Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuqonda Izindaba Zokwenza Imithetho

Umthetho uhlela zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke mayelana nokuphepha kokudla esikudlayo nomoya esiwuphefumulelayo ezintelayo esizikhokhayo namalungelo esinawo. Nokho inqubo elawulayo eguqula inqubo elula ibe umthetho obophayo ihlala imfiliba kwabaningi. Ukuqonda okucacile kokuthi imithetho iklanywa futhi idluliswe kanjani yenza okungaphezu kokwanelisa ilukuluku lokwazi; ihlobisa izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo nabameleli bazo, zisekele ushintsho, futhi zigcine uhulumeni unecala. Le nqubo inciphisa inqubo yemithetho yemithetho ibe izigaba zayo eziyinhloko, ichaza hhayi izinqubo ezingokomthetho kuphela kodwa namandla omphakathi, umbono womphakathi, kanye nezisusa amandla. Ukuba ungumlandeli, umshisekeli, umvoti, noma umvoti, noma umvoti nje, ukwazi izinyathelo zokulawula izimemezelo zemithetho ezisebenzayo.

Imvelaphi Yencwadi: I - Ideas, Abashushisi, Nokuphoqelela

Zivelaphi Izimo Zemithetho?

Wonke umthetho uqala njengomqondo. Lowo mqondo ungavela emithonjeni eminingi: ilungu lesishaya-mthetho, igatsha eliphethe, inxusa likahulumeni, iqembu lenzalo ekhethekile, noma ngisho isakhamuzi esizimele. Uma kusebenza, izindleko eziningi zibotshwa ngeseluleko somthetho we-agcompan noma ngabameli abaphethe izinhlangano ngaphambi kokuba zimiswe ngokusemthethweni. Ngokwenhlangano ye- U.S. Isiqondiso seSishaya-Mkhandlu enqubweni ye-ouni ye-'i-ocementment,[, isibambiso secala singamiswa kuphela yilungu le-Congress, kodwa ngokuvamile into iveza izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli, i-adcotacy, noma imikhankambi yotshalo yotshalo.

Ukusebenzisa I - speare Nokuzivumelanisa Nomzimba

Lapho i-application isilungile, ummisi-mthetho uyavuma ukuxhasa izimali. Izimpawu ze-odoli nesibopho sokuqondisa lesi siphakamiso ngezingxoxo zekomiti nesitezi. Izishayamthetho ezengeziwe zingasayina njengezisebenzi ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zibonise ukusekela okubanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-parencesssss, i-S. Ikheminali efana ne-Breamsposerve ingabhekwa njengesicelo esinamandla kakhulu, ithuthukise amathuba ayo okuqhubekela phambili. Umxhasi angase akhethe negumbi lemithetho lapho kubekwa khona imvume; ezimisweni ze-biral ezifana ne-United States, izikweleti zemali ezifanayo zingafakwa kanye kanye emakamelweni amabili ukuze kuqhutywe le nqubo.

Isabelo Senani Eliyibhuloho Nesokuqala Ukufunda

Ngemva kwesethulo, isambathi semali sabelwa inani eliyingqayizivele (isingathi H.R. 1 noma S. 1 ku-U.S. Congress). Isihloko somthetho kanye nomxhasi kubhalwe ephephabhukwini elingokomthetho, futhi lolu phawu luthola “ukufunda kokuqala”"""""inyathelo leprocedtura elivame ukuhlanganisa ukufunda isihloko somthetho wemali ngokuzwakalayo. Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, lokhu kufundwa kokuqala kumane kuwumthetho ongekho mpikiswano. Khona - ke lomthetho uyayalwa ukuba unyatheliswe futhi wabelwe wonke amalungu.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti: Inqubo Yemithetho

Okwenza Amakomiti Abaluleke

AmaKomiti asebenza njengohluzo olungathi sína kakhulu lobuchwepheshe. Asebenza njengohlunga, ehlisa izinkulungwane zezikweletu zengxenye ngayinye kuya kwezimbalwa ezifika phansi. E-Congress yase-U.S., ikomiti ngayinye inegunya ezindaweni ezithile zenqubo ($agrigary, izimali, i-judiary, isivikelo, njalonjalo. Isihlalo sekomiti, ngokuvamile ilungu elikhulu leqembu elikhulu, lilawula uhlelo lwezigwebo nokunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezamukela ukuzwakala nokucishwa. Njengoba iPhalamende le-UK lichaza[, amakomiti eWestmistern athatha ubufakazi kuchwepheshe nababheki, aveza leyo mibiko kamuva.

Izindlebe Nobufakazi Obuqand ’ ikhanda

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, amakomiti amema ofakazi bahulumeni, izifundiswa, abameleli bezimboni, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithintekile mayelana nethonya lalemali. (_""") ukufakazela ukuthi lokhu kuthethwa kwamacala kuvame ukuba khona emphakathini futhi kubhalwe phansi, kunikeze ukubonakala. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume yokulungisa izigwebo zempilo ingazwakala kubaphathi besibhedlela, abaqondisi besibhedlela, nabameleli bemishuwalense. Lesisigaba sibalulekile ekuvuleni imiphumela engalindelekile futhi sakhele irekhodi inkantolo engase ithintane nokuchaza umthetho kamuva.

Ukuphawuleka Neziphendulo

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti iphethe “uhlelo lokuphawula” lapho amalungu efuna khona nokuvota ekulungiseni. Izinguquko zingaba izincazelo ezincane noma izithako ezinkulu eziphinde zibhale zonke izingxenye. Ikomiti ivotela ukuthi ingabika noma ingawubika kahle yini (kanye noma ingenazinqindi) ekamelweni eligcwele. Imali ehlulekayo ukuzuza iningi ekomitini ifile ngokuphumelelayo, nakuba ingabuyiselwa esiqenjini samuva. ESihlalweni sase-U.S., “isicelo sokukhipha izicelo” singaphoqa umlomo wekomiti uma amalungu amaningi esayina, nakuba lelithuluzi lingasetshenziswangavamile.

Ukucabangela Okungemthetho

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi ziyaqhubeka zihlukanisa umsebenzi phakathi kwezibopho ezisezikhundleni eziphethe izihloko ezincane. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenziwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile, ungaya eMzabalazweni we-Evironment of the Energy and Committee. I-Ofessites iphatha izikhalo zayo siqu kanye nokuqoqa ngaphambi kokuthumela lencwadi ekomitini egcwele. Lokhu kuhlola okunezinsika kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthola ulwazi olujulile emazingeni amaningi.

Isinyathelo Somsebenzi: Impikiswano, Izinqumo, Nomsebenzi

Ukuqopha Nokubusa

Uma isitatimende semali sesisusa ikomiti, sihamba sifike phansi egumbini lokuvula indlu. Nokho, ukuthatha isimemezelo phansi kudinga indawo ekhalendeni lomthetho. Endliweni yabameleli base-U.S., iKomiti yeMithetho enamandla imisa izimpikiswano: ukuthi amalungu angakhuluma isikhathi eside kangakanani, ukuthi zingani futhi zingaphi izinhlobo zezinguquko ezinganikezwa, nomthetho wamavoti. “umthetho ovaliwe” unganqabela noma yimuphi umthetho owenziwayo, kuyilapho“ umthetho ovulekileyo” uvumela izinqumo ezingenamingcele. ISishaya-mthetho sisebenzisa izivumelwano zemvume ezivumelanayo ukuze kuhlelwe, idinga ukubambisana kubo bonke abaphethe ama-athoba.

Impikiswano Ngezimo Ezinde

Phakathi nempikiswano yasesitezi, abashaya izishaya-mthetho baphikisana noma baphikisane nemali. Izinkulumo zivame ukubhalwa ngokucophelela futhi zibekwe isikhathi, zihloselwe ukunxenxa osebenza nabo kuphela kodwa futhi nokuxhumana ngesikhundla esisemkhakheni wezindaba nezokuxhumana. Ezimisweni eziningi, impikiswano ihlelwe ukuze umxhasi wemali akhulume kuqala, alandelwe yilungu elincane, bese amanye amalungu alandelana ngokulandelana kokukhula noma ukujikeleza kweqembu. Ingxoxo ingathatha amahora noma ngisho nezinsuku, ikakhulukazi e-U.S. ISigebe, lapho i-Relibaster evumela khona i-sensester eyodwa (noma iqembu) ukuba ikhulume ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba ilungu eliphezulu elinamabhande likanosheshayo livotela amaphile.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Ekwandeni

Phakathi nokuhlola iphansi, amalungu angase anikeze ukulungisa ukucwengisisa izindleko. Lezi “zinguquko” ngokuvamile zikhuluma ngezinkathazo ezigcinayo noma zinezela amalungiselelo athandwayo okwakha ukusekela. Nokho, ukulungisa kungasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ukuvala isikwele sokuvala imvume ngokufaka amaphilisi anobuthi − i-athoversal ezilinganisa ukunqanda abasekeli bayo bokuqala. Isikhulu esiphethe (Okhuluma ngendlu noma uMphathi we-Mongameli we-Gabhu (Okhulumayo noma umongameli we-partral permisssssss of procectal procectives, ukuze sidluliselwe ekudluliseleni amaphilisi omthetho.

Impiko Yokugcina

Ngemva kwengxoxo, amavoti egumbi. Izindlela ziyahlukahluka: izwi livota (aye vs. not), ukuvota kweqembu (amalungu amile), noma ukuvota okubhaliwe (ucingo olugciniwe). Ivoti ebhaliwe inikeza umlando wasobala wesikhundla selungu ngalinye, elingasetshenziswa yiqembu labavoti nezokuvota. Eziningi zidinga inani elivamile lalabo abakhona nabavota ukudlula. Nokho, imigaqo ethile ``amendicements ments ments ments' zomthetho-licyricture, i-ractivess, noma i-aunicitystion es trerequatorár (um.g., izindleko ezimbili). Endliniam (omorejyy) kumelwe ukuba ikhona ukuze ivotiwe.

Isigungu Sesibili: Uhambo Oluya Ebaobaral

Kungani Kunezigungu Ezimbili?

Kuzimiso ze-bidaral (i-U.S., i-UK, i-Canada, iJalimane, iFrance, njll), umthetho kumelwe udlule kokubili amagumbi ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ufinyelele kumphathi. Lokhu kuhlola okubili kunikeza i-exick onscheme noma i-octal with. Amagumbi amabili ngokuvamile anezindlela ezingafani zokuwahlela: e-U.S., iNdlu ivunywa abantu, kuyilapho iSigele siveza isifunda ngasinye ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi isigqebhezana singadlula kalula egumbini elilodwa kodwa sibhekene nesinye.

Ukucabangela Okufanayo Noma Okubalulekile

Amabhuloho angafakwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuwo womabili amakamu (njengentela yabangane e-U.S. Congress), noma ikamelo elilodwa lingase lithathe isinyathelo kuqala futhi lithumele inguquko yalo kwelinye. Igumbi lesibili lilandela ukulandelana kokubukezwa kwekomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, nokubuyiselwa. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlulisa inguquko ehlukile, umlomo ubuyela egumbini lokuqala lokuvumelana. Le nqubo ye-ping-pong ingaqhubeka kuze kube magumbi amabili avumelana.

AmaKomiti Omhlangano: Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani

Uma amagumbi amabili ehluleka ukuvumelana, akha ikomiti yengqungquthela ehlanganisa amalungu aphezulu ohlangothini ngalunye. Ikomiti yengqungquthela isebenza ngemuva kweminyango evaliweyo ukuba ifake inguqulo eyodwa, eyekelelwe. Umphumela “umbiko” ubuyiselwa emuva kuwo womabili amagumbi okuvota ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa okuvunyelwe. Kuyingqungquthela yase-U., imibiko yengqungquthela inelungelo futhi icatshangelwa ngokushesha. Nakuba iphumelela ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano, amakomiti engqungquthela aye agxekwa ngenxa yokungabi sobala, ngoba imihlangano yawo ayivulelwa umphakathi noma ibhalwe phansi njalo.

Ukugunyazwa Kwegunya Negunya Le - Veto

Ukusayina Umqulu EMthethweni

Uma izinguqulo ezifanayo sezidlule zombili amagumbi, umongameli ubhaliswa futhi unikezwa umongameli wesimiso sobumongameli, noma inkosi noma umbusi-mejala esimisweni sephalamende. Isikhulu ngokuvamile sinenani lezinsuku ezimisiwe ukuba sisebenze. E-United States, uMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (ngeSonto) zokusayina incwadi, i-veto, noma ukuyivumela ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa (i-packette vhato” kungenzeka uma i-Congress Congress winds phakathi naleyo nkathi). Uma izimpawu zikaMongameli ziba umthetho obala futhi uthola inombolo yomphakathi (umzekelo., Prub. L.1.1).

IVeto Futhi Idebesele

Uma umphathi ekhipha lesi sikweleti, sibuyiselwa egumbini lokuhlala nesigijimi esichaza ukuphikisa. Isishaya-mthetho singazama ukukhipha umthetho ngevoti ephindwe kabili lesithathu egumbini ngalinye. Ukuphumelela kokulawula akuvamile kodwa akuyona into engenakwenzeka; ngokuvamile kwenzeka uma imvume ikhona ikhona isekela i-bipartisan. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umthetho wesikhulu ungavamile ukuvela kubantu abaningi bayo, kodwa amakhosi omthetho-mthetho ungawagodlela ukuvumelana nenkosi.

I - pocket Vetoes kanye ne-Line-Item Vetoes

Iveto ephaketheni yenzeka lapho uMongameli engathathi nyathelo emalini phakathi nenkathi yeshumi nenkathi ye-Congress iye yafa, ibulala ngokuphumelelayo izindleko ngaphandle kwe-veto engokomthetho. Ababusi bezwe abaningi e-U.S. baphethe uhlamvu lwe-foto, abavumela ukuba bashaye izindleko ezithile ezithengwayo zemali ngaphandle kokulahla isilinganiso sonke. UMongameli akanawo umugqa-mgqebhezana ngemva kwesinqumo seNkanto ePhakathi ngo-1998 uthenwe ukuba ungabi naso iso.

Ngalé Kweziyisisekelo: Ithonya Lomphakathi Nokuzilibazisa

Indima Yamaqembu Anesithakazelo

Kuyo yonke inqubo yomthetho, abadlali bangaphandle banikeza ukucindezela okukhulu. I-Lobbytes emelela izinkampani, izinyunyana, inzuzo, nezinhlangano zezezezimali zisebenza ukuhlela izikweleti ezizithandayo. Zinikeza ukucwaninga, ulimi lokudweba, nokuhlela imikhankaso yotshani. Ngokwe- Isikhungo seResponsive Politics (Izikhungo ze-Opensethis), isebenzisa imali esetshenziswa eUnited States ingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,5 ngonyaka. Nakuba ukuhangezela kuvikelwa kwemikhankani yeSiphendulo sokuqala, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya elingalinganiyo. Amazwe amaningi alawula imithetho evezayo neholisayo izikhathi zezikhulu zangaphambili.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi Nezakhamuzi

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuqondile ngokufakaza enkantolo, ngokunikeza izinkulumo ezibhaliwe, ukuthintana nabameleli bazo, nokuhlela imikhankaso yomphakathi. I-Internet iye yenza kwaba lula ngabantu ukuba balandele umthetho futhi bahlanganise ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa. Ama-website anjenge GovTrack. inikeza izici zangempela zesikhathi esiphathelene nemithetho, amavoti, kanye nezindawo zamalungu. Izakhamuzi ezikhona ngokuvamile zimisa umgogodla wezinhlangano ezisunduza umthetho phambili noma eziwuvimbela.

Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba

Imithombo yezindaba ingasandisa noma ibulale isamba secala. Ihlazo eliphezulu elihlobene nendaba yemali lingase livuselele ukusekela komphakathi kwenguquko, kuyilapho ukukhokhwa kwemali eshicilelwe impoqo noma amalungiselelo kungaqeda intando yezombangazwe. Enkathini yobuchwepheshe, imikhankaso yezembutho yezenhlala-khona iye yabonisa ukuthi iyakwazi ukuguqula izinkulungwane zezingcingo nama-imeyili ngenkathi emfushane.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamaqembu Ezimiso Zomthetho

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zePhalamende

Kuzimiso zobumongameli (umz., i-United States, i-Brazil), umphathi uhlukile kumphathi wenhlangano yesizwe futhi angase afake izikweletu. Ezimisweni zephalamende (umz., iUnited Kingdom, Canada, iNdiya), umphathi uthathwa kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, futhi umphathi kahulumeni (ungqongqoshe) ngokuvamile ungumholi weqembu elikhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo yemithetho iyanda kakhulu: izikweletu zikahulumeni zidlula njalo ngenxa yokuthi isigaba esibusayo silawula. Nokho, ukuvukela kwamuva nohulumeni ababambi besivumelwano kungaletha ukungalahlwa.

I-Bugameral

Amanye amazwe anegumbi elilodwa lomthetho (u-uniar), njenge-New Zealand, iDenmark, nezifundazwe eziningi zase-U.S. (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska). Izimiso zobu-Unicameral zenza le nqubo ibe lula ngokususa isidingo samakomiti engqungquthela. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi baphumelela kakhulu, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisana ngokuthi abanawo amandla okuhlola. Izimiso ze-Bidamaral, zinikeza ukuncitshiswa ngamabomu ngejubane.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nemithetho

Ukuhlela umthetho-mthetho ngokwawo kuyinqubo ehlukile, enzima kakhulu edinga izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu kuzo zombili izindlu zomthetho futhi ngezinye izikhathi zihlawuliswe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma imihlangano ekhethekile. Izinguquko zemithetho ye-Octal, ngokungafani, zilandela inqubo yemithetho evamile. Nokho, ezinye izikweleti − njengezindleko zemali noma izilinganiso zesimo esiphuthumayo − zingaba ngaphansi kokuxoshwa kwezinqubo noma imithetho ekhethekile.

Isiphetho: Kusukela kuBill kuya eqophelweni lemithetho () Nangalé

Uhambo lwemali esuka embonweni obotshelelwe kumthetho obophayo lude, luyinkimbinkimbi, futhi lubunjwe yizo zombili imithetho engokomthetho nezombangazwe ezingahleliwe. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, isenzo saphansi, ukubuyisana kwe-bimeral, kanye nokuvunyelwa kweziphathimandla zezakhamuzi ukuba zihambe futhi zilawule isimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lenqubo ayipheleli ngokusayinwa kwemithetho yesikhulu. Inqubo kumelwe ibhale iziqondiso; izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho njengengavumelani nemithetho; futhi izishaya imithetho ezizomthetho ezizokwenziwa ziphinde ziphele noma zivuselelwe. Umthetho umzila wokuphila uyaqhubeka, futhi ubeke izakhamuzi ezibophekile zisebalulekile kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokufunda indlela imithetho esungulwa ngayo futhi idluliselwe ngayo, ungaba yimpumelelo engcono kakhulu ekusebenziseni idemokhrizimu kuphela kodwa ungaqondakali nje kuphela.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukufunda imithombo ngokuphindaphindeneyo:[[[Umthetho:1]