa ukwahlulela kobugebengu. Uma umbusi ehlela izenzo ezithile zokuphoqelela nokuthatha isinyathelo, kuthumela uphawu olunamandla kulo lonke igatsha eliphethe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe kwesisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, amathuluzi okuqondisa, kanye nezimiso zezwe ezisetshenziswa ababusi ukuphoqelela umthetho wezwe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuphoqelelwa

Igunya lombusi lokuphoqelela imithetho lisuka ngokuqondile kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Wonke umthetho-sisekelo wezwe uhlanganisa isihloko esiphethe esibeka amandla aphethe kumbusi futhi sifune umbusi ukuba aqaphele ukuthi imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka. Lolu limi lubonisa i-Atigit II ye-U.S., ephoqelela umsebenzi ofanayo kuMongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, [uMthetho-sisekelo] [u-California usho ngokucacile: "Umbuso ophethe wale oMbuso uvalelwe kuMbusi. Umbusi uzobona ukuthi imithetho iqeshwe ngokwethembeka.""

Lokhu "kukhipha ngokuthembeka" kuyisikhombi somthetho wamandla omthetho. Kunikeza ukulunga okungokomthetho kombusi ukuba aqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni, anikeze iziyalezo zezikhulu, futhi angenele lapho imithetho ingagunyazwanga ngokwanele. Nokho, u-gamente akayona i-cheke engasho lutho. Kudingeka ukuba umbusi agunyaze imithetho ebhalwe yisishaya-mthetho. Umbusi akanakunquma ngokusemthethweni ukuphoqelela imithetho ethile kuphela futhi ashaye ezinye izintambo, nakuba kusebenza, ukuqashelwa nokuhlelwa kwemithetho nokuhlelwa kwemithetho kudala indawo ebalulekile yokuchaza. Umthetho-galelo hlelo uveza ukuthi umbusi ungumphathi wegunya lesikhulu sikahulumeni, unecala kuyo yomibili indlu yomthetho kanye nabantu ngegunya elisetshenziswayo.

Amandla Okuphatha: Ukuqondisa Igatsha Eliphethe

Umbusi akaqaphi imigwaqo noma ahlole amafektha, kunalokho, aqondisa ithuluzi elikhulu lokuqondisa elinamakhulu eminyango, izinhlangano, amabhodi, nemishini. Indlela umbusi aphatha ngayo lesi simiso iyindlela eyinhloko imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo.

Amandla Okunqumelana

Elinye lamathuluzi aqondile kakhulu umbusi analo amandla okumisa abaholi bezinhlangano zikahulumeni neminyango. Laba abamisiwe bahlanganisa abaqondisi bamaphoyisa kahulumeni, umkhakha wezinga lendawo ezungezile, umnyango wezimoto, umnyango wezijelo zezezigwegwe, nezinye eziningi. Ngalokhu kumiswa, umbusi uhlela izinto eziza kuqala ukugcinwa kwegatsha eliphethe lonke.

Uma umbusi efuna ukugcinwa okuqinile kwezimiso zendawo ezungezile, bayomisa unobhala wesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ohlanganyela lowombono. Uma umbusi ekholelwa ekuguqulweni komthetho wobugebengu, angamisa umqondisi ogcizelela izinhlelo zokulungisa ukuvalelwa kwakhe yedwa. Laba abamisiwe bakhonza ngokujabulisa umbusi futhi bangasuswa uma behluleka ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwezinqubo zokugcinwa komphathi wendawo ezungezile. Ngakho-ke amandla okumisa ayindlela eqhubekayo nenamandla yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni iyasebenza ngokwencazelo yesithakazelo somphakathi.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Isicelo somphathi semali mhlawumbe siwukubonakaliswa okusobala kwezenqubo yokugcinwa kwamandla emali. Amandla esikhwama avumela umbusi ukuba anqume ukuthi yimaphi amanxusa anemithombo yokuphoqelela imithetho ngokuphumelelayo, futhi yimaphi amanxusa azakucindezelwa ngokuphoqelelwa. Ngokunikeza izimali ezengeziwe emaphoyiseni kahulumeni, umbusi angandisa ukugada kwemigwaqo emikhulu nokuhlola kobugebengu. Ngokubeka izimali enxuseni lokuqondisa, umbusi anganciphisa ngokuphumelelayo inani lokuhlola nezenzo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zingakwazi ukuqhuba.

Ababusi abaningi banawo futhi umugqa wento edinga ukugcinwa, obenza basuse izinto ezithile ezizosetshenziswa ezikweletini zemali ezidluliselwe yisishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuxoxa. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi angasebenzisa i-meta-item-veto ukuze asuse izimali ze-propatisss ezisekela uhlelo oluthile lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa abamelene nazo, noma ukuqondisa izimali eziza kuqala kubo siqu. Uhlangene namandla okuveza uhlelo lwemali lokuqala, umbusi unethonya elikhulu ngezimali ezikhona zomthetho olwembusweni womthetho kuwo wonke umbuso.

Amathuluzi Namandla Aqondile

Ngaphandle kwabaphathi, ababusi banamandla amaningana aqondile abavumela ukuba baphoqelele imithetho futhi babhekane ngokushesha nezinhlekelele.

Ukuhleleka Okuphethe

Umyalo ophethe umthetho okhishwa umbusi ophethe umthetho. Ayisona isithathelo somthetho, kodwa yisiqondiso sezinhlangano eziphethe amagatsha ngendlela yokuphoqelela imithetho ekhona noma ukusabela ezimweni ezivelayo. uMbusi wesizwe weNhlangano uphawula ukuthi iziyalezo zezikhulu ziyithuluzi eliyisisekelo kubabusi ukuba balawule uhulumeni, baphendule eziphuthumayo, futhi bamise umthetho ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi anganikeza umyalo ophethe oqondisa uMnyango Wendawo Ezungezile ukuba ubeke phambili izenzo zokugcinwa kwezindawo ezimelene nezindawo ezimelene nezindinganiso zamanzi ahlanzekile amakhemikhali e-PAS. Bangayala amaphoyisa kahulumeni ukuba aqale ukuhlola isizinda kuzo zonke izibhamu ezithengwayo uma isishaya-mthetho singawudlulisi umthetho onjalo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ababusi basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ukuphoqa izivalo, ukufuna izifihla - buso, nokuphatha isikhundla sasesibhedlela. Le mithetho iyabophaka ibopha inseka, kodwa ingeniswa inselele engokomthetho futhi ingagumbuqelwa yindlu yomthetho yendlu yomthetho noma izinkantolo.

Ukuqondisa Amaphoyisa Kahulumeni Nabalindi Besizwe

Umbusi ukhonza njengesikhulu samabutho ezempi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise neNational Guard (ngaphandle kokuba ihlelwe) futhi unegunya eliqondile emaphoyiseni kahulumeni noma emagatsheni emigwaqo emikhulu. La mabutho angathunyelwa noma kuphi esifundazweni ukuze aphoqelele imithetho, agcine ukuhleleka komphakathi, futhi athathe izimo eziphuthumayo.

Phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo, umbusi angathumela i-National Guard ukuba iphoqelele iziyalezo zokuthuthwa, ukuthungatha nokusebenza kokuphepha, futhi asakaze izinto. Phakathi nesiyaluyalu somphakathi, umbusi angashukumisa iQuqulu ukuba liqinisekise ukugcinwa kwesikhathi somthetho futhi livikele impahla. Umbusi angayala amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo, angenele ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo kwezephula umthetho, noma alinde izindawo lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kuqedwe noma kungenakuthatha isinyathelo. Lomyalo oqondile uyisici esiphawula indima yombusi njengesikhulu somthetho wezwe futhi uvame ukusetshenziswa ekusingatheni imingcele yezindawo.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Namamemezelo

Enye yezindlela eziphawulekayo zokunwetshwa kwegunya lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla empi kwenzeka phakathi nesifundazwe esimisiweyo sesimo esiphuthumayo. Ngokukhipha isimemezelo esiphuthumayo, umbusi uthola amandla aphuthumayo esikhashana kodwa akhukhulayo ukumisa imithetho, ukuqondisa izimali zikahulumeni, ukuqondisa impahla yangasese yokusetshenziswa umphakathi, kanye nomyalo oyinhloko wezwe nemizamo yokusabela kwendawo. Brennan Center for Justice [ uye wafaka ubufakazi bokuthi ababusi baye bathembela kanjani kakhulu ezivumelwaneni eziphuthumayo ukuze babhekane nezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo kodwa futhi babhekane nezinkinga zempilo nesiyaluyalu zenhlalo.

Phakathi nesimo esiphuthumayo esishiwo, amandla ombusi aphakeme. Angabeka imingcele yokuhamba, agunyaze amabhizinisi ukuba avalwe, agunyaze ukungenela kwezokwelapha, futhi aqondise ukufakwa komthetho nempahla yezempi ezweni lonke. Nokho, la mandla ahloselwe ukuba abe esikhashana. Imithetho emazweni amaningi iye yashukunyiselwa ukulinganisela isikhathi sezimemezelo eziphuthumayo noma ifuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ukuze yandise, ibonisa ukuqina phakathi kwesidingo sokusebenza ngokushesha kwempatho yempathi yempathi yezomthetho kanye nesimiso sokuqondisa imithetho.

Amandla Omusa

Igunya lombusi lokunikeza imvume yokuqapha, okuhlanganisa ukuxolelwa, nokuthathelwa phansi, kanye nokugcinwa kwemithetho (ithuluzi lokuqinisekisa) eliyingqayizivele nelivame ukunganakwa. Kusebenza njengesheke ezimisweni zokwahlulela nezokujezisa. Intethelelo iqeda ukuqashelwa kwecala futhi ibuyisela amalungelo omphakathi. Ukukhipha isigwebo ngaphandle kokuqeda isiqinisekiso. Lo mbuso uvumela umbusi ukuba alungise ukungalungisi, ukuvuselelwa, noma ikheli lokukhomba emajele ezwe.

Ngokwe- iSikhungo soMnyango woMphetho woMphetho woMphetho woMphetho , unya lubaluleke kakhulu ezicaleni ezibulalayo, lapho umbusi angahambisa khona isigwebo sokufa ekuphileni ejele. Lokhu kuyindlela eqondile yokungenela isijeziso sikahulumeni esinzima kakhulu. Amandla ombuso acishe abe nokuhlakanipha, okusho umbusi angasinika nganoma yisiphi isizathu noma ngasiphi isizathu, athotshelwe kuphela yinoma isiphi isiphi isigwebo somthetho kahulumeni. Imelela ubuso bomuntu bamandla okulawula impatho, ivumela isihe kanye namathumbu phakathi kwesimiso somthetho.

Ukuvumelana Nomthetho Wendawo

Isimiso sokugcinwa komthetho saseMelika sithotshiswa kakhulu. Izikhulu eziningi zamaphoyisa zisebenzela amadolobha futhi azisebenzelanga isifundazwe. Izifunda ngokuvamile abaphathi bomthetho-mthetho abakhethwe ngokuzimele abathola igunya labo kuhulumeni wesifundazwe noma kuhulumeni, hhayi kumbusi. Lokhu kudala amandla anzima umbusi okuthi kuwo axhumane, kunokuba aqondise, izinhlangano zendawo zokugcinwa komthetho.

Umbusi akanakumane anxuse ummeli ukuba asebenzise umthetho othile ngendlela eqondile. Kunalokho, umbusi usebenzisa ukunxenxa, izisusa zezimali, namandla kahulumeni ukuthonya ukugcinwa kwezindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi angase anikeze izimali emnyango wamaphoyisa wendawo ovumelana nokuthatha amakhamera endikimba noma ahlanganyele ekusebenziseni isisekelo se-octal sedata esemthethweni.

Ezimweni lapho ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo kungafuni noma kungenakukwazi ukwenza okuthile, umbusi angaphazamisa ngokuphelele ukulawulwa kwendawo ngokuthumela amaphoyisa kahulumeni noma i-National Guard. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka uma kuvela izinxushunxushu zomphakathi, izinhlekelele zemvelo, ngisho nasekuqikelweni komthetho okuvamile lapho imibuso yendawo ibhekene nokuswela kwezimpahla. Ithonya phakathi kombuso ne-phoyisa lendawo liwumthombo ongapheli wezinkinga zezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezinjengezokufuduka, isimiso sezidakamizwa, nokulawula izibhamu, lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni wombuso emhlabeni wonke kungase kungqubuzane nezindinganiso zomphakathi wendawo noma izintando zesimiso sezenkambiso.

Imingcele Yamandla Okusebenza Kwezinzwa

Amandla kambusi okuphoqelela imithetho abanzi, kodwa asebenza esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okubeka imingcele ebalulekile.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

Isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni siyisihlolo esiyinhloko segunya lokusebenza kombusi. Amagunya angamisa imithetho edlula iziyalezo zezikhulu, evimbela amandla ombuso aphuthumayo, futhi ilawule uhlelo lwezimali zezinhlangano ezisebenzayo. Uma umbusi enikeza umthetho wokuba isikhulu sivumelane, indlu yomthetho ingadlulisa umthetho oqeda umthetho, ithobele umthetho kambusi we-veto (okungadinga ukulawulwa kwemithetho ephakeme kakhulu). Izishayamthetho zezwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ukumiswa kwezimemezelo eziphuthumayo, zifuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yemithetho yezimiso zomthetho, futhi zisho ukuthi isikhulu singakwazi kanjani ukusebenzisa i-agracconsi phakathi nosuku lwesimo esiphuthumayo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengomsizi oyinhloko wokuqinisekisa ukuthi umbusi uye wadlula igunya lakhe elingokomthetho noma elingokomthetho. Izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nabamisi-mthetho bangabekela inselele iziyalezo zokuqondisa, izenzo zokuphoqelela, noma izimemezelo zesimo esiphuthumayo enkantolo. Uma inkantolo inquma ukuthi umbusi uye wenza ngaphandle kwemingcele yegunya lawo, ingakhipha umthetho ovimbela ukugcinwa komthetho. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izinkantolo kulo lonke izwe zingakhipha amakhulu ezinqumweni zegunya le-gabernarianage, futhi ngokuvamile zikhiphe iziyalezo ezikhethekile njengezingagunyaziwe noma ezingabekelwe ngokomthetho. Le komiti yezokwahlulela iqinisekisa ukuthi umbusi uhlala ehleli ngaphakathi komthetho omiswe ngumthetho wesizwe nemithetho.

Izimpikiswano Ezivamile

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. nomthetho kahulumeni ulinganisela futhi amandla omthetho wokusebenza kombusi. I-Supremacy Claus imisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho kahulumeni. Umbusi akanakuphoqelela umthetho kahulumeni ophikisana nomthetho kahulumeni noma ophula amalungelo omthetho kahulumeni. UMnyango weSishayamthetho we-U.S. ungakhipha uhulumeni uma ukholelwa ukuthi umbusi ubeka imithetho ngendlela ehlukanisa isigaba esivikelwe noma ephula imithetho kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- National Guardard, nakuba ngokuvamile ingaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ingamiswa nguMongameli, engayisusa ekulawuleni kwesikhulu sesikhulu sezwe. [[FLT: 0] iPosetauss Act [FF:] ngokuvamile] ivimbela umthetho wesizwe embusweni wezomthetho wesizwe, kodwa isikhulu sombuso sesizwe, kodwa isikhulu sesizwe sesizwe, singasibe singekho umthetho owenziswayo. [isikhulu segunya elingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho.]

Okwenza Izakhamuzi Zifune Lokhu

Ukuqonda indlela ababusi abamisa ngayo imithetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wabo. Ukukhetha ngakunye kombusi kungukhetho ngokuphathelene nokugcinwa kwamandla abalulekile. Ukuvota kombhalisa kuyivoti yendlela okuzolandelwa ngayo ngonya, indlela amaphoyisa kahulumeni ayobekwa ngayo, ukuthi amandla angokomthetho ayosetshenziswa ngayo, nokuthi umbuso uyosabela kanjani ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda amathuluzi nemingcele yamandla ombuso, zingazihlola kangcono izenzo zombusi wazo, zigcine zinecala ebhokisini le-ballot, futhi zihlanganyele empikiswaneni eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nesikhundla esifanelekile sesikhulu emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi.

Abalawuli bahlala ekwahlukaneni komthetho, kwezombangazwe, nakwezokuphatha. amandla abo okuphoqelela imithetho awazenzakaleli; kumelwe asetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho, ukuqondisa kwemithetho, nokuhlola ukwahlulela. Ngokuhlola loluhlelo, izakhamuzi zithola umbono ocacile wendlela isimo sazo esisebenza ngayo nendlela ezingathonya ngayo isiqondiso sikahulumeni.