Ukuqonda amagama angokomthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile esimisweni senkantolo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uthisha, noma othile ofuna ukusebenzisa izindaba zomthetho. Ulimi lomthetho lungazizwa njengolimi lwangaphandle, olugcwele amagama esiLatini, ama-scrial, kanye namagama achazwe kahle ahluke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke. Kodwa ukwazi lolulimi akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yolwazi kuphela, ngakho kukunika amandla okufunda izivumelwano, ukuqonda izikhombathi, ukuxhumana nabameli, nokuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo ezicatshangelweni ezingokomthetho. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile kwamagama ayinhloko asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinkantolo, kanye nezincazelo zendlela yezimiso zomthetho, ngakho ungabheka izimo ezingokomthetho ngokuqiniseka okukhulu nokucacile.

Kuyini Ukuhlobana Kwamagama Ngokomthetho?

Amagama angokomthetho abhekisela olimini olukhethekile olusetshenziswa eqenjini lomthetho. Luhlanganisa amagama kanye namagama anencazelo ethile emongo womthetho nesimiso sokwahlulela. Amaningi alamagama asuka kwelesiLatini nesiFulentshi, abonisa izimpande ezingokomlando zomthetho wesiNgisi ovamile. Ngokwesibonelo, abahabas corpus, , [[FLT] bro, [[FLT:]] ne-odrot [[FLT:] isslot] isetshenziswa ezinkantolo namuhla. Ngenxa yokuthi izincazelo ezingokomthetho zingelula, ngisho namagama avamile anjenge-"ault" noma "ult" aveza ngokwendlela ehlukile.

Ukuqonda la magama kuthuthukisa kakhulu ikhono lakho lokuhlanganyela ezincwadini ezingokomthetho, ukulandela izimpikiswano zenkantolo, nokuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo nabameli namajaji.

Izisekelo Zemithetho

Ukwazi amagama alandelayo kuyokwenza uqonde izindima zabahilelekile, izinhlobo zamaphepha ahilelekile, nezenzo ezibalulekile ezenzeka phakathi necala.

Imikhosi Esemthethweni

  • Umthetho olula:[ Umuntu noma inhlangano eqala icala ngokufaka isikhalo. Emacalani obugebengu, i-paltiff inguhulumeni (ukushushisa).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungu noma inhlangano emangalelwe ngobubi noma emangalelweni. Ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule emacaleni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Petition / Revoicent: isetshenziswa ekudluliseleni izikhalo nasemicimbini ethile yasenkantolo yomkhaya. Umceli ucela inkantolo ukuba ithathe isinyathelo; ophendulayo uphikisa lesosicelo.
  • Umshushisi: Ummeli omelela uhulumeni ezinkantolo zobugebengu, onecala lokufakazela icala lommangalelwa ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.
  • I-Attorney e-Defense: Ummeli omelela ummangalelwa, wasebenza ngokuvikela amalungelo ekhasimende futhi wabekela icala lomshushisi inselele.
  • [ Ukwahlulela: Isikhulu esiphatha izinkantolo, siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho iyalandelwa, futhi singanquma umphumela ekuqulweni kwebhentshi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-jury:[ Iqembu lezakhamuzi lafunga ukuzwa ubufakazi futhi lifinyelele isinqumo. Iziqu ezinkulu zokwahlulela zinquma ukuthi zimangalele yini; ukuqulwa kwecala kunquma ukuthi zinecala noma zinecala.

Amadokhumende Ayisihluthulelo Nobufakazi

  • Affidavit:[ Inkulumo ebhaliwe eqinisekiswe ngesifungo noma isivumo, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa njengobufakazi lapho i-affiant ingenakuvela ngokoqobo. Izinkulumo ezingamanga ku-affidavit zingaholela ekumangalelweni.
  • Complist: Ibhukwana lokuqala eligcinwe ummangalelwa ochaza amaqiniso nokumangalela okungokomthetho kummangalelwa.
  • Impendulo:[ Ukusabela okungokomthetho kommangalelwa ekukhonondeni, ukuvuma noma ukuphika ukumangalela ngakunye nokuphakamisa noma yiziphi iziphetho.
  • I-Subpoena:[ Umyalo ongokomthetho oyala umuntu ukuba avele enkantolo ukuze afakaze noma akhiqize amaphepha. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekudeleleni inkantolo.
  • Incazelo: Isigaba sangaphambi kwezohluzo lapho bobabili beshintshana khona ngokwaziswa, amabhukwana, kanye nezinhlu zofakazi. Amathuluzi ahlanganisa uphenyo (imibuzo ebhaliwe), iziqinisekiso (okanye ubufakazi obungaphansi kwesifungo), kanye nezicelo zokukhiqizwa.
  • Exhibit: Noma ibuphi ubufakazi obungokoqobo noma obuyikhombane obunikezwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, njengesivumelwano, isithombe, noma isikhali.

Izenzo Zenkantolo Nezisho Ezingokwesiko

  • [ Ukubekwa kwemithetho:[ Isinqumo noma ukugomela okwenziwa ngokuqhubeka okungokomthetho okungakavunywa. Imibono iyisisekelo sokukhononda.
  • Motion:[ Isicelo esingokomthetho kumahluleli esinxusa isinqumo esithile. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukunyakazisa, ukunyakazisa ukwahlulela okufingqiwe, kanye nokuhamba kuyi-limine (ukukhipha ubufakazi).
  • Icala: Isinqumo esifinyelelwa amajaji (noma umahluleli enkantolo yebhentshi) ezindabeni ezinikezwayo. Izigwebo zingaba “icala” noma“ ukungabi necala” ezicaleni zobugebengu; “ukuthembeka” noma“ ukungasoleki ezicabeni zomphakathi.
  • Isinqumo senkantolo esingokomthetho, ngokuvamile sokugcina nesigcinwayo. Isahlulelo singahlanganisa ukulimaza, imiyalo, noma isimemezelo samalungelo.
  • Appal:[ Isicelo enkantolo ephakeme sokubukeza isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, esisekelwe ekushoni iphutha elingokomthetho noma ukungalungi okungokomthetho.
  • Ukwahlulela okuyiphutha:[ Isahlulelo sangena kumphathi wecala ohlulekayo ukuvela noma ukusabela enkantolo phakathi nesikhathi esidingekayo.

Isimiso Senkantolo

Izinkantolo zihlelwe zaba izimiso zezikhulu, isilinganiso ngasinye esinegunya elihlukile lokuzwa izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kukusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi icala lizogcinwa kuphi nokuthi lingahamba kanjani kulesi simiso.

Federal v. izinkantolo zikaHulumeni

I-United States isebenza isimiso senkantolo ezimbili: izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwemibuso; izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba eziningi zobugebengu nomphakathi ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Icala lenkantolo liqala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo ezinkulu noma zezigodi. Izinkantolo zesifunda ziqala eZinkantolo Zesifunda zase-U.S. Izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zingayiswa eNkantolo Ephakeme uma kuhileleke umbuzo kahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zezinkantolo

  • [[Icala:0] Izinkantolo eziqulwayo:[ zisingatha amacala lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona othile ngokwephula imithetho yobugebengu. I-Progreeting ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa.
  • Izinkantolo zeCivil:[ Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu noma izinhlangano, njengokuphuka kwesivumelwano, ukulimaza komuntu, noma ukuxabana kwempahla. Izindawo ngokuvamile ziyimali eyimali elimazayo noma imiyalo.
  • Izinkantolo zomkhaya:[ zinikeza inzuzo ekhethekile esehlukaniso, ekuwisweni kwezingane, ekutholwa, ebudloveni basekhaya, nasezindabeni zentsha. Lezinkantolo zivame ukugcizelela ukuxhumana kanye nezithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane.
  • Izinkantolo zeTraffic:[ isingatha ukwephulwa okuncane kwemithetho yomgwaqo, njengokugijima kwamathikithi noma ukugijima ngokukhanya okubomvu. Amacala amakhulu omgwaqo angazwakala enkantolo yobugebengu.
  • Iziphakamiso Ezincane: Ziklanyelwe izimpikiswano ezisheshayo, ngokwethukela ezihilela izilinganiso ezincane zemali (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kukaR1 000). Amadili ngokuvamile azibonakalisa engenabameli.
  • Izinkantolo ezithatha inqumo:[ Izinqumo zokubukeza zezinkantolo eziphansi zamaphutha angokomthetho. Azinamacala amasha kodwa kunalokho zicabangela ukuqulwa kwecala okubhalwe kafushane nokuphikwa ngomlomo. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu e-Ampelication e-U.S.

Ukuze ungene kakhulu esikhiweni senkantolo, vakashela i-U.S. izinkantolo ezingokomthetho[.

Isithiyo Secala Lenkantolo

Ukwazi lezi zinyathelo kukusiza ukuba ulindele ukuthi kuzokwenzekani futhi uqonde injongo yesigaba ngasinye.

UFaro Ovelele

  1. Ufaka isikhalo: Umkhangisi uqala ngokusemthethweni isenzo ngokufaka isikhalo enkantolo nangokusikhonza kummangalelwa. Isikhalo kumelwe sisho isisekelo esingokomthetho sesudi nokukhululeka okufunwayo.
  2. Impendulo neMfuduko: Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo, avume noma aphike impikiswano ngayinye. Ummangalelwa angase futhi athathe amahele ngokusekelwe ekuntuleni igunya noma ukwehluleka ukusho icala.
  3. Incazelo: Zombili izinhlangothi ziqoqa ubufakazi ngokuphenya, ngokufaka, ngezicelo zezincwadi, nangemibiko yochwepheshe. Ukuvubukulwa kungathatha izinyanga futhi ngokuvamile kuyingxenye yesikhathi esiningi yecala.
  4. Ingqungquthela yePrime: Ijaji lihlangana nabameli ezimpikiswaneni ezimngcingo, lixoxe ngethuba lokuxazulula, futhi limise usuku lokuqulwa kwecala. Amacala amaningi ahlala phakathi nale ngxenye.

Icala Lokuqulwa Kwamacala

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (I-Voir Dire): Ama-Attorney angabuza abajahi abangase baphawule ubandlululo futhi bakhethe indawo engakhethi. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingakhipha inani elilinganiselwe lamajaji ngaphandle kwesizathu.
  2. Izinkulumo ezivulayo: Iqembu ngalinye lihlela lokho elihlose ukukufakazela, linikeza ijaji imapu yomgwaqo wobufakazi.
  3. Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: I-pasttiff (noma umshushisi) iveza icala layo kuqala, ilandelwa yisivikelo. OFakazi bayahlolwa (esingaqondile), i-examined, futhi i-examined. I-projects iyaqala.
  4. Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Ama-Attorney afingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikisa ngokuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele balawule ukuze bamukele.
  5. [[IQUT:0] Imfundo neSiphakamiso: Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Khona - ke abasizi bahluleli ngamabomu bathatha isinqumo ngasese.
  6. Isigwebo nokwahlulela:[ Ijaji likhipha isinqumo salo; uma ummangalelwa etholakalelwa enecala noma enecala, umahluleli ungena ekwahluleleni futhi kamuva uhlela isigwebo noma ukulinyazwa.

IPhale Eliyi - Trial

  • Iziphakamiso zekhambi elisha noma Ukwahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho:[ Iqembu lingacela umahluleli ukuba athathe isinqumo noma ayale ukuqulwa okusha uma kukhona amaphutha amakhulu.
  • [[QURT: 0]Appal:[ Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lidlulisele isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme, liphikisa ngokuthi inkantolo yecala yenza amaphutha angokomthetho. Ukudlulisa kugxila emaphutheni omthetho, hhayi ekuhloleni amaqiniso.
  • [ Ukuphoqelelwa kokwahlulela:[ Uma umzuzi engayitholi intela abakweletwayo, kungadingeka bakhokhele imali ebolekile, bafake amaphutha empahleni, noma benze ezinye izenzo zokuqoqa.

Ukuze ubone izinyathelo ezicatshangelweyo zecala lomphakathi, bheka i-Cornell Legin Information Institute yeze-pal method method .

Ukuhlobana Okungokomthetho Okukhethekile Ezicini Ezihlukene Zomthetho

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ngayinye yomthetho inegama layo.ukujwayelana nala magama akhethekile kubalulekile lapho kuxoxwa ngezinhlobo ezithile zezimpikiswano zomthetho.

Umthetho Wesigebengu

  • Misdemeor: Ubugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu, isijeziso esingafinyelela unyaka ejele, amafa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi (umz., ukweba okuncane, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile).
  • Icala elingathi sína: Ubugebengu obungathi sína (umzk., ukubulala, ukuphanga, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa) obuthwele isigwebo sonyaka ongaphezu konyaka ejele, noma ukufa kwezinye izindawo.
  • Icala: Icala elingokomthetho elikhishwa amajaji amakhulu, liveza ukuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu. Lithatha indawo yecala emacaleni kahulumeni angathi sína.
  • I-Plea Bargain: Isivumelwano phakathi komshushisi nommangalelwa, lapho ummangalelwa encenga icala elingaphansi kwecala ukuze athole isigwebo esincishisiwe noma ukuxoshwa kwezinye izikhalo.
  • Ibheji yobufakazi: Ezimweni zobugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe afakazele icala “ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo”] okuphakeme kakhulu emthethweni.

Umthetho Wangaphakathi

  • Tort: A iphutha lomphakathi (umzk., ukunganaki, ukuhlambalaza, ibhetri) elibangela ukulimala komunye, okubangela ukumangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo.
  • Isivumelwano esiphoqelelwa ngokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu. I-Brank yenzeka uma omunye umuntu ehluleka ukufeza izibopho zakhe.
  • Imiphumela:[ Imbuyiselo ye-monetary ikhokhwa kumphathi wemali olahlekile noma olimalayo. Uhlobo luhlanganisa i-compassition, isijeziso, nengozi yokuzisholo.
  • I-Injction: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umbambi hlangothi ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile (umz., isakhiwo, susa isigxobo esingcolisayo).
  • Isenzo: Ukumangalelwa okulethwa yisigebengu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ngenxa yeqembu elikhulu labantu abasho okufanayo (umz., imikhiqizo ekhubazekile, ukukhwabanisa kwezibambiso).

Umthetho Womkhaya

  • [[QUT:0] Ukubuyisana komshado: Igama elingokomthetho lesehlukaniso, ukuqeda umshado nokuxazulula izindaba zokwahlukana kwempahla, ukusekelana komshado, nokuwinwa kwezingane.
  • ICustudy:[ umthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho nongokomzimba wengane. Ukuwinwa kwezingane ngokomthetho kuhilela ukwenza izinqumo; ilungelo lokunakekela umntwana elingokomzimba linquma indawo ahlala kuyo.
  • Ukuhambela: Ilungelo lomzali ongatholi ilungelo lokuchitha isikhathi nengane yakhe, ngokuvamile ehlelwa inkantolo.
  • [ Ukusekela kwezingane:[ ukukhokha njalo kumzali oyedwa kuwena ukuze kukhokhelwe izindleko zengane, okubalwe ngokwemali eholweni nangamalungiselelo okuhlala nengane.
  • Inqubo engokomthetho ethatha umuntu omdala abe umzali wengane engeyiyo eyabo ngokwemvelo, eqeda amalungelo abazali abazalayo.

Iziphakamiso Ezincane Nezimoto

  • Isu elibi: Ukwephulwa okuncane, ngokuvamile okujeziswa ngenkokhelo (umz., ithikithi lokupaka imoto). Akukho sikhathi sasejele esihilelekile.
  • Iziphakamiso Ezincane: Isilinganiso semali elingana nemali encane efunwa inkantolo ingathola umklomelo, ihlukahluka ngombuso (avame ukuba ngu $50,000 [R1 000]).
  • I-Project: ukuzimelela enkantolo ngaphandle kommeli, okuvamile ekufuneni amaphutha amancane nasecaleni lezimoto.

Amacebiso Okufunda Ukuvumelana Ngokomthetho

Ukwazi ulimi olungokomthetho kuthatha isikhathi, kodwa ngamasu ahlosiwe ungakha isisekelo esiqinile. Nazi izindlela ezimbalwa eziphumelelayo:

  • Sebenzisa ama-flashcard: Dala amakhadi anezincazelo zawo ngakolunye uhlangothi. Gxila emagameni esiLatini njenga curiam[, [[FLT]] i-spue ponte, kanye ne-'[FLT] mes rea.
  • Funda i-Case Phommory: Amawebhusayithi amaningi angokomthetho anyathelisa izifushaniso zezinqumo zamuva ezisetshenziswa ngolimi olulula. Ukuzifunda kukusiza ukuba ubone amagama ngomongo.
  • Watch Court Processings: Liva izinhluso ezinamekiwe noma amavidiyo agcinwe (umk., kusuka U.S. Courts[]) ikuvumela ukuba uzwe amagama akhulunywa esimweni sangempela.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Bhekisa ku-Online Gloss:[ [I-Cornell Wex Legal Dictionary kanye i-Melikan Bar Association i-stacity[ imithombo yemali ethembekile, ekhululekile.
  • Kwenziwa ngeMidlalo: bhala isikhalo bese uphendula usebenzisa amagama alungile, noma ukudweba ukunyakaza ukuze ucindezele ubufakazi. Ukusebenzisa amagama kuqinisa ukukhumbula.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Amaqembu ahlomile noma i-Online Forums: ukuxoxa ngezindaba nontanga kusiza ekucaciseni amagama adidayo futhi kukwenze uqonde imibono ehlukile.

Isiphetho

Ukujwayelana nemithetho engokomthetho nezimiso zenkantolo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ohlanganyela esimisweni sokwahlulela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi olungiselela isikole somthetho, uthisha othuthukisa izifundo zomphakathi, noma umuntu obhekene nokumangalelwa, oqonda lamagama kanye nendlela yokusebenza engokomthetho kukunika inzuzo enkulu. Kunciphisa ukudideka, kuthuthukisa ukukhulumisana nochwepheshe abangokomthetho, futhi kukunika amandla okusekela amalungelo akho noma ufundise abanye. Ulimi lomthetho lungase lubonakale lunzima ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokufunda ngokungaguquguquki nokuchayeka kwangempela kwezwe, kuba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuhambisa ukuqina kobulungisa. Ingqhinga yemithombo ephawulwe ngenhla, futhi kukhumbule ukuthi uchwepheshe ngamunye ongokomthetho uqalwe ngolwazi lwesisekelo esifanayo.